mergefrom Genism discuss Talk Geneticdiscrimination Merger proposal date January 2011 Discrimination sidebar Geneticdiscrimination occurs when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an Genetic disorder inherited disorder . People who undergo genetic testing may be at risk for geneticdiscrimination. The results of a genetic test are normally included in a person s medical record s. Where? When .... Fear of discrimination is a concern among people considering genetic testing . Several countries have laws that help protect people against geneticdiscrimination however, genetic testing is a fast growing field and these laws don t cover every situation. Public concern against discrimination The term geneticdiscrimination was first coined by the Council for Responsible Genetics CRG . ref http ... jointly developed guidelines to assist federal and state agencies in preventing geneticdiscrimination ... in the mid 1990s on geneticdiscrimination in health insurance and the workplace. The findings ... in 2000 alone. Some would inaugurate protection from geneticdiscrimination while others would ... news url http blog.wired.com wiredscience 2008 05 the genetic inf.html title GeneticDiscrimination ... Geneticdiscrimination Genism Human Genome Project Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ... americas 7366264.stm accessdate 2010 01 04 DEFAULTSORT GeneticDiscrimination Category Discrimination ... the right to look at an employee s medical records. As a result, genetic test results could affect a person s insurance coverage or employment. People making decisions about genetic testing should be aware ... issued a report titled Genetic Information and Health Insurance . The report recommended that people ... be prohibited from using genetic information or an individual s request for genetic services to deny ... s genetic information without that individual s written authorization. Written authorization, the groups ... more details
multicol break Equal opportunity Equal rights Geneticdiscrimination Genocide Heightism Homophobia ...Dablink This article focuses on discrimination in sociology, not statistical discrimination . For other uses of the term, see the entry for wikt discriminationdiscrimination at Wiktionary. Discrimination sidebar Discrimination is the cognitive and sensory capacity or ability to see fine distinctions ... Civil War the term discrimination generally evolved in American English usage as an understanding ... to redress negative effects of discrimination. Definitions Within sociology , discrimination is the prejudice .... Discrimination is the actual behavior towards members of another group. It involves excluding ... discriminates against by donating some money to them. ref Kasper Lippert Rasmussen, Private Discrimination ... Horta, Discrimination in Terms of Moral Exclusion , Theoria Swedish Journal of Philosophy , 76, 346 364 2010 . ref The United Nations stance on discrimination includes a statement that Discriminatory ... discrim id 8 ud print.asp United Nations CyberSchoolBus What is discrimination? ref Racial and ethnic discrimination Main Racism Racial discrimination differentiates between individuals ... officials has been called racial discrimination. ref cite news first Gene last Callahan coauthors ... Act provided a remedy for intentional race discrimination in employment by private employers and state ... with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public ... trial. Title VII also provides that race and color discrimination against every race and color is prohibited ... . The Guardian. October 11, 2010 ref Sex, Gender and Gender Identity discrimination Main Sexism Though gender discrimination and sexism refers to beliefs and Attitude psychology attitudes in relation ..., carry any legal consequences. Sex discrimination , on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambig simple Genetic ur ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Housing discrimination is discrimination based on protected class status, variously including Race classification of human beings race , gender , Ethnic group ethnicity , Ageing age , national origin , sexual orientation and gender identity , marital status , or veteran status, in the realm of House housing and real estate . Four types of housing discrimination are rental discrimination, sales discrimination, lending and Mortgage loan mortgage discrimination and Home insurance homeowners insurance . In the United States , the Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited housing discrimination. See Housing discrimination United States for details. See also Affordable housing Equal Credit Opportunity Act Fair housing Federal Housing Administration Homelessness in the United States Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 Housing Act of 1937 Housing Act of 1949 Housing Discrimination United States Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 Housing for Older Persons Act McKinney Vento Homeless Assistance Act National Housing Act of 1934 Ownership equity Public housing in the United States Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Real estate economics Redlining Subprime Subsidized housing United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Urban Institute Category LGBT rights by issue ... more details
refimprove date July 2008 Employment discrimination or workplace discrimination is discrimination in hiring ... . Many jurisdictions prohibit some types of employment discrimination, often by forbidding discrimination based on certain traits protected categories . In other cases, the law may require discrimination against certain groups. In places where it is illegal, discrimination often takes subtler forms, such as wage discrimination and requirements with disparate impact on certain groups. In addition, employees sometimes suffer retaliation for opposing workplace discrimination or for reporting violations to the authorities. Like most discrimination, employment discrimination may occur intentionally or unintentionally, because of prejudice or ignorance . Discrimination sidebar Protected categories Laws often prohibit discrimination on the basis of Race classification of human beings Race or color ... discrimination against other social groups that have legal protections. They include discrimination ..., and Province provincial regional origin. Effects of discrimination in the workplace Discrimination ... client. There is also a direct correlation between loyalty, retention, and discrimination. Employees ... on discrimination at the workplace by the International Labour Organization , workplace discrimination ... index.htm ILO Workplace discrimination, a picture of hope and concern ref Sending wrong signals to potential ... in the worst jobs, denied benefits, capital, land, social protection, training, or credit. Discrimination at a workplace can lead to poverty. Discrimination creates a web of poverty, forced and child labor and social exclusion, seeking to eliminate discrimination is indispensable to any strategy ... poll showed that job satisfaction was lowest when employees experienced discrimination. Gender discrimination ... within the workplace, discrimination is still rampant. Women still do not measure up to men when it comes ... of women in the workforce has surpassed that of men. Discrimination can occur at every stage of employment ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Economic discrimination is a term that describes a form of discrimination based ... for business. The term is broadly used in economic research, and includes discrimination against workers, consumers, and minority owned businesses. It is not the same as price discrimination ... to pay . History The term economic discrimination has been in usage for over 150 years ... customer for the same service. In 19th century English and American common law , discrimination was meant to indicate improper distinctions in economic transactions. For example, discrimination occurred ... Clauses. Most 19th century economic discrimination was by Protestants against Catholics , or by Christians against Jews , and usually could be referred to as economic discrimination against consumers. By the early 20th century, discrimination also included biased or unequal terms against other ... order forbidding discrimination in employment by a company working under a government defense contract, that economic discrimination took on the overtones it has today, which is discrimination ... inter corporate discrimination so problematic in the late 19th century and early 20th century, but the problem of discrimination on an economic basis against minorities had become widespread. Causes There is a wide range of theory concerned with the root causes of economic discrimination. Economic discrimination is unique from most other kinds of discrimination because only a small portion ... s religion, ethnicity or nationality has always been a component of economic discrimination, much like all other forms of discrimination. Most discrimination in the US and Europe is claimed to be in terms of racial and Ethnic persecution ethnic discrimination blacks and Hispanics in the USA, Muslims ... nature of employment discrimination litigation. Stanford Law Review , 43, 983 1033. ref This form of economic discrimination is usually leveled at whatever groups are held to be in power at the time ... more details
The Fighting Discrimination Program of Human Rights First focuses on the violence known as hate crimes or bias crimes. Because equality is a cornerstone of human rights protection, discrimination in all its forms is a violation of human rights. Discrimination can take the form of violence generated by prejudice ... First Hate Crime Survey 2008.gif right thumb Fighting Discrimination Reports and Publications 2008 Hate Crime Survey , written by Human Rights First s Fighting Discrimination Program. Through the Fighting Discrimination Program, Human Rights First seeks to combat discrimination by reversing the tide ... of violence driven by discrimination in each country and at two principal ways in which this violence ... with enhanced penalties. Second, the fight against discrimination requires the monitoring and statistical ... tools for policy makers and effective action to confront violence. Official anti discrimination bodies can play a pivotal role in ensuring that monitoring occurs and effective anti discrimination policies are then implemented. Advocacy Efforts In pursuing policy changes, the Fighting Discrimination ... osce.gif left thumb Fighting Discrimination focuses on fifty six countries of the OSCE. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe the OSCE provides the main stage for the Fighting Discrimination ... www.humanrightsfirst.org discrimination international organizations osce index.aspx Fighting Discrimination at the OSCE ref The United Nations the Fighting Discrimination Program was initiated in the aftermath ..., Fighting Discrimination has also played a role in moving the venue for the Durban Review Conference ... discrimination international organizations un index.aspx Fighting Discrimination at the UN ref Over the years, the Fighting Discrimination Program has also been in direct contact with important government officials who deal with the issues of discrimination, hate crime, national minorities ... Personal Representatives of the Chairman in Office on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination Combating ... more details
Refimprove date September 2008 Tactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information received through the sense of touch . This is often tested during neurological examination and represents a higher level of neurological function involving the cerebral cortex . Examples include the ability to discriminate between sharp and dull objects touching the skin, stereognosis , graphesthesia , and two point discrimination . Category Perception Medicine stub pl Dyskryminacja czuciowa ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Reverse discrimination , also known as positive ref http www.askoxford.com concise oed positivediscrimination?view uk Compact Oxford English Dictionary ref discrimination , is a controversial specific form of discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of Race classification of human beings race , gender , ethnicity , or other factors. This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities where minority groups have been denied access to the same privileges of the majority group. In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face. Reverse discrimination may also be used to highlight the discrimination inherent in affirmative action programs. The law in some countries, such as the UK, draws a distinction ... it as an example of positive discrimination. India In India , the term is often used by citizens protesting against Reservation in India reservation and quotas . ref Devanesan Nesiah. Discrimination ... reservation will cause reverse discrimination, cautions Supreme Court ref ref R. Kent Greenawalt. Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination . 1983. Knopf. ISBN 0394335775. ref United Kingdom UK law ... to disability rights. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Equality Act 2010 make it clear ... discrimination with respect to merit awards and criticising the fact that female and ethnic ... Haven Fire Department reverse discrimination case Land reform in Zimbabwe although directed towards ... elsewhere reflist Further reading cite book chapter Reverse discrimination pages 72&ndash 73 title Philosophy ... isbn13 9780415327725 cite book title Reverse discrimination in EC law volume 64 series European monographs ... 9789041127518 cite book title Reverse discrimination dismantling the myth author Fred L. Pincus publisher ... Category Racism Category Discrimination Category Affirmative action bg de Umgekehrte ... more details
In psychology , discrimination learning is the process by which animals or people learn to make different responses to different stimuli. ref MeshName Discrimination Learning ref It was a classic topic in the psychology of learning from the 1920s to the 1970s, and was particularly investigated within comparative psychology , where a key issue was whether continuous or discontinuous learning processes were concerned in the acquisition of discriminations human cognitive psychology the experimental analysis of behaviour , where a key issue was whether discriminations could be trained without the necessity for the subject to make errors developmental psychology , where a key issue was the changes that occur in the process of discrimination as a function of age cross cultural psychology , where a key issue was the role that the cultural appropriateness of the stimuli to be discriminated played in the rate of acquisition of effective discrimination mathematical psychology , where attempts were made to formalise the distinctions being drawn in other branches of psychology. While interest in the learning of discriminations has continued in all those fields, from about 1980 onwards the phrase discrimination learning was used less often as the main description either of individual studies or of a field of investigation. Instead, investigations of the learning of discriminations have tended to be described in other terms such as pattern recognition or concept discrimination. This change partly reflects the increasing diversity of studies of discrimination, and partly the general expansion of the topic of cognition within psychology, so that learning is not now the central organizing topic that it was in the mid 20th century. References reflist Category Learning psych stub Learning ... more details
refimprove date March 2011 Pregnancy discrimination occurs when expectant women are fired, not hired ... of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or likelihood of becoming ... 70 of women with children in the work force, pregnancy discrimination is the fastest growing type of discrimination in the U.S., and in 2006 represented approximately 6.5 of all discrimination claims ... totaling 10.4 million. Pregnancy Discrimination Act In 1978, the U.S. Congress passed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act P.L. 95 555 , an amendment to the sex discrimination section of the Civil Rights ... The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and http www.finduslaw.com family and medical leave act fmla ... 5th and 14th amendments 2 Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to protect women from discrimination ... Discrimination Act. The first, Geduldig v. Aiello 1974 , ruled that the exclusion of medical ... Discrimination Act by Congress. In 2009 the Supreme Court again addressed Pregnancy discrimination ... of the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act cannot be considered in calculating employee pension benefits, therefore essentially implying that the Pregnancy Discrimination Act is not Ex post facto law ... as unlawful, and the same thing as discrimination on grounds of sex contrasting to the American case of Geduldig v. Aileo and consistent with the American approach in the Pregnancy Discrimination ... Volwassen VJV Centrum Plus ref 1990 ECR I 3941 ref that pregnancy discrimination was sex discrimination ... hired. As well as a dismissal, a failure to renew a fixed term contract may also be discrimination ... a heavy fine on companies if they are found to have committed acts of pregnancy discrimination. Expand section date January 2010 Other Mexico and Japan have laws to combat pregnancy discrimination. Expand section date January 2010 See also UK employment discrimination law US employment discrimination ... http www.law cm.com blog 7 employment 73 New Jersey Specific DEFAULTSORT Pregnancy Discrimination ... more details
Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unfair, indirect treatment of an individual embedded in the operating ... , sexual orientation , and Ageing age . Though direct discrimination is legally iniquitous by United ... carried out every day. Because of institutionalized discrimination, meritocracy cannot be realized. Examples Examples of institutionalized discrimination include laws and decisions that reflect racism ... discrimination often exists within the government, though it can also occur in any ... per se are an example of institutionalized discrimination. Two recent studies aimed to explain ... States is in no way the only country in which institutionalized discrimination takes place. Other countries like Saudi Arabia have institutionalized discrimination where women and other oppressed ... v NATFHE now part of UCU race discrimination case, the Tribunal decided that the union s principal ... discrimination also exists in institutions aside from the government such as religion , education ... examples of institutionalized discrimination. This phenomenon occurs unintentionally at times. In the article Discrimination and Affirmative Action , Dr. Jan Garrett gives the example of a boss who requests ... race or gender being an issue in hiring, their discrimination is unintentional. ref name Jan Garrett cite web author Garrett, Jan title Discrimination and Affirmative Action publisher Western Kentucky ... community the homeowners will leave the area. This is called white flight . Institutionalized discrimination exist within the actual housing system including redlining and mortgage discrimination . ref ... into their own hands to address the issue of institutionalized discrimination. The Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities has developed a plan to fight institutionalized discrimination in the Mebane ... discrimination. ref name Cedar Grove cite web author Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities title Fighting Institutionalized Discrimination and Exclusion of Minorities accessdate 2008 ... more details
Merge from Linguicism date August 2010 Discrimination sidebar Linguistic discrimination is discrimination based on native language , usually in the language policy especially in education policy education of a state that has one or several linguistic minority linguistic minorities . Critics denounce linguistic discrimination as a violation of linguistic rights . Discrimination against minority language is an aspect of linguistic imperialism . While linguistic discrimination was common in Europe during the formation of nation states in the 19th century, it was countered by opposing trends of linguistic protectionism and language revival in the 20th century. Examples the Coptic language . At the turn of the 8th century, Caliph Abd al Malik ibn Marwan decreed that Arabic language Arabic replace Koine Greek and Coptic as the sole administrative language. Literary Coptic gradually declined such that within a few hundred years, and suffered violent persecutions especially under the Mamluk s, leading to its virtual extinction by the 17th century. Language policy of the British Empire in Ireland , Wales and Scotland . Oliver Cromwell Cromwell s conquest, the long Plantations of Ireland English colonisation and Great Irish Famine made Irish language Irish a minority language by the end of 19th century. It had not official status until the establishment of Republic of Ireland . In Wales speaking of the Welsh language in schools was Welsh Not prohibited . Scottish Gaelic also had not official status until Languages in the United Kingdom Status the end of 20th century . Scots language Scots was often treated as a mere dialect of English. Basque language Basque Public usage of Basque was prohibited ... et al. eds. , Linguistic human rights overcoming linguistic discrimination , Walter de Gruyter ... Rights.html Action Linguistic Rights Violations of Linguistic Rights DEFAULTSORT Linguistic Discrimination Category Linguistic discrimination es Discriminaci n ling stica ... more details
Globalize North America date December 2010 Status of religious freedom Discrimination sidebar Religious discrimination is valuing or treating a person or group differently because of what they do or do not believe. A concept like that of religious discrimination is necessary to take into account ambiguities ... are described as mild forms of religious persecution or as religious discrimination . Furthermore, even ... minorities voice concerns about religious discrimination against them. Insofar as legal policies are concerned, cases that are perceived as religious discrimination might be the result of an interference ... on civil rights defined religious discrimination in relation to the civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth ... discrimination occurs when someone is denied the equal protection of the laws, equality of status ... II ref Situation in Western countries However, cases of religious discrimination might also be the result ... discrimination have been applied to governmental, social, and educational policies. The Eagle ... discrimination due to the law s provision authorizing the possession of eagle feathers to members of only ... modern practice dating back to the early 16th century. Charges of religious and racial discrimination ... University and The University of South Dakota were charged with racial and religious discrimination ... challenge denial of Thor s Hammer ref Religious discrimination has also been documented in employment, such as an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC law suit alleging discrimination against ..., http eeoc0sues0merrilllynch.wordpress.com wordpress.com ref Religious discrimination has been a topic ... Discrimination Civil rights Intersectionality Religion Religious police Out Campaign OUT Campaign List of anti discrimination acts Specific types Anti Catholicism Anti Mormon Anti Semitism Anti Islam Anti Hinduism Other Discrimination against atheists Notes references References Stokes, DaShanne. In Press ... B16. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1979 Religious discrimination. A neglected issue. A consultation ... more details
Price discrimination or price differentiation ref http encarta.msn.com dictionary 561539255 561539255 ... on secondary exchange or re selling to prevent arbitrage , price discrimination can only be a feature of monopoly monopolistic and oligopoly oligopolistic market s, ref Price Discrimination ... in fully competitive retail or industrial markets. Price discrimination also occurs when the same price is charged to customers which have different supply costs. The effects of price discrimination on social ... prices for others. Output can be expanded when price discrimination is very efficient, but output can also decline when discrimination is more effective at extracting surplus from high valued users than expanding sales to low valued users. Even if output remains constant, price discrimination can reduce efficiency by misallocating output among consumers. Price discrimination requires market ... . Price discrimination is thus very common in services, where resale is not possible an example is student discounts at museums. Price discrimination in intellectual property is also enforced by law ... price discrimination against higher price market segments. Price discrimination can also be seen where ... of price discrimination exercised by providing a means for consumers to reveal their willingness to pay. Types of price discrimination First degree price discrimination In first degree price discrimination ... First Degree Price Discrimination is as follows This type of price discrimination is primarily ... and transforming it into revenues. From a social welfare perspective though, first degree price discrimination ... loss to society. In a market with first degree price discrimination, the seller ... of collusive tendering undermines efficiency. Second degree price discrimination In second degree price discrimination , price varies according to quantity sold. Larger quantities are available at a lower ... enjoy higher discounts. Additionally to second degree price discrimination , sellers are not able ... more details
Mortgage discrimination or mortgage lending discrimination is the practice of banks, governments or other ..., ethnic origin, sex or religion. One of the most notable instances of widespread mortgage discrimination .... Minorities who tried to buy homes continued to face direct discrimination from lending institutions ... www.huduser.org publications fairhsg lending.html What We Know About Mortgage Lending Discrimination ... mi qa3631 is 199507 ai n8720778 Discrimination in mortgage lending Chicago Fed Letter, Jul 1995 ..., the private sector fight against mortgage discrimination began to be led by community development ...?ID 194303 SR.com Bank with a heart thrives Bot generated title ref Contemporary mortgage discrimination Several class action mortgage discrimination claims have been filed against lenders across ... The Banking Industry s Attack on Disparate Impact Race Discrimination Claims Under the Fair Housing ... Redlining NewRedlining FHA Goes To WellToDo.htm ref Mortgage discrimination played a significant ... took to meet public pressure to overcome perceived mortgage discrimination. Under the Clinton administration ...?id 3262 NAACP Fights Loan Discrimination ref An analysis, by N.Y.U. s Furman Center for Real ... from a subprime lender. ref name nytimes Discrimination motivated by prejudice is contingent on the racial ... 1998 Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage Lending in Columbus .... 42 U.S.C. 3605. Section 3605, although not specifically naming foreclosures, discrimination in the manner ... Bank of Boston, issued a Policy Statement On Discrimination In Lending on April 29, 2004, emphasizing ... Policy Statement explained that courts have recognized three methods of proof of lending discrimination under the ECOA and the FH Act, including Overt evidence of discrimination, when a lender ... footnotes using the ref and ref tags and the tag below references DEFAULTSORT Mortgage Discrimination Category Urban decay Category Discrimination Category Mortgage industry of the United States ... more details
Term Discrimination is a way to rank keywords in how useful they are for Information Retrieval . Overview This is a method similar to tf idf but it deals with finding keywords suitable for information retrieval and ones that are not. Please refer to Vector Space Model first. This method uses the concept of Vector Space Density that the less dense an occurrency matrix is, the better an information retrieval query will be. An optimal index term is one that can distinguish two different documents from each other and relate two similar documents. On the other hand, a sub optimal index term can not distinguish two different document from two similar documents. The discrimination value is the difference in the occurrence matrix s vector space density versus the same matrix s vector space without the index term s density. Let math A math be the occurrence matrix math A k math be the occurrence matrix without the index term math k math and math Q A math be density of math A math . Then The discrimination value of the index term math k math is math DV k Q A Q A k math How to compute Given an occurrency matrix math A math and one keyword math k math Find the global document centroid math C math this is just the average document vector Find the average euclidean distance from every document vector, math D i math to math C math Find the average euclidean distance from every document vector, math D i math to math C math IGNORING math k math The difference between the two values in the above step is the discrimination value for keyword math K math A higher value is better because including the keyword will result in better information retrieval. Qualitative Observations Keywords that are Sparse matrix sparse should be poor discriminators because they have poor Precision and recall recall , where as keywords that are frequent should be poor discriminators because they have poor Precision ... discrimination values by use of the cover coefficient concept. Journal of the American Society for Information ... more details
distinguish Classicism POV date April 2008 Refimprove date April 2007 Discrimination sidebar Classism is prejudice and or discrimination and bullshiz on the basis of social class . It includes individual attitudes and behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper classes at the expense of the lower classes. ref name Kadi cite book last Kadi first Joanna authorlink coauthors title Thinking Class publisher South End Press year 1996 location U.S. pages url doi id isbn 0 89608 548 1 ref It can also include attitudes and behavior of prejudice and discrimination by members of the lower class to members of the higher class. Accusations of classism There is disagreement over what degree modern industrialized societies are economic stratification economically stratified into discernible classes. There is also often disagreement over matters of understanding, such as whether negative treatment is due to prejudice against members of certain classes, or whether it s a rational reaction to personal traits of the person being so treated, or due to racial, ethnic, sexual, or other identity. People who generally tend to find charges of classism against lower classes to be unfounded or unreasonably harsh often characterize the perceived prejudice as expressive of classist class envy . Those who argue classism is especially pervasive or fundamental to the society that they live in often identify classism as the expression of systematic economic exploitation by the higher classes, and may connect it with an explicit notion of class warfare but it is important to note that any particular accusation of classism does not, as such , presuppose any such claim, just as people may agree on examples of overt racism , while disagreeing intensely over how widespread ... blog Classism Exposed References reflist Discrimination Category Political terms Category Discrimination ca Classisme de Klassismus es Clasismo it Classismo ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Heightism is prejudice or discrimination based on Human height height . In principle it can refer to treatment of either unusually tall or short people. Origin of the term The term heightism was coined by sociologist Saul Feldman in a paper titled The presentation of shortness in everyday life height and heightism in American society Toward a sociology of stature , presented at the meeting of the American Sociological Association in 1971. ref Feldman, Saul. The presentation ... ref Heightism is one of a proliferation of neologisms relating to prejudice and discrimination that are lexically ... discrimination impacts on socio economic status. Certainly, much is always made in newspapers and magazines ... , that prohibits height discrimination. ref name Michigah http www.michigan.gov documents act ... of Massachusetts House bill 3752, 2006. ref Two municipalities currently prohibit height discrimination ... Santa 20Cruz 20Ordinance.htm Chapter 9.83 of the City of Santa Cruz code Prohibition against Discrimination ... weight.html Text of Compliance Guidelines To Prohibit Weight and Height Discrimination San Francisco ..., 26 July 2001. ref The District of Columbia prohibits discrimination based on personal appearance. ref ... Human Rights Act. ref Ontario , Canada prohibits height discrimination under the human rights code ..., Canada Human Rights Code. ref Victoria, Australia prohibits discrimination based on physical features ... of successful legal battles pursued against height discrimination in the workplace include a 2002 case ... Chinese Height Discrimination Case . ref a 2005 Swedish case involving an unfair height requirement ... esa archive esa99268.htm Kohler Corp. Gender Discrimination Case . ref Height requirements for employment ... more and more uncommon. See also Human height Discrimination Napoleon Complex Heights of Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates . References Reflist 2 Discrimination External ... Category Discrimination Category Prejudices Category Human height Discrimination Category ... more details
Markovian discrimination in spam filtering is a method used in CRM114 program CRM114 and other spam filters to model the statistical behaviors of spam and nonspam more accurately than in simple Bayesian spam filtering Bayesian methods . A simple Bayesian model of written text contains only the dictionary of legal words and their relative probabilities. A Markovian model adds the relative transition probabilities that given one word, predict what the next word will be. It is based on the theory of Markov chain s by Andrey Markov , hence the name. In essence, a Bayesian filter works on single words alone, while a Markovian filter works on phrases or entire sentences. There are two types of Markov models the visible Markov model, and the hidden Markov model or HMM. The difference is that with a visible Markov model, the current word is considered to contain the entire state of the language model, while a hidden Markov model hides the state and presumes only that the current word is probabilistically related to the actual internal state of the language. For example, in a visible Markov model the word the should predict with accuracy the following word, while in a hidden Markov model, the entire prior text implies the actual state and predicts the following words, but does not actually guarantee that state or prediction. Since the latter case is what s encountered in spam filtering, hidden Markov models are almost always used. In particular, because of storage limitations, the specific type of hidden Markov model called a Markov random field is particularly applicable, usually with a clique size of between four and six tokens. No footnotes date November 2010 References Chhabra, S., Yerazunis, W. S., and Siefkes, C. 2004. Spam Filtering using a Markov Random Field Model with Variable Weighting Schemas. In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE international Conference on Data Mining November 1 04, 2004 . ICDM. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, Mazharul DEFAULTSORT Markovian Discrimination ... more details
Discrimination sidebar Mentalism is a form of discrimination and oppression against people based on intelligence, mental type ex. ADHD bipolar or schizophrenia mental action ex. stuttering or Tourette s or neurology ex. neurotypical or aspergers especially against those who have, or who are labeling theory labeled as having, a mental disorder or a mental illness. Like other isms such as sexism and racism , it is characterized by complex social inequalities in power. It can result in blatant mistreatment or multiple, small insults and indignities. The negative attitudes and terms may be internalized. Terms with a similar meaning that are sometimes used are psychophobia and sanism . ref From Psychiatric Patient to Citizen Overcoming Discrimination and Social Exclusion. By Liz Sayce. Basingstoke Macmillan. 2000. ISBN 0333698908 Page 16. ref Origin The term developed in the 1970s out of the Consumer Survivor Ex Patient Movement , ref name Chamberlin Judi Chamberlin http www.peoplewho.org readingroom ... on experiences and perceptions a mark of shame rather than on the actual material discrimination unfair treatment . Nevertheless, a body of literature demonstrated widespread discrimination across ... 00000004 art00002 Stigma, discrimination and social exclusion What s in a word? Journal of Mental ... to express gratitude. Further discrimination may involve labeling some as high functioning and some ... and Overcoming Mentalism InforMed Health Publishing & Training ref The discrimination can be so ... are told they have no real hope. ref name Kalinowski Institutional discrimination Offensive and injurious ... where professionals no longer recognize them as discrimination. Mentalism may be apparent in physical ... discrimination keeping people living on handouts to interpersonal discrimination hindering relationships ..., thus further perpetuating oppression and discrimination. ref Kamaldeep Bhui 2002 http books.google.com ... talking psychophobes show nothing but contempt Category Discrimination Category Disability rights ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products. The test uses a trained panel to discriminate from one product to another. Statistical basis The statistical principle behind any discrimination test should be to reject a null hypothesis H sub 0 sub that states there is no detectable difference between two or more products. If there is sufficient evidence to reject H sub 0 sub in favour of the alternative hypothesis , H sub A sub There is a detectable difference, then a difference can be recorded. However, failure to reject Ho should not be assumed to be sufficient evidence to accept it. H sub 0 sub is formulated on the premise that all of the assessors guessed when they made their response. The statistical test chosen should give a probability value that the result was arrived at through pure guesswork. If this probability is sufficiently low usually below 0.05 or 5 then H sub 0 sub can be rejected in favour of H sub A sub . Tests used to decide whether or not to reject H sub 0 sub include binomial , sup 2 sup Chi squared , t test etc. Types of test A number of tests can be classified as discrimination tests. If it s designed to detect a difference then it s a discrimination test. The type of test determines the number of samples presented to each member of the panel and also the question s they are asked to respond to. Schematically, these tests may be described as follows A & B are used for knowns, X and Y are used for different unknowns, while AB means that the order of presentation is unknown Paired comparison XY or AB two unknown samples ... phase . While this may be hypothesized to make discrimination easier, no advantage has been observed in discrimination performance in ABX testing compared with other testing methods. ref cite doi 10.1111 ... Portal Food Food science DEFAULTSORT Discrimination Testing Category Nonverbal communication Category ... more details
Original research date December 2009 Refimprove date December 2009 Sectarian Discrimination is bigotry , discrimination or hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group, such as between different Religious denomination denomination s of a religion or the Political faction faction s of a political movement . Citation needed date December 2009 The ideological underpinnings of attitudes and behaviors labeled as sectarian are extraordinarily varied. Members of a religious or political group may feel that their own salvation, or success of their particular objectives, requires aggressively seeking converts from other groups adherents of a given faction may believe that for the achievement of their own political or religious project their internal opponents must be purged. Citation needed date December 2009 Sometimes a group feeling itself to be under economic or political pressure will attack members of another group thought to be responsible for its own decline. It may also more rigidly define the definition of orthodox belief within its particular group or organisation, and expel or excommunicate those who do not agree with this newfound clarified definition of political or religious orthodoxy. In other cases, dissenters from this orthodoxy will secede from the orthodox organisation and proclaim themselves as practitioners of a reformed belief system, or holders of a perceived former orthodoxy. At other times, sectarianism may .... Sometimes this mistrust manifested itself in Catholics being subjected to restrictions and discrimination ..., Catholics were forbidden from voting, becoming MP s or buying land in Ireland. Today, bigotry and discrimination ... enforced legislation. Reverse discrimination now takes place in terms of employment quotas which ... attacks. In turn, the Sunnis have complained of discrimination and human rights abuses by Iraq s Shia ... Memorial Northern Ireland Category Religious discrimination Category Corporatism Category Social ... more details
Expert subject date March 2011 Network Neutrality Data discrimination is the selective filtering of information by a service provider. This has been an especially important issue in the recent debate over Net neutrality network neutrality . FTC study In June 2007 the Federal Trade Commission FTC published Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy which suggested that it may be beneficial to consumers if broadband providers would pursue a variety of business arrangements, including data prioritization, exclusive deals, and vertical integration into online content and applications. The report also suggests that government should move cautiously in implementing any changes to current regulations. ref cite book title Plunkett s Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2009 last Plunkett first Jack W. authorlink coauthors year 2008 publisher Plunkett Research location isbn 1593921411, 9781593921415 pages 208 url http books.google.co.uk books?id 6PUiN5cE7 QC&dq 22data prioritization 22 network neutrality&lr &source gbs summary s&cad 0 ref Legal situation In the United States the Federal Communications Commission does not permit data discrimination except for reasonable traffic management. ref cite news url http www.msnbc.msn.com id 22560491 title FCC to probe Comcast data discrimination first Peter last Svensson date Jan 2008 publisher msnbc accessdate 2008 11 28 ref The Federal Communication Commission defines reasonable traffic management as follows blockquote p A network management practice is reasonable if it is appropriate and tailored to achieving a legitimate network management purpose, taking into account the particular network architecture and technology of the broadband Internet ... 03 02 ref Instances of data discrimination Worldwide, the BitTorrent protocol BitTorrent application ... . Citation needed date August 2008 Data discrimination may also occur on a national level ... http www.ifea.net cipa.pdf ref References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Data Discrimination Category Network ... more details
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