A gaslaser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light. The gaslaser was the first continuous light laser and the first laser to operate on the principle of converting electrical energy to a laser light output. The first gaslaser, the Helium neon laser .... Citation needed date October 2010 Types of gaslaserGas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes. The Helium Neon or HeNe laser can be made to oscillate at over 160 different ... TEA laser transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure TEA laser is an inexpensive gaslaser producing UV light at 337.1 nm. ref cite web last Csele first Mark title The TEA Nitrogen GasLaser work Homebuilt Lasers Page year 2004 url http www.technology.niagarac.on.ca people ... Raman spectroscopy . Nitrogen laser Ion laserGas dynamic laser Chemical lasers Chemical laser ... Gas lasers DEFAULTSORT GasLaser Category Gas lasers Category Iranian inventions Category American ... of kilowatts ref cite web title Air Force Research Lab s high power CO sub 2 sub laser work Defense ... and welding. The efficiency of a CO sub 2 sub laser is over 10 . Carbon Monoxide or CO lasers have the potential for very large outputs, but the use of this type of laser is limited by the extreme toxicity of Wiktionary Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide gas. Human operators must be protected from this deadly gas and it is extremely corrosive to many materials included seals, gaskets, etc. Thus extreme care must be used when contructing and using CO lasers. Ion laser Argon ion lasers emit light in the range 351 528.7 nm. Depending on the optics and the laser tube a different number of lines ... 2007 09 11 ref Metal ion lasers are gas lasers that generate deep ultraviolet wavelengths ..., in the Hydrogen fluoride laser 2700 2900 nm and the Deuterium fluoride laser 3800 nm the reaction is the combination of hydrogen or deuterium gas with combustion products of ethylene in nitrogen ... more details
Gas Dynamic Laser GDL is laser based on differences in relaxation velocities of molecular vibrational states. The laser medium gas has such properties that an energetically lower Molecular vibration vibrational ... in a particular time. Pure Gas dynamic lasers usually use a combustion chamber, supersonic expansion nozzle and carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub as an active laser medium in mixture with nitrogen or helium . Gas dynamic laser could be however Laser pumping pumped not only by combustion , but by any adiabatic expansion of gas. Any hot and compressed gas with appropriate vibrational structure could be utilized. Explosively pumped gas dynamic laser is a version of gas dynamic laser pumped by expansion ... laser weapons . Function Image Gas dynamic laser.png thumb Gas dynamic laser components and function Hot compressed gas is generated. Gas expands through subsonic or supersonic expansion nozzle, the temperature of the gas becomes lower and according to maxwell Boltzmann distribution the gas isn t in thermodynamic equilibrium until the vibrational states relax. The gas flows through the tube of a particular ... vibrational state doesn t. Thus population inversion is achieved. Gas flows through mirror area where stimulated emission takes place. Gas returns to equilibrium and becomes warm. It must be removed from the Optical cavity laser cavity or it will interfere with the thermodynamics and vibrational state relaxation of the freshly expanded gas. Application Almost any chemical laser uses gas dynamic ... also Gaslaser Chemical laser Carbon dioxide laser References Laser History Gasdynamic http laserstars.org history gasdynamic.html LEOT Laser Tutorial Course 3 Laser Technology Module 9 CO sub 2 sub Laser Systems http www.imajeenyus.com v5 science mod03 09.html Laser History Airborne Star Wars Laser http laserstars.org history starwars.html United States Patent 4099142 Condensed explosive gas dynamic laser http www.freepatentsonline.com 4099142.html Category Chemical lasers Category Gas lasers ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Gas Immersion Laser Doping is a method of Doping semiconductors doping a semiconductor material like Silicon . How it works Example Doping Silicon with Boron A thin Silicon Wafer electronics wafer is immersed in Boron gas while a pulsed laser repeatedly melts and cools the wafer. The Boron atoms in the gas diffuse into the molten parts of the Silicon and stay there when the Silicon solidifies, thus producing a Silicon wafer with Boron impurities. The resultant material is a P type semiconductor . See also Doping semiconductors Doping Wafer electronics Semiconductor Wafers Semiconductor P type semiconductor N type semiconductor References http physicsweb.org articles news 10 11 19 1 condensedmatter stub Category Semiconductor device fabrication ... more details
All gas phase iodine laser AGIL is a chemical laser using gaseous iodine as a lasing medium . Like the chemical oxygen iodine laser COIL , it operates at the 1.315 m wavelength. AGIL was developed in order to eliminate the problems with aqueous chemistry of the COILs. AGIL uses a reaction of chlorine atoms with gaseous hydrazoic acid , resulting in excited molecules of nitrogen chloride Nitrogen Chlorine sub 3 sub , which then pass their energy to the iodine atoms much like the singlet oxygen does in COIL. The iodine atoms then emit the laser radiation itself. AGIL has numerous advantages over COIL. The chemicals are all in gaseous phase, therefore easier to work with than liquids, especially in microgravity conditions. The chemicals are also lighter, which is a significant advantage in aerospace applications. External links http www.afrlhorizons.com Briefs Mar02 DE0106.html A new all gas phase chemical iodine laser Category Chemical lasers optics stub ... more details
pumped and the gas discharge laser devices. In 1960, Theodore Maiman Theodore H. Maiman ... , and Donald R. Herriott Donald Herriott , constructed the first gaslaser , using helium and neon ... material see the figure description for more details . Gas lasers Main Gaslaser Following the invention of the HeNe gaslaser, many other gas discharges have been found to amplify light coherently ... TEA laser transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure TEA laser is an inexpensive gaslaser, often home built by hobbyists, which produces rather incoherent UV light at 337.1 nm. ref cite web last Csele first Mark title The TEA Nitrogen GasLaser work Homebuilt Lasers Page ... . Excimer lasers Excimer laser s are a special sort of gaslaser powered by an electric discharge ...Other uses pp semi small yes Infobox Product title Laser image Image Military laser experiment.jpg center 250px caption United States Air Force laser experiment inventor Charles Hard Townes launch year 1960 company available Worldwide current supplier last production notes File Laser play.jpg 250px thumb Laser beams in fog, reflected on a car windshield A laser is a device that emits light electromagnetic ... s. The term laser originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ... laser title laser publisher Reference.com ref The emitted laser light is notable for its high degree ... diffraction limited , often a so called pencil beam. Laser beams can be focused to very tiny spots ... to red 700nm . The word laser started as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission ... visible light , hence infrared laser , ultraviolet laser , X ray laser , and so on. Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser , was developed first, devices of this sort operating ... , the laser was called an optical maser this term is now obsolete. ref cite web title Schawlow and Townes invent the laser publisher Lucent Technologies year 1998 url http www.bell labs.com about history ... more details
pp semi small yes About the physical properties of gas as a state of matter the uses of gases, and other meanings Gas disambiguation pp move indef Merge from Gas laws discuss Talk Gas laws Merger proposal date March 2011 Textbook article date January 2010 File Gas particle movement.svg right thumb Gas ... field . Gas is one of State of matter The three classical states the three classical states of matter ... into a liquid at its melting point see phase change , boils into a gas at its boiling point , and if heated ... that they leave their parent atoms from within the gas. A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms e.g. a noble gas or atomic gas like neon , chemical element elemental molecules made from one ... carbon dioxide . A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the Earth s Atmosphere air . What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible ... low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi gas ... particles provide clues to the movement of the surrounding gas. As most gases are difficult to observe ... scale macroscopic characteristics the gas s pressure , volume thermodynamics volume , number ... led to a mathematical relationship among these properties expressed by the ideal gas law see simplified models section below . Gas particles are widely separated from one another, and as such are not as strongly ... forces result from electrostatic interactions between each gas particle. Like charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract ... unique to each gas. ref The authors make the connection between molecular forces of metals and their corresponding ... pressure gas behavior. Compared to the other states of matter, gases have an incredibly low density ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Infobox Film name Gas S S S image Gas s s s.jpg caption director Roger Corman producer Roger Corman writer George Armitage narrator starring Robert Corff br Elaine Giftos br George Armitage br Alex Wilson music Country Joe & the Fish br Barry Melton cinematography Ron Dexter editing George Van Noy distributor American International Pictures released 1971 runtime 79 min. country USA language English language English budget preceded by followed by Gas s s s also known as Gas or It Became Necessary to Destroy the World in Order to Save It is a 1971 motion picture produced and released by American International Pictures . It was movie producer producer Roger Corman s final film for AIP, before leaving to found his own New World Pictures . It was Corman s last film as director for eighteen years. The movie is a post apocalyptic dark comedy , about survivors of an accidental military gas leak , of an experimental agent that kills everyone on Earth over the age of twenty five. A cartoon title sequence shows a John Wayne esque Army General announcing and denouncing the accident the story picks up after the victims have died. The lead characters, Coel and Cilla, were played by Bob Corff and Elaine Giftos , and the cast features Ben Vereen , Cindy Williams , Bud Cort and Talia Shire credited as Tally Coppola in early roles. Country Joe McDonald makes an appearance, as spokesman AM Radio . Gas s s s found a fresh airing on late night television in the 1980s, and was recently 2005 issued on DVD , as a double feature with Wild in the Streets , another AIP movie. See also Jeremiah TV series Jeremiah , TV series that takes place in a post apocalyptic future where most of the adult population has been wiped out by a deadly virus based on a Jeremiah comics comic book of the same name . External links imdb title 0065760 Amg movie 19277 Gas S S S Roger Corman Category 1971 films Category English language films Category American International Pictures ... more details
Multiple issues peacock December 2009 unreferenced December 2009 GasGas is also a song from the Croatian musician Severina Album Zdravo Marijo . File GasGas EC 300 2009.jpg thumb 2008 GasGas EC Racing edition with full Ohlins suspension. GasGas is a Spain Spanish motorcycle manufacturer, specialising in off road motorbikes. GasGas are best known for their extremely popular Motorcycle Trials trials bikes, although they also make successful enduro and all terrain vehicles quad bikes . GasGas ... GasGas Raga edition trials Bike. GasGas have manufactured and sold motorcycles since 1985. They are leaders ... needed date February 2011 A majority of the GasGas models are still handbuilt at the GasGas factory in Salt, Girona Salt near Girona , Spain . GasGas began manufacturing trials bikes in 1985, enduro ... Ggpaddock.jpg left thumb GasGas trials paddock, Duluth, MN 2004. In 1993, GasGas succeeded in luring ..., 1994 and 1995 for GasGas. More recently GasGas have won the Trial Outdoor World Championship twice ... www.indoortrial.com indoortrial.com ref GasGas have also achieved success at the highest level in the World ..., British Enduro Champion Wayne Braybrook , riding a GasGas, was one of only two riders to finish ... Meaning of the name The name GasGas literally means to gas it to accelerate, give it the gas, turn the throttle to go faster. The GasGas founders have, at times, expressed misgivings about the chosen name inasmuch as that name causes confusion outside Spain. Others have joked that GasGas are so good that they had to name them twice. The slogan GasGas Fast Fast was used by the US importer, GasGas North America, from 1999 2002 to try and help people understand the unique name. Importing GasGas bikes are currently import ed into many countries in Europe and around the world, including Australia ..., GasGas have manufactured specialized models for the United States off road market. The XC Cross Country ... code to the EC line. Quads File GasGas Wild HP 240.jpg thumb 2005 GasGas Wild HP240 Quad. The Gas ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Laser snow is the Precipitation chemistry precipitation of Cluster physics clustered atoms or molecules, induced by passing a laser beam through certain gas ses. DEFAULTSORT Laser Snow Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic physics stub ... more details
of heat which must be dissipated. Types Krypton laser A krypton laser is an ion laser, a type of gaslaser using krypton ion s as a gain medium , laser pumping pumped by electric discharge . Krypton ... used for pumping the krypton laser ranges in several amperes, as the gas has to be ionized. The ion laser tube produces a lot of waste heat and requires active cooling. The typical noble gas ion laser ... inventor of the first gaslaser the helium neon laser , was first to observe spectral hole burning effects in gas lasers, and created a theory of hole burning effects on laser oscillation. He was co ..., June 1974 ref Oxygen ref Cold Cathode Pulsed GasLaser by R. K. Lomnes and J. C. W. Taylor ... Gas lasers hr Argonski laser nl Ionlaser ru tr Argon lazeri ... neon laser HeNe on alignment rig, 2 Watt Lexel 88 Argon Ion laser, and power supply. To the rear are hoses for water cooling . An ion laser is a gaslaser which uses an ion ized gas as its lasing medium. ref GoldBookRef title ion laser file I03219 ref Like other gas lasers, ion lasers feature a sealed cavity containing the laser medium and mirrors forming a Fabry P rot resonator. Unlike Helium neon laser HeNe lasers , the energy level transitions that contribute to laser action come from ion ... cooling water cooled . A small air cooled ion laser might produce, for example, 130mW of light with a tube ... light lasers, useful for laser light shows. Krypton lasers are also used in medicine eg. for coagulation ... nm, 676.4 nm. Argon laser This section is linked from Laser File Nci vol 2268 300 argon ion laser.jpg left thumb This argon ion laser emits blue green light at 488 514 nm. The Argon laser was invented in 1964 by William Bridges at Hughes Aircraft ref W. B. Bridges, LASER OSCILLATION IN SINGLY ... of Ion lasers that use a noble gas as the active medium. Argon lasers are used for retina l phototherapy for diabetes , lithography , and laser pumping pumping other lasers. Argon lasers emit ... more details
Primarysources date February 2011 Image Nike laser amplifier.jpg thumb right Final amplifier of the Nike laser where laser beam energy is increased from 150 J to 5 kJ by passing through a krypton fluorine argon gas mixture excited by irradiation with two opposing 670,000 volt electron beams. The Nike laser at the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC is a 56 beam, 4 5 kJ per pulse electron beam pumped Krypton fluoride laser krypton fluoride excimer laser which operates in the ultraviolet at 248 nm with pulsewidths of a few nanoseconds. Nike was completed in the late 1980s and is used for investigations into inertial confinement fusion . By using a KrF laser with induced spatial incoherence ISI optical smoothing, the modulations in the laser focal profile beam intensity anisotropy are only 1 in one beam and 0.3 with a 44 beam overlap. This feature is especially important for minimizing the seeding of Rayleigh Taylor instabilities in the imploding fusion target capsule plasma physics plasma . Image Nike laser final mirrors.gif thumb left Nike laser final mirror array and lens array that direct the laser beams onto target. See also United States Naval Research Laboratory Excimer laser Krypton fluoride laser List of laser types External links http other.nrl.navy.mil nike.html Nike KrF Laser Facility at navy.mil References reflist nofