Wiktionarypar impactImpact may refer to In science Impact mechanics , a high force or shock mechanics over a short time period Impact event , the collision of a meteoroid, asteroid or comet with Earth Impact crater , a meteor crater caused by an impact event Impact factor , a measure of the citations to a science or social science journal references In computing IMPACT computer graphics , a computer graphics architecture for Silicon Graphics computer workstations Impact Finite Element Program , an open source finite element program Impact cyber security , the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Terrorism Impact In film, television, and radio Impact 1949 film Impact 1949 film , a 1949 film noir starring Brian Donlevy and Ella Raines TNA Impact , a wrestling television program Impact TV miniseries Impact TV mini series , a 2008 television mini series starring Natasha Henstridge and David James Elliott In literature Impact action entertainment magazine Impact action entertainment ... Impact student magazine Impact student magazine , a student magazine for the University of Nottingham, England Bath Impact , the student newspaper for the University of Bath Students Union, England Impact Press , an Orlando, Florida based magazine Impact Comics , a DC Comics imprint Impact EC Comics Impact EC Comics , a 1955 EC Comics comic book Impact Image Comics , an Image Comics comic book character Impact novel Impact novel , a 2010 novel by Douglas Preston In music Impact Records , an American record label Organizations IMPACT organisation , a charitable organization focusing on public and preventative interventions to stop preventable disability Impact Miniatures , a company producing 28mm wargaming figures In sports Montreal Impact , a soccer team in the North American USL First Division Other Impact typeface , a sans serif typeface Impact, Texas , a town in Taylor County, Texas ... of blockage Influence disambiguation Effect disambiguation Collision disambiguation disambig de Impact ... more details
This article is on the international collaboration called IMPACT. For the charitable organisation, see IMPACT organisation IMPACT . For the Irish trade union, see Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union . IMPACT International Multi user Plasma physics Plasma , Atmospheric and Cosmic dust Twin laboratory is a successful merger of many different science communities that need similar instrumentation and resources. IMPACT is a merger of IMPF International Microgravity Plasma Facility and ICAPS Interactions in universe Cosmic and Atmospheric Particle Systems , originally conceived as two separate experimental facilities, both with their own development history. In May 2002, the dedicated scientific advisory boards for the IMPF and ICPAS recommended the combination of the two experiments into one ESA research laboratory. Both projects share hardware, space station accommodation and operations, and data processing and downloading functions in common. By consolidating these systems into a single laboratory significant reductions have been made to the overall project cost, by eliminating the duplication of expensive development, manufacturing, and qualification tasks. Scientific Goals IMPACT will be designed to serve a wide range of scientific areas. Ranging from Plasma physics plasma physics to atmospheric physics and dust particle physics . Items that will be studied are Complex Plasma physics plasmas both radio frequency RF and direct current DC controlled in the strongly coupled regime, when electrostatic forces between particles are much stronger than any thermal effects. This will allow ... of the IMPACT facility has led to several precursor instruments. These science precursors aim to demonstrate ... help to define the scientific programme they want to perform on IMPACT. Currently, two ... Experiment , related to atmospheric and cosmic dust physics, are under development. IMPACT is envisioned ... fac iss col impact ESA Human Spaceflight Category Plasma physics ... more details
wiktionary Giantgiant giants Giant or Giants may refer to Nephilim in the Bible Giant mythology A person with gigantism tocright Titled expressive works Giant novel Giant novel , a novel 1952 by Edna Ferber Giant 1956 film Giant 1956 film , a film adaptation of Ferber s novel Giant musical Giant musical , a musical adaptation 2009 of Ferber s novel Giant 2009 film Giant 2009 film , an Uruguayan film Giants album Giants album , an album 2010 by British electronic dance music artist Chicane List of unmade Doctor Who serials and films The Giants The Giants , a 1960s unproduced Doctor Who serial on television Giants Citizen Kabuto , a third person shooter video game 2000 The Giant , song by Stan Rogers Giant , a song on Matthew Good Band s album Beautiful Midnight 1999 Giant magazine Giant magazine The Giant opera The Giant opera , an opera 1900 by the child Sergei Prokofiev Businesses Giant Manufacturing , bicycle maker Giant Food disambiguation GIANT Company Software , internet security developer Giant Hypermarket , chain in southern and eastern Asia Giant Records disambiguation Sport teams North America San Francisco Giants , baseball team