Taxobox color lightgreen name Glaucophyta image Glaucocystis sp.jpg image width 220px image caption Glaucocystis sp. domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Archaeplastida phylum Glaucophyta phylum authority Heinrich Leonards Skuja Skuja , 1954 classis Glaucophyceae classis authority Bohlin, 1901 ordo Glaucocystales ordo authority Bessey, 1907 familia Glaucocystaceae familia authority George Stephen West G. S. West , 1904 subdivision ranks Possible genera subdivision Glaucocystis Cyanophora Gloeochaete The glaucophytes , also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids , are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae . ref name keeling cite journal journal American Journal of Botany year 2004 volume 91 pages 1481 1493 title Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts author Patrick J. Keeling url http www.amjbot.org cgi content full 91 10 1481 doi 10.3732 ajb.91.10.1481 ref Together with the red algae Rhodophyta and green algae plus land plants Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida , they form the Archaeplastida . However, the relationships between the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear, ref name palmer cite journal url http www.amjbot.org cgi content full 91 10 1437 title The plant tree of life an overview and some points of view author Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis & Mark Wayne Chase Mark W. Chase journal American Journal of Botany year 2004 volume 91 pages 1437 1445 doi 10.3732 ajb.91.10.1437 ref in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes. The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the development of chloroplasts, because some studies suggest that they may be similar to the original alga type that led to green plants and red algae. ref name keeling ref cite journal doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002621 year 2008 author Eunsoo Kim & Linda E. Graham title EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata volume 3 issue 7 pages e2621 pmid 18612431 pmc 2440802 journal PLoS ONE url http www ... more details
chembox Name Phycocyanobilin ImageFile Phycocyanobilin2.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo PubChem 5288007 EINECS SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 40 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 588.69 g mol ExactMass 588.294785 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Image Phycocyanobilin Beilstein BRN 8248819 .png thumb Phycocyanobilin Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin , i.e. a tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s and some cryptomonad s. Phycocyanobilin is only present in the phycobiliprotein s allophycocyanin and phycocyanin , of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. It is covalently linked to these phycobiliproteins by a thioether bond. Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Tetrapyrroles biochemistry stub Tetrapyrroles ... more details
chembox ImageFile Phycoerythrobilin.svg ImageSize 300px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 18097 67 1 PubChem 6443764 SMILES MeSHName phycoerythrobilin Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 38 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 586.678 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phycoerythrobilin is a red phycobilin , i.e. an open tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s and some cryptomonad s. Phycoerythrobilin is present in the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin , of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. The amount of phycoerythrobilin in phycoerythrins varies a lot, depending on the considered organism. In some Rhodophytes and oceanic cyanobacteria, phycoerythrobilin is also present in the phycocyanin , then termed R Phycocyanin. Like all phycobilins, phycoerythrobilin is covalently linked to these phycobiliproteins by a thioether bond. External links http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iupac tetrapyrrole TP D8.html Chemical Structure of phycoerythrobilin Tetrapyrroles Category Tetrapyrroles Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Fluorescent dyes Category Cyanobacteria Category Algae ... more details
taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis name Corticata image Peridinium ovatum cyst.png image caption Peridinium Peridinium ovatum ovatum domain Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Bikonta Taxobox norank entry taxon Corticata subdivision ranks Supergroups subdivision Archaeplastida br Chromalveolata Corticata one with a cortex , in the classification of eukaryote s living organisms with a cell nucleus , is a clade suggested by Cavalier Smith ref cite pmid 11931142 ref to encompass the eukaryote supergroups of the following two groups Plantae , ref cite pmid 19340985 ref or Archaeplastida plant s, red algae , green algae , and glaucophyte s Chromalveolata a group including kelp , water mould s, ciliate s, dinoflagellate s, and other organisms It is not clear that it is indeed a clade that is, containing all organisms descended from a common ancestor, and no others . ref cite journal author Burki F, Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge M, Skj veland , Nikolaev SI, et al. year 2007 title Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups journal PLoS ONE volume 2 issue 8 e790 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0000790 pages e790 pmid 17726520 pmc 1949142 ref References reflist See also Cabozoa Category Eukaryotes protist stub Eukaryota classification ca Corticat es Corticata ga Corticata pt Corticata ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Archaeplastida phylum