Orphan date December 2010 A geneticallymodified insect is an insect that has gone through genetic modification for various practical reasons, such as agricultural production, ref http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2004 01 040122085500.htm New Report Finds GeneticallyModified Insects May Offer Public Health And Agricultural Benefits, But Clear Regulatory Oversight Is Lacking ref oil production ref http www.timesonline.co.uk tol news environment article4133668.ece Scientists find bugs that eat waste and excrete petrol ref and pest control. ref http media.www.jhunewsletter.com media storage paper932 news 2004 04 16 Science Genetically.Modified.Insects.Prevent.Disease 2245048.shtml 5 Geneticallymodified insects prevent disease ref In biological research, transgenic fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster are model organism s used to study the effects of genetic changes on development. ref http www.genome.gov 25520307 First Transgenic Mice and Fruit Flies ref Fruit flies are often preferred over other animals due to their short life cycle, low maintenance requirements, and relatively simple genome compared to many vertebrates . References references DEFAULTSORT GeneticallyModified Insect Category Geneticallymodified organisms fr Insecte g n tiquement modifi insect stub ... more details
TOC right Unreferenced date July 2010 This is a timeline of noteworthy geneticallymodifiedorganism s created in labs, including geneticallymodified food s and other transgenic species and products such as Glofish . 1990 1999 1991 DNA Plant Technology receives approval from the USDA to field test its Fish tomato ref name isb http www.isb.vt.edu documents ea 9107901r.ea.pdf Permit Number 91 079 01 tomato antifreeze gene staphylococcal Protein A ref but the plant is never successfully commercialized. The creation of a geneticallymodified plant, with a fish transgene designed for human consumption galvanizes citizen skepticism towards the emerging technology ref http books.google.co.in books?id UkAAZPNS9b4C&pg PA15&lpg PA15&dq alan mchughen fish tomato&source bl&ots NrVc3b9UJt&sig TCUqAvE90jM knvljhLCZjKNRjQ&hl en&ei diIOTKq LdCxrAfJk C0CQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CBUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q&f false Pandora s Picnic Basket ref . 1994 The first modern recombinant crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. However, higher costs and same bland flavor as conventional tomatoes led to it losing money and disappearing from the shelves. 1996 In 1996 a developer submitted a data set to the FDA for AquAdvantage Salmon. ref name naik1 cite news title Gene Altered Fish Closer to Approval first GAUTAM last NAIK publisher Wall Street Journal date September 21, 2010 accessdate September, 2010 ref 2000 2009 2003 The first geneticallymodified fish Glofish is introduced into the market in the U.S. 2004 The first geneticallymodified blue Rose made in the lab. ref http www.telegraph.co.uk news worldnews asia japan 3329213 Worlds first blue roses after 20 years of research.html World s first blue roses after 20 years ... 10 179 ref . Amflora is a geneticallymodifiedorganismgeneticallymodified potato the result of two ... and agriculture Category Geneticallymodified organisms ... more details
The traceability of Geneticallymodifiedorganismgeneticallymodified organisms GMOs describes a system that ensures the forwarding of the identity of a GMO from its production to its final buyer. Traceability is an essential prerequisite for the Co existence of geneticallymodified and conventional crops and derived food and feed co existence of GM and non GM foods, and for the freedom of choice for consumers. Why traceability is needed The traceability of GMOs is founded on two needs. First, consumers in many countries are reluctant to buy geneticallymodified foods, and are sceptical of the use of GM crops for animal feed. Consequently, the concept of co existence has been developed to separate GM and non GM supply chains, and is only possible if all purchasers along the production chain know what they are buying. Secondly, although every GMO that is approved for commercialisation must have passed a safety assessment, it may be necessary to withdraw a certain GMO from the market for example, if new scientific evidence raises doubts about its safety. Unique identifiers for GMOs For these purposes, after three years of debate, the OECD countries came up with an identity code for GMOs ... on the labelling and traceability of geneticallymodified organisms Regulation EC No 1830 2003 ... of geneticallymodified organisms External links http bch.biodiv.org organisms default.shtml ... of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of geneticallymodified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from geneticallymodified organisms http www.coextra.eu ... database 997.safety research project environmental traceability geneticallymodified rape cultivars.html GMO Safety Environmental traceability of geneticallymodified rape cultivars Research ... pentland gumpert USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program Category Food safety Category Geneticallymodified organisms in agriculture ar ... more details
BBC NEWS link to this fact Geneticallymodified cattle Herman the Bull was the first Geneticallymodifiedorganismgeneticallymodified or transgenic bovine in the world. ref name Naturalis2008 ...Geneticallymodified mammals are mammal s that have been genetic engineering genetically engineered . They are an important category of geneticallymodifiedorganism s. The majority of research involving geneticallymodified mammals involves mice with attempts to produce knockout animals in other mammalian ... doi 10.1073 pnas.0600813103 ref Usage The majority of geneticallymodified mammals are used in research ... article&issn 0962 8436&volume 354&issue 1386&spage 963 ref Some geneticallymodified mammals are used ... expressing useful proteins in their milk. ref cite doi 10.1038 35069000 ref Geneticallymodified mice main Geneticallymodified mouse Geneticallymodified mice are often used to study cellular and tissue ... of mus musculus laboratory mouse that has been Genetic engineering geneticallymodified using ... is present mainly in the liver and kidney s. Geneticallymodified rats A knockout rat is a rat with a single ... 2007, 4 131 133. ref Geneticallymodified goats BioSteel is a trademark name for a high strength based ... by S.R. Fahnestock & A. Steinbuchel, 2003 Wiley VCH Verlag, pages 97 117 ref Geneticallymodified pigs The enviropig is the trademark for a genetic engineering geneticallymodified line of Yorkshire ... nl news local news herman the bull heads to greener pastures 6273.html ref Geneticallymodified dogs Ruppy short for Ruby Puppy is the world s first Geneticallymodified dog. ref name newsci ... 1.htm title World s First Transgenic Dog Fluorescent Ruppy work accessdate ref Geneticallymodified ... References references Genetic engineering DEFAULTSORT GeneticallyModified Mammal Category Geneticallymodified organisms ...?view DETAILS&grid &xml earth 2007 11 01 scimice101.xml title Genetically engineered mighty mouse is the rodent ... more details
Geneticallymodified plants are plants whose DNA is modified using genetic engineering techniques. In most ... ec.europa.eu food food biotechnology index en.htm title GeneticallyModified Food and Feed accessdate ... genetic engineering techniques. Most geneticallymodified plants are generated by the Gene gun biolistic ... is less successful in crops like wheat and maize. Geneticallymodified plants have been developed ... and rapeseed. ref Qaim, Matin http www.rff.org Publications WPC Pages The Benefits of GeneticallyModified Crops and the Costs of Inefficient Regulation.aspx The Benefits of GeneticallyModified Crops ... gm planting 2009.html Field areas 2009 Geneticallymodified plants Global cultivation on 134 million ... was reported in 2009 of smaller amounts of geneticallymodified sugar beet, papayas, squash zucchini ... and Arabidopsis thaliana are the most geneticallymodified plants, due to well developed transformation ... as other geneticallymodified organisms. ref http www.newscientist.com article mg19926671.600 ... pmc 553867 ref The first commercialised geneticallymodified plants Flavr Savr tomatoes used RNAi technology ... a novel way of protecting plants from pests. Regulation of geneticallymodified plants main Regulation of genetic engineering In the USA geneticallymodified organisms are assessed by the US Department ... or alter the food supply and the EPA regulate the geneticallymodified plants with pesticide properties. Most developed geneticallymodified plants are reviewed by at least two of the agencies, with many ..., Cultivation, Raising, and Growing of GeneticallyModified Organisms , the measure passing ... All geneticallymodified plants are considered new food and subject to extensive, case by case, science ... 2010 09 24 ref The EC has issued guidelines to allow the Co existence of geneticallymodified ... biotechnology geneticallymodified crops federal and state responsibilities Agriculture Department ... and trade and can apply further legislation if they deem it necessary. Geneticallymodified plants ... more details
Geneticallymodified foods or GM foods are foods derived from geneticallymodifiedorganism s. Genetically ... put on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, geneticallymodified foods are transgenic plant ... have also developed a geneticallymodified breed of pigs that are able to absorb plant phosphorus ... cells. Development The first commercially grown geneticallymodified Whole foods whole food crop ... of food species in which a geneticallymodified version exists percent modified are mostly 2009 ... wikitable cellpadding 5 style margin auto text align center Food Properties of the geneticallymodified ... in the US is halted as of 13 Aug. 2010 by court order 9 Rice Geneticallymodified to contain ... 257.global gm planting 2009.html Field areas 2009, Geneticallymodified plants Global cultivation ... been documented. ref http www.agbioforum.org v7n3 v7n3a01 morse.htm Economic Impact of GeneticallyModified ..., 93 of cotton, 86 of corn and 95 of the sugar beet were geneticallymodified varieties. ref name NASS2010 ... 2009.html USA Cultivation of GM Plants in 2009, Maize, soybean, cotton 88 percent geneticallymodified GMO Compass. Retrieved July 25, 2010. ref Geneticallymodified soybeans carried herbicide tolerant ... planting of geneticallymodified alfalfa. ref http www.huffingtonpost.com 2011 01 28 vilsack ... District of California considered the case involving the planting of geneticallymodified ..., on 13 August 2010, Judge White ordered a halt to the planting of the geneticallymodified sugar beets ... in 2003 has shown that the use of geneticallymodified Bt cotton in India increased yields by 60 over ... of GeneticallyModified Crops in Developing Countries journal Science volume 299 issue 5608 pages ... studies claimed that geneticallymodified varieties of plants do not produce higher crop yield ... and Canada do not require labeling of geneticallymodified foods. ref Trade barriers seen in EU label ... geneticallymodified, conventional or organic origins. ref name Northwestern http www.law.northwestern.edu ... more details