New York Giants disambiguation , in various ... baseball team Other The Giant Twin Peaks The Giant Twin Peaks , an inhabitant of The Black Lodge in the 1990s television series Giant Dungeons & Dragons Giant Dungeons & Dragons , type of fictional character in games The Giant born 1972 , one nickname of American wrestler Paul Wight Giant band , a American melodic hard rock band Giants band , a American post rock band Giant Mountain Giant, Richmond, California , former unincorporated community Giant, giant star in astronomy Giant knife , a 9 ... of Swiss Army Knives See also lookfrom intitle Geant disambiguation disambig de Giant el es Gigante fr G ant it Gigante he ko nl Giant ja pl Giant pt Gigante sk Obor tr Giant anlam ayr m zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Otheruses Giant disambiguation The Giant is a song by Canadian folk singer songwriter Stan Rogers . The Giant referred to is Fionn mac Cumhaill Fingal , an Ireland Irish Scotland Scottish mythical giant. The song is set in Nova Scotia Nova Scotia s rugged Cape Breton Island , and the lyrics contain enchanting imagery describing the island s landscape. The song also contains quasi pagan imagery, including the suggestion of worshipping the new moon by dancing around a bonfire, although it may be that characters in the song are using the full moon to have a party. In the album Home in Halifax , Stan Rogers claimed that the song was about Guinness. DEFAULTSORT Giant Category Stan Rogers songs Folk song stub ... more details
distinguish Giant Image Giant mag Rihanna cover.jpg right thumb 200px May 2007 cover of GIANT magazine featuring recording artist Rihanna. GIANT was a magazine headquartered in New York City New York geared to the urban music market. It began in October 2004 as a bimonthly publication catering to the interests of 20 something men, focusing on pop culture including reviews of video game s, movies , tobacco fine tobacco , music , everyday happenings and celebrity interviews. In August 2006, ref Larry Getlen, A Better Vibe , Wesleyan Wesleyan University alumni magazine , Issue IV 2006, 28 32. p. 32. ref the magazine had a makeover under new editor in chief Smokey Fontaine , ref cite web last Stephanie first Smith authorlink coauthors title Fontaine is Giant Editor in Chief work publisher Media Week date 2006 03 02 url http www.mediaweek.com mw news print article display.jsp?vnu content id 1002114881 format doi accessdate 2007 11 02 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070608214705 http www.mediaweek.com mw news print article display.jsp?vnu content id 1002114881 Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 06 08 ref formerly of the hip hop magazine America . Under his leadership, the magazine began to focus on music, lifestyle, and entertainment for the urban culture urban reader. Currently, the standing Editor In Chief is Emil Wilbekin. Recent covers have included Beyonc Knowles Beyonc , Pharell , Sean Combs Diddy , The Killers , Ciara , Jennifer Hudson , Janet Jackson , and Eve rapper Eve . The June July issue offered two covers one of R&B artist Robin Thicke and one of Rihanna ... with the magazine, GIANT s website serves as a blog for GIANT readers to get additional information ... News first author link last2 first2 author2 link title Radio One Buys Giant Magazine date year url http www.writenews.com wnews.php?zone 210071 accessdate ref GIANT was Radio One s first foray into the print ... http www.giantmag.com GIANT website Radio One DEFAULTSORT Giant Category Radio One Category Men s magazines ... more details
Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . However, mass extinctions do not show any statistically significant periodicity. ref doi 10.1073 pnas.0802597105 References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html A brief See also Tyche hypothetical planet Nemesis hypothetical star Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability EICA Hypothesis was first proposed by Bernd Blossey and Rolf ... counterparts, according to the hypothesis. ref http www.jstor.org view 00220477 di985500 98p00847 0 ref Blossey and N tzold tested their hypothesis on Lythrum salicaria purple loosetrife by potting ... for two years. True to the predictions of the EICA Hypothesis, the plants derived from Ithaca produced ... the success of invasive non indigenous organisms that preceded it, such as the Enemy Release Hypothesis ... generated title ref , and Darwin s Habituation Hypothesis ref Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. Pg. 114 116. Harvard University Press eighteenth printing, 2003 ref , the EICA Hypothesis postulates ... as it is at the time that it is considered invasive. As suggested by the name of the hypothesis Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability , the hypothesis predicts that much of the invasive potential ... Hypothesis presents us with a new environmental safety concern. If its postulates hold, in the long ... nonindigenous plants a hypothesis has been met with varying degrees of enthusiasm. The paper has been cited in over 368 articles in scientific journals , including review articles , tests of the hypothesis using different model species , and expansions and reformulations of the hypothesis. Among the model species on which the hypothesis has been evaluated most recently in its original form are Solidago gigantea giant goldenrod ref http www.springerlink.com content e5v2m075252j1202 Altered ... of the EICA Hypothesis, according to the researches conducting the study. In its study, the success and behavior of Solidago gigantea was only partially explained by the EICA hypothesis ... Hypothesis, as the researchers of the study understood them. Through most of the studies done on the EICA Hypothesis see examples above , it holds that the introduced populations of invasive plant ... . It could be, therefore, that the EICA Hypothesis is too narrow in scope, and should be reworded ... more details
understated impact of the articulata hypothesis. Cuvier s original articulata hypothesis was based ... hypothesis was born. Ref name Waggoner cite author Waggoner, Ben http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu history cuvier.html. 2 14 1996 Ref The articulata hypothesis, simply stated, is the phylogenetic grouping .... This hypothesis further implies that all segmented organisms have a common ancestral origin. Ref name ... 44. Ref Evolution of the Articulata Hypothesis Since its original formulation in 1817, there have been significant challenges and modifications to the articulata hypothesis as new theories have been ... taxa , it strengthened the articulata hypothesis by organizing annelids and arthropods into a clade ... supporting the articulata hypothesis but also lead to the development of conflicting theories. Advances ... CRC press 2005 357 360 Ref ref name Scholtz cite journal author Gerhard Scholtz, The Articulata hypothesis ... were closer evolutionary to mollusk. This ecdysozoa hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best supported evolutionary hypothesis for annelids and arthropods. Ref name Aguinaldo cite journal ... more details
2007 05 22 format subscription required ref The evidence for the Alvarez impacthypothesis is supported ... team interpreted as the debris spread all over the world by the impact. ref name Alvarez The location of the impact was unknown when the Alvarez team developed their hypothesis, but later scientists discovered ...The Alvarez hypothesis claims that the Extinction event mass extinction of the dinosaur s and many other living things was caused by the Impact event impact of a large asteroid on the Earth sixty five million years ago, called the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . Evidence indicates that the asteroid fell in the Yucat n Peninsula , Mexico . The hypothesis is named after the father and son team of scientists Luis Walter Alvarez Luis and Walter Alvarez , who first suggested it in 1980. In 1980, a team of researchers led by Nobel prize winning physicist Luis Walter Alvarez Luis Alvarez , his son geologist Walter Alvarez and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Michels discovered that sedimentary ... on the possibility of an impact event, but no evidence had been uncovered at that time. ref cite journal author De Laubenfels, MW title Dinosaur Extinctions One More Hypothesis journal Journal of Paleontology ... s, indicative of an impact event, are common in the K T boundary, especially in deposits from ... impact site. Image KT boundary 054.jpg thumb 300px right Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta where erosion ... mi in diameter, about the size of Manhattan. ref name Alvarez Such a large impact would have had approximately ... of such an impact would be a vast dust cloud which would block sunlight and prevent photosynthesis ... with Impact Events Cockell, C, Gilmour, I & Koeberl, C, editors publisher SpringerLink date 2006 pages ... the most vulnerable survivors of the long winter . The impact may also have produced acid rain , depending .... ref cite journal author Kring, DA date 2003 title Environmental consequences of impact cratering events ... pmid 12809133 doi 10.1089 153110703321632471 ref Impact hypotheses can only explain very rapid extinctions ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing was devised by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson , and it is used in the Neyman Pearson lemma . It forms a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its use. ref name Cohen Jacob Cohen statistician Cohen, J. 1990. Things I have learned so far . American Psychologist 45 1304&ndash 1312. ref In Fisher s approach to testing, the central idea is to assess whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed to hold, notionally without preconceptions about what other model might hold. Modern statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis testing Category Statistical inference eo Alternativa hipotezo ko ... more details
The Medea Hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward for the anti Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life , understood as a superorganism , is suicidal in this view microbial triggered Extinction event mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial dominated state it has been for most of its history. ref Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward 2009 , http press.princeton.edu titles 8855.html The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self Destructive? , ISBN 0691130752 ref ref http www.newscientist.com article mg20227131.400 gaias evil twin is life its own worst enemy.html Gaia s evil twin Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28&ndash 31 Cover story ref ref Cite web last Bennett first Drake authorlink title Dark green A scientist argues that the natural world isn t benevolent and sustaining it s bent on self destruction work http www.boston.com Boston.Com publisher The Boston Globe date 2009 01 11 url http www.boston.com bostonglobe ideas articles 2009 01 11 dark green format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref name Review Cite web last Grey first William authorlink title Gaia theory Reflections on life on earth work http www.australianreview.net index.html Australian Review of Public Affairs publisher University of Sydney date 2010 02 url http www.australianreview.net digest 2010 02 grey.html format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref Ashraf M. T. Elewa, http journalofcosmology.com Extinction102.html The History, Origins, and Causes of Mass Extinctions , Journal of Cosmology, 2009, Vol 2, pages 201&ndash 220. Cosmology, October 18, 2009 Gaia, Medea and Cronus hypotheses compared ref ref Rhawn Joseph, http journalofcosmology.com Extinction101.html Extinction, Metamorphosis, Evolutionary Apoptosis, and Genetically Programmed Species Mass Death ,Journal ... partially, induced by a meteor impact . See also Fermi paradox External links http www.ted.com index.php ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science Main Statistical hypothesis testing The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are falsifiable using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ... proven guilty can be interpreted as saying that his or her innocence is the null hypothesis. Other legal systems may exist in which the null hypothesis is that the defendant is guilty. The term was originally ... statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary publisher Statistics.berkeley.edu ... hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena ... negation of the null hypothesis and predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis is true. The use of alternative hypotheses was not part of Fisher s formulation, but became standard. Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling statistics collecting data and measuring how probability probable the data are, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the data ... that the null hypothesis is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then no conclusion is made. In this case, the null hypothesis could be true or false the data give insufficient ... attack and this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack . The test of the hypothesis ... hypothesis is rejected. Choice of H sub 0 The choice of null hypothesis H sub 0 and consideration ... i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 of the time . A potential null hypothesis is this coin ... result of 5 tosses is 5 heads. Under this null hypothesis, the data are considered unlikely with a fair coin, the probability of this is 3 . The data refute the null hypothesis the coin is biased ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation psych stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Notability date October 2009 A skeptical hypothesis is a hypothetical situation which can be used in an argument for skepticism about a particular claim or class of claims. Usually the hypothesis posits the existence of a deceptive power that deceives our senses and undermines the justification of knowledge otherwise accepted as justified. Skeptical hypotheses have received much attention in modern Western philosophy. Some of the prominent skeptical hypotheses in Western philosophy include evil demon evil d mon , brain in a vat , and the five minute hypothesis , a possible more modern one epiphenomenalism . With the spread of materialism as a school of thought, numerous ideas it encompasses, which explain the mind, can be as skeptical these include The Multiple Drafts Model and Eliminative Materialism Origins of skeptical hypotheses The first skeptical hypothesis in the modern Western philosophy appears in Ren Descartes Ren Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy . At the end of the first Meditation Descartes writes I will suppose... that some evil demon of the utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies to deceive me. See also Dream argument Null hypothesis , sometimes called the skeptical hypothesis . Philosophical skepticism External links http pantheon.yale.edu kd47 responding.htm Responding to skepticism skepticism Category Epistemology sv Skeptisk hypotes ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno S 1970 . Evolution by Gene Duplication. London Allen and Unwin, ISBN 0 04 575015 7. ref is a contested hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent one or more complete genome duplication s, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even with recent data from .... 