Glaucophyta classis ordo family genus Cyanophora species C. paradoxa binomial Cyanophora paradoxa binomial authority Nathanael Pringsheim Pringsheim Cyanophora paradoxa is a freshwater species of Glaucophyte that is used as a model organism . ref name Lee Phycology RELee ref ref name Genome cite journal title Nucleotide sequence of the cyanelle genome from Cyanophora paradoxa journal Plant Molecular Biology Reporter date December, 1995 first Veronica L. last Stirewalt coauthors Christine B. Michalowski, Wolfgang L ffelhardt, Hans J. Bohnert, Donald A. Bryant volume 13 issue 4 pages 327 333 doi 10.1007 BF02669186 url format accessdate 2010 01 11 ref The entire cyanelle genome of C. paradoxa strain LB 555 was DNA sequencing sequenced and published in 1995. ref name Genome ref cite journal author Arthur R. Grossman title Paths toward Algal Genomics journal Plant Physiology volume 137 issue 2 pages 410 425 year 2005 pmid doi 10.1104 pp.104.053447 url ref C. paradoxa has two cyanelle s or chloroplast s where nitrogen fixation occurs alongside the primary function of photosynthesis . ref name Lee References reflist Alga stub Category Eukaryotes ... more details
Phycobilins from Greek language Greek polytonic phykos meaning alga , and from Latin bilis meaning bile are chromophore s light capturing molecule s found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s and some cryptomonad s though not in green algae and higher plant s . They are unique among the photosynthetic pigments in that they are bonded to certain water soluble protein s, known as phycobiliprotein s. Phycobiliproteins then pass the light energy to chlorophyll s for photosynthesis . The phycobilins are especially efficient at absorbing red, orange, yellow, and green light, wavelengths that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll a . Organisms growing in shallow waters tend to contain phycobilins that can capture yellow red light, while those at greater depth often contain more of the phycobilins that can capture green light, which is relatively more abundant there. The phycobilins fluorescence fluoresce at a particular wavelength, and are, therefore, often used in research as chemical tags, e.g., by binding phycobiliproteins to antibody antibodies in a technique known as immunofluorescence . Types There are four types of phycobilins Phycoerythrobilin , which is red Phycourobilin , which is orange Phycoviolobilin also known as phycobiliviolin found in phycoerythrocyanin Phycocyanobilin also known as phycobiliverdin , which is blue. They can be found in different combinations attached to phycobiliproteins to confer specific spectroscopic properties. Structural relation to other molecules In chemical terms, phycobilins consist of an open chain of four pyrrole rings tetrapyrrole and are structurally similar to the bile pigment bilirubin , which explains the name. Bilirubin s conformation is also affected by light, a fact used for the phototherapy of jaundice d newborns. Phycobilins are also closely related to the chromophores of the light detecting plant pigment phytochrome , which also consist of an open chain of four pyrroles. Chloroph ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox color Plant ae fossil range long fossil range Mesoproterozoic Recent image Paintbrushandhuckleberry.JPG image width 280px image caption Indian paintbrush and wild huckleberry domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Archaeplastida unranked phylum authority Adl et al. 2005 subdivision ranks Subgroups subdivision Red algae Glaucophyte s Plantae land plant s and green algae The Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato are a major group of eukaryote s, comprising the red alga red and green alga e and the embryophyte land plant s, together with a small group called the glaucophyte s. ref name pmid21220783 cite journal author Ball S, Colleoni C, Cenci U, Raj JN, Tirtiaux C title The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis journal J Exp Bot volume issue pages year 2011 month January pmid 21220783 doi 10.1093 jxb erq411 url http jexbot.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 21220783 ref The plastid s chloroplast s of all of these organisms are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they developed directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . In all other groups, plastids are surrounded by three or four membranes, suggesting they were acquired secondarily from red or green algae. Although many studies have suggested that the Archaeplastida form a monophyly monophyletic group, ref name pmid20952597 cite journal author Vinogradov SN, Fern ndez I, Hoogewijs D, Arredondo Peter R title Phylogenetic Relationships of 3 3 and 2 2 Hemoglobins in Archaeplastida Genomes to Bacterial and Other Eukaryote Hemoglobins journal Mol Plant volume 4 issue 1 pages 42 58 year 2010 month October pmid 20952597 doi 10.1093 mp ssq040 url http mplant.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 20952597 ref a 2009 paper argues that they are in fact paraphyly paraphyletic . ref name pmid19698794 cite journal author Nozaki H, Maruyama S, Matsuzaki M, Nakada T, Kato S, Misawa K title Ph ... more details
, Rhizaria 3 Kingdom Plantae &mdash e.g. glaucophyte s, red alga red and green alga e, land plants ... or Primoplantae &mdash Embryophyte Land plants , green alga e, red alga e, and glaucophyte ... more details
tertiary endosymbiosis and many do not. Some groups have unique structures, such as the cyanelle s of the glaucophyte ... or Primoplantae Embryophyte Land plants , green alga e, red alga e, and glaucophyte s However, in the same ... more details
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