The detection of geneticallymodified organisms in food or feed is possible by biochemical means. It can either be qualitative, showing which geneticallymodifiedorganism GMO is present, or quantitative, measuring in which amount a certain GMO is present. Being able to detect a GMO is an important part of food safety, as without detection methods the Traceability of geneticallymodified organisms traceability of GMOs would rely solely on documentation. Polymerase chain reaction PCR The polymerase chain reaction PCR is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment of DNA , via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism. It enables the detection of specific strands of DNA by making millions of copies of a target genetic sequence. The target sequence is essentially photocopied at an exponential rate, and simple visualisation techniques can make the millions of copies easy to see. The method works by pairing the targeted genetic sequence with custom designed complementary bits of DNA called Primer molecular biology primers . In the presence of the target sequence, the primers match with it and trigger a chain reaction. DNA replication enzymes use the primers as docking points and start doubling the target sequences. The process is repeated over and over again by sequential heating and cooling until doubling and redoubling has multiplied the target sequence several million fold. The millions of identical fragments are then purified in a slab of gel, dyed, and can be seen with UV light.It is not prone to contamination. Quantitative detection Quantitative PCR Q PCR is used to measure the quantity of a PCR product ... unique to a certain GMO, usually the junction between the transgene and the organism s original ... material for GMO detection Genetic engineering Category Biochemistry methods Category Geneticallymodified organisms in agriculture ... more details
organism in scientific research and they are frequently geneticallymodified to further our understanding ... no geneticallymodified stress tolerant plants are currently commercialised, transgenic approaches ... ref References reflist 2 genetic engineering categories Category Geneticallymodified organisms in agriculture ... ripening Tomatoes have been used as a model organism to study the fruit ripening of climacteric ... have genetically engineered tomatoes. ref cite web url http jxb.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full ... grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. A second ... of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato publisher ... soils.html title Gene modified tomato revels in salty soils 31 July 2001 publisher New Scientist ... more details
The geneticallymodified foods controversy is a dispute over the relative advantages and disadvantages of geneticallymodified food geneticallymodified GM food crops and other uses of geneticallymodified ... study with a geneticallymodified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity . Arch. Contamin ... PM title Geneticallymodified plants and human health journal J R Soc Med volume 101 issue 6 pages 290 ... Science found no differences among animals eating geneticallymodified plants. ref name Aumaitre2004 ... geneticallymodified foods had been found to be similar in nutrition and safety to non GM ... 2005 title Animal nutrition with feeds from geneticallymodified plants journal Archives of Animal ... la Barca AM title Risk assessment of geneticallymodified crops for nutrition and health journal Nutr ... parameters . ref cite journal author Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS title Health risks of geneticallymodified ... ud2009 docs health risks.pdf Health Risks of GeneticallyModified Foods Full version of paper in Critical ... ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 22369673 Response to Health Risks of GeneticallyModified Foods from Dona ... was surprisingly limited and questioned whether the safety of geneticallymodified food has been demonstrated ... title Toxicity studies of geneticallymodified plants a review of the published literature journal Crit ... Substantial equivalence an appropriate paradigm for the safety assessment of geneticallymodified foods ... tool in order to identify safety issues related to geneticallymodified products that have ... author Gasson MJ title Geneticallymodified foods face rigorous safety evaluation journal Nature ..., Retrieved on 30 November 2010 ref that the differences between GeneticallyModified and conventional ... journal author Herman EM title Geneticallymodified soybeans and food allergies journal J. Exp. Bot ... The release of geneticallymodified crops into the environment. Part II. Overview of ecological risk ... Farms issued its first ruling about GM crops. This case relates to Roundup herbicide Geneticallymodified ... more details
Geneticallymodified fish Growth enhanced GM fish have promoters driving an over production of all fish growth hormone . This resulted in dramatic growth enhancement in several species, including salmonid s, ref name nature fish cite journal doi 10.1038 nbt0292 176 last Jun Du first Shao coauthors Zhiyuan Gong, Garth L. Fletcher, Margaret A. Shears, Madonna J. King, David R. Idler & Choy L. Hew year 1992 title Growth Enhancement in Transgenic Atlantic Salmon by the Use of an All Fish Chimeric Growth Hormone Gene Construct journal Bio Technology volume 10 pages 176 181 url http www.nature.com nbt journal v10 n2 abs nbt0292 176.html accessdate 28 May 2009 ref carp s ref name nature carp cite journal doi 10.1038 35057314 last Devlin first Robert coauthors Carlo A. Biagi, Timothy Y. Yesaki, Duane E. Smailus & John C. Byatt date 15 February 2001 title Growth of domesticated transgenic fish journal Nature volume 409 issue 6822 pages 781 782 issn doi 10.1038 35057314 url http www.nature.com nature journal v409 n6822 full 409781a0.html accessdate 28 May 2009 pmid 11236982 ref and tilapia s. ref name fish biology cite journal doi 10.1111 j.1095 8649.2001.tb02338.x last Rahman first M. A. coauthors A. Ronyai, B. Z. Engidaw, K.Jauncey, G L. Hwang, A. Smith, E. Roderick, D.Penman, L.Varadi, N. Maclean date 19 Apr 2005 title Growth and nutritional trials on transgenic Nile tilapia containing an exogenous fish growth hormone gene journal Journal of Fish Biology volume 59 issue 1 pages 62 78 ... needed date May 2009 The GloFish is a patent ed brand of genetic engineering geneticallymodified ... not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is the first geneticallymodified animal to become publicly available as a pet . Most genetically engineered fish are used in basic research in genetics and development. Two species of fish, zebrafish and medaka, are most commonly modified ... references Genetic engineering DEFAULTSORT GeneticallyModified Fish Category Geneticallymodified ... more details
Geneticallymodified salmon is an Atlantic salmon , modified by adding a growth hormone regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a Promoter biology promoter from an ocean pout to the Atlantic s 40,000 genes. These genes enable it to eat year round, instead of only during spring and summer. The purpose of the modifications is to increase the speed at which the fish grows, without affecting its ultimate size or other qualities. The fish grows to market size in 16 to 18 months rather than three years. ref name blumenthal2010 cite news url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2010 0801AR2010080103305.html?hpid moreheadlines publisher Washington Post title Company says FDA is nearing decision on genetically engineered Atlantic salmon first Les last Blumenthal date August 2, 2010 accessdate August 2010 ref Aqua Bounty Technologies, Inc. AquaBounty technologies is developing an advanced hybrid salmon, trout, and tilapia designed to grow faster than traditional fish. An Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. egg, including a gene from a Chinook salmon, bearing a single copy of the stably ... a review of an application to allow geneticallymodified salmon as the first geneticallymodified animal into the United States food supply. The developer submitted its first data set to the FDA ... name carollo cite news title Surprise FDA Panel Unable to Reach Conclusion on GeneticallyModified Salmon ... ABC News url http abcnews.go.com Health WellnessNews fda unable reach conclusion geneticallymodified ... of Atlantic salmon. Concerns Geneticallymodified food controversies Concerns raised about the release of geneticallymodified animals include potential negative human health and environmental effects. There are concerns that the geneticallymodified salmon could have an adverse effect on wild salmon ... DEFAULTSORT GeneticallyModified Salmon Category Geneticallymodified organisms in agriculture ... profiles blogs genetically engineered salmon title Genetically Engineered Salmon ... more details
Geneticallymodified sperm is sperm that has undergone genetic modification for biomedical purposes, such as the elimination of genetic disease s or infertility for example. ref http www.applesforhealth.com PetHealth afgms5.html Animals From GeneticallyModified Sperm ref Although the procedure has already been tried on animals such as fish ref http www.isb.vt.edu articles apr0401.htm Geneticallymodified sperm in fish ref , pigs, ref cite doi 10.1073 pnas.0604938103 ref and rabbits ref cite pmid 11808625 ref , it remains largely untried on humans. ref http www.theaustralian.com.au news health science scientists five years away from creating human sperm and eggs in a laboratory story e6frg8gf 1225792318475 Scientists five years away from creating human sperm and eggs in a laboratory ref In the case of pigs, the goal of research is to produce inexpensive organs that would remove an existing shortage of donated human organs. ref name pig organ cite news first last coauthors authorlink title Human genes placed in pigs date 2002 10 22 publisher url http www.highbeam.com doc 1G1 93187334.html work The Cincinnati Post pages accessdate 2010 02 08 language ref Researchers have said that the potential of GM sperm is promising, although it would likely take many years for it to successfully be used in the detection and elimination of genetic diseases. This topic notably came up in a recent case where an American teenager was allowed to sue a sperm bank because she had been born with fragile X syndrome. ref name fragile x lawsuit cite news first last coauthors authorlink title Sperm bank sued under product liability law date 2009 04 08 publisher url http www.newscientist.com article mg20227032.400 sperm bank sued under product liability law.html work New Scientist pages accessdate 2010 02 08 language ref References references biology stub Category Semen ... more details
A geneticallymodified virus is a virus that has gone through genetic modification for various biomedical purposes. General usage Genetic modification involves the insertion or deletion of genes. When genes are inserted, they usually come from a different species, which is a form of horizontal gene transfer . In nature this can occur when exogenous DNA penetrates the cell membrane for any reason. To do this artificially may require attaching the genes to a virus or just physically inserting the extra DNA into the nucleus of the intended host with a very small syringe, or with very small particles fired from a gene gun . ref cite journal author Johnston SA, Tang DC title Gene gun transfection of animal cells and genetic immunization journal Methods in Cell Biology volume 43 Pt A issue pages 353 365 year 1994 pmid 7823871 oclc 31189762 ref However, other methods exploit natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer genetic material to plants, ref cite journal author Lee LY, Gelvin SB title T DNA binary vectors and systems journal Plant Physiol. volume 146 issue 2 pages 325 332 year 2008 month February pmid 18250230 pmc 2245830 doi 10.1104 pp.107.113001 ... ref Lithium ion batteries In materials science, a geneticallymodified virus has been used to construct ... ref uses geneticallymodified viruses to deliver genes that can cure disease into human cells. Although ... JCI30953 ref Cancer treatment In 2004, researchers reported that a geneticallymodified virus that exploits ... against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a geneticallymodified virus. The virus was developed ... http www.newscientist.com article dn5056 geneticallymodified virus explodes cancer cells.html Geneticallymodified virus explodes cancer cells ref ref http www.newscientist.com article dn12839 gm virus ... GM Virus ABC TV Science ref References references Genetic engineering Category Viruses Category Geneticallymodified organisms virus stub ms Virus terubah suai secara genetik ... more details
File Knockout Mice5006 300.jpg thumb right A geneticallymodified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out left , shown next to a normal lab mouse. A geneticallymodified mouse is a house mouse mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Geneticallymodified mouse are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases. History In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created the first geneticallymodified animal by inserting a DNA virus into an early stage mouse embryo and showing that the inserted genes were present in every cell. ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.71.4.1250 author Jaenisch, R. and Mintz, B. year 1974 title Simian virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. volume 71 issue 4 pages 1250 1254 pmid 4364530 pmc 388203 ref However the mice did not pass the transgene onto their offspring. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle from Yale and Frank Constantini and Elizabeth Lacy in University of Oxford Oxford injected purified DNA into a single cell mouse embryo and showed transmission of the genetic material ... ref During the early eighties the technology used to generate geneticallymodified mice was improved ... pmid 17875663 ref Methods There are two basic technical approaches to produce geneticallymodified mice ... manipulation can occur e.g. only changing single nucleotides . Uses Geneticallymodified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease. ref cite web title Background Cloned and GeneticallyModified Animals date April 14, 2005 publisher Center for Genetics and Society url http ... title The origins of oncomice a history of the first transgenic mice genetically engineered to develop ... these mouse models. A mouse has been genetically engineered to have increased muscle growth and strength ... ixzz0xFlY82PZ agency AAP title Genetically engineered super mouse stuns scientists date November ... more details
Geneticallymodified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. ref name Melo cite journal last Melo first Eduardo O. coauthors Canavessi, Aurea M. O. Franco, Mauricio M. Rumpf, Rodolpho title Animal transgenesis state of the art and applications journal J. Appl. Genet. volume 48 issue 1 pages 47 61 year 2007 pmid 17272861 url http jag.igr.poznan.pl 2007 Volume 48 1 pdf 2007 Volume 48 1 47 60.pdf archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5k5aYeGAs archivedate 26 September 2009 doi 10.1007 BF03194657 ref These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human protein s for use in medicine. ref name Leader2008 cite journal last Leader first Benjamin coauthors Baca, Qentin J. Golan, David E. series A guide to drug discovery title Protein therapeutics a summary and pharmacological classification journal Nat Rev Drug Discov volume 7 issue 1 pages 21 39 year 2008 month January pmid 18097458 doi 10.1038 nrd2399 br Leader 2008 Fee required for access to full text. ref The first example of this occurred in 1978 when Herbert Boyer working at a University of California laboratory took a version of the human insulin gene and inserted into the bacterium Escherichia coli to produce synthetic human insulin. The drug industry has made good use of this discovery in its quest to produce medication for diabetes . ref name Walsh2005 cite journal last Walsh first Gary title Therapeutic insulins and their large scale manufacture journal Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. volume 67 issue 2 ... cavities. Scientists have recently modified Streptococcus mutans to produce no lactic acid. ref cite journal author Hillman JD title Geneticallymodified Streptococcus mutans for the prevention ... . Citation needed date July 2008 Geneticallymodified bacteria are also used in some soils to facilitate ... engineering Category Geneticallymodified organisms Category Bacteria Category Microbiology bacteria ... more details
LMO stands for living modified organisms , which are those organisms that have been geneticallymodified through the application of biotechnology including organisms that have been modified by novel recombinant DNA techniques as well as those that have been modified by mutagenesis or classical breeding and selection techniques. Genes are not invented but LMOs are patentable because they are covered by DNA patents viewed as created by human endeavour rather than nature. The first and most famous LMO case that set the precedent was Diamond v. Chakrabarty . In 1971 Professor Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty , then a scientist for General Electric , created a geneticallymodified microorganism that ate hazardous waste. General Electric then went to the United States patent office claiming they had invented this bacteria and needed a patent the first patent on a Geneticallymodifiedorganismgenetically engineered organism . The Patent Office immediately turned down the request citing a living organism cannot be patented. In 1980 the U.S Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chakrabarty General Electric. The Supreme Court finding in favor of artificial products over natural products in the Chakrabarthy case was the basis of the 1988 patent grant for the Harvard mouse or Oncomouse OncoMouse developed as a cancer research tool. ref Travels in the GeneticallyModified Zone ref The rights to the invention are owned by DuPont . References references DEFAULTSORT Lmo Biology Category Biotechnology biology stub ar ... more details
fueled widespread http terresacree.org sondage.htm public concern about geneticallymodifiedorganism ... led to the suspension of approvals of new geneticallymodifiedorganism s GMO in the European ... s regulation of geneticallymodified food . The US claims these regulations violate free trade agreements ... of geneticallymodified plants may lead to environmental changes. Directives such as directive ... the right to be informed whether food that they have consumed had been geneticallymodified ... and United States are in strong disagreement over the EU s ban on most geneticallymodified foods. Citation ... November 2009 European Proposal over GeneticallyModified Food The European Parliament s Committee ... feed containing or derived from geneticallymodified organisms be labeled and any GM ingredients in food ... are geneticallymodified in the USA 86 percent of US maize and 93 percent of soybeans were geneticallymodified in 2010 ref National Agricultural Statistics Service, Washington DC, Acreage ... regulation demanding labels that identify which food has been geneticallymodified , while the American ... labelling could imply there is something wrong with geneticallymodified food, which would ... farmers lost marketshare in certain countries after changing to geneticallymodified food because ... products through its long standing ban on geneticallymodified food. Robert Zoellick announced the filing ... regulating international trade in geneticallymodified food, expected to come into force in fall ... ban imports of a geneticallymodified product if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence ... be detectable such as soy oil produced from geneticallymodified soy . The threshold for the presence ... products is mandatory, from sowing to final product. Geneticallymodified goods will have to carry ..., the first geneticallymodified food product canned maize since 1998 was approved for marketing in the European ... 0502201 Deloitte 2010 Food Survey GeneticallyModified Foods Deloitte 2010 Food Safety Survey ... more details
Religious views on geneticallymodified foods have been mixed, although as of yet, no GM foods have been designated as unacceptable by religious authorities. ref http www.cnie.org NLE CRSreports Science st 41.pdf Food Biotechnology in the United States Science, Regulation, and Issues Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress 2001 ref Judaism and Islam One concern raised by the transfer of genes between species is that the foods produced might contravene religious dietary laws . For example, both Judaism and Islam prohibit the consumption of pork , and these religions have expressed concern about the production of foods with genes from pigs. ref http www.biotech info.net jewish law.html ref ref http www.metanexus.net conference2005 pdf mohd safian.pdf conference 2005 ref ref http www.yahyayunus.net 2.htmlIslam and GMOs ref Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church has not specifically opposed any types of GMOs. Views on genetic engineering Pope John Paul II was reported to have harbored critical views on GMOs, although he is thought to have given his approval to the subsequent scientific research carried out by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace . ref http ... of Nature ref ref http www.stratfor.com vatican boosts acceptance geneticallymodified foods Vatican boosts acceptance of geneticallymodified foods ref The Catholic Church has taken a critical ... any broad declaration against geneticallymodified food products. ref http www.vatican.va roman ...?l english Symposium Looking at GeneticallyModified Organisms ref The symposium s study argued that the future ... stomach is full . ref name Vatican says GM food is a Blessing A 2009 study on geneticallymodified ... out against the government s backing of geneticallymodified organisms GMOs . ref http www.capetimes.co.za ...?id 3947 archivedate 2008 01 01 accessdate 2008 12 31 ref References references Category Geneticallymodified organisms Category Religious views Category Religion and science ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Isolation distances are used in regions where Genetic engineering geneticallymodified GM and conventional or organic crops are grown in Co existence of geneticallymodified and conventional crops and derived food and feed co existence . When different cropping systems are grown in proximity to each other, the isolation distance between fields refers to the area separating them, on which geneticallymodified pollen can settle without fertilising non GM crops. Goal of isolation distances The goal of isolation distances is to minimise out crossing of GM plants. If large amounts of GM pollen fertilise crops in a non GM field, that harvest may no longer be declared GM free , and will require appropriate labelling if its GM content exceeds a certain limit e.g. 0.9 percent in the European Union . Design of isolation distances Isolation distances are mostly empty spaces. They may be roads, uncultivated fields, or anything that separates two fields without actively hindering the drift of pollen. Separation methods between GM and non GM fields which actively catch pollen are called Pollen barrier pollen barriers or buffer zones . Factors influencing isolation distances Many factors influence the width required for isolation. A major criterion is the crop species, since isolation distances often must be calculated according to pollen weight. Other influential criteria include the size and shape of fields, GM contamination tolerance levels and, especially, local wind direction and weather conditions. Isolation distances for maize Maize is probably the best studied crop in terms of isolation distances. Yet, recommendations for isolation distances have varied significantly. Under average conditions, the isolation distance may be 25 metres. However, in regions with small non GM fields 1 hectare , or with crops being grown primarily for seed production, the isolation distance may be more than 100 metres. Research on isolation distances Among dozens of individual ... more details
measures, there may be also biological tools to prevent the geneticallymodified crop from ... on biological containment systems for geneticallymodified plants http www.gmo compass.org GMO Compass ... and agriculture Category Geneticallymodified organisms ..., genetically engineered material. Two important research projects on co existence are SIGMEA ... more details
Wiktionary Modified may refer to Modified album , the second full length album by Save Ferris Modified racing , or Modifieds , an American automobile racing genre See also Modification disambig ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on organisms Organism ... more details
Unwanted organism may refer to A weed , Pest organism pest or invasive species A specific definition under the Biosecurity Act 1993 in New Zealand dab ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism . From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related A analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . References div class references small references cite book author MacLay, George R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic Living ... The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher Steiner Books ... asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http spartan.ac.brocku.ca lward Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http oll.libertyfund.org ... Organism in volume 1 Category Sociology hi te zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Biology stub ... more details
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