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes ... last1 Hughes first1 AL title Phylogenies of developmentally important proteins do not support the hypothesis ... Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general ... first1 W title Are we polyploids? A brief history of one hypothesis journal Genome research ... hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s, with multiple suggestions for the time and number ... years ago to after 450 million years ago. One argument for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes ... have shown patterns that are not consistent with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early ... of extensive duplication and that the parsimony tests that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable ... evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by Vaughn in 1988 ref cite journal title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic fields a quantitative study of Golgi impregnated spinal motor neurons author Vaughn JE, Barber RP, Sims TJ journal Synapse volume 2 pages 69 78 year 1988 pmid 2458630 issue 1 doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 ref , and remains a focus of current research efforts. ref cite journal title The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis author Hollis Cline, Kurt Haas journal J Physiol volume 586 pages 1509 17 year 2008 pmid 18202093 issue 6 doi 10.1113 jphysiol.2007.150029 pmc 2375708 ref The hypothesis proposes that the formation of new synapses Synaptogenesis can guide the growth of dendrite s. The dendrites that find a synapse that successfully activates it are encouraged to mature and stabilize. The reasons for this stabilization after the growth of a synapse are as yet undiscovered, but there are hints that the activation of a synapse, somehow changes the biochemistry of the Focus Mechanism, that reabsorbs unused dendritic fibrils as part of the preliminary stages of new fibril proliferation. References reflist Category Neurophysiology Category Cellular neuroscience Category Developmental neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
, as the Earth is the only planet currently known to harbour life . The Gaia hypothesis , also known ... , maintaining the conditions for life in the planet. The scientific investigation of this hypothesis ... homeostasis . The Gaia hypothesis was formulated by the environmentalist James Lovelock and co ... hypothesis has also inspired analogies and various interpretations in social sciences, politics ... url http www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov releases2007 sep07 noaa07 r435.html ref Gaia hypothesis in ecology After much criticism, a modified Gaia hypothesis is now considered within Ecology ecological .... Ecologists generally consider the biosphere as an ecosystem and the Gaia hypothesis, though a simplification ... the concepts of biosphere and biodiversity . The Gaia hypothesis has been called geophysiology or Earth ... beyond natural variability. They are equal to some of the great forces of nature in their extent and impact ... its life. The Gaia Hypothesis properly defined this hospitality as a full homeostasis . A model that is often used to illustrate the original Gaia Hypothesis is the so called Daisyworld simulation .... ref name Kirchner2002 cite journal author Kirchner, James title The Gaia Hypothesis Fact, Theory ..., from 1969 until 1977 , thereafter for a period, the initial Gaia hypothesis was ridiculed by a number ... after a Greek goddess, championed by many non scientists, ref name Lovelock01 the Gaia hypothesis ... the Gaia hypothesis was an unscientific theory of a maternal type without any explanatory mechanism ... consequences of the Gaia hypothesis Gaia and evolution proceedings of the second annual Camelford ... with Lovelock in supporting the Gaia hypothesis, argued in 1999, that Charles Darwin Darwin s grand ..., proposed at the First Gaia Chapman Conference, useful in suggesting that the original Gaia hypothesis ... maintain these optima . ref name lovelock1974 Another strong hypothesis is the one called Omega Gaia ... of the noosphere , culminating in the Omega Point . Another form of the strong Gaia hypothesis ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html http www.goanimal.com newsletters 2005 man hunter man hunter.html An article critical of the hunting hypothesis anthropology stub Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science . ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref The origin and theoretical basis of the Distributional Hypothesis is discussed by Sahlgren. ref name Sahlgren http soda.swedish ict.se 3941 1 sahlgren.distr hypo.pdf The Distributional Hypothesis. Rivista di Linguistica Italian Journal of Linguistics , 20 1 . pp. 33 53. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D ... The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more ... Hypothesis Category Linguistics Category Computational linguistics ling stub ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into it s three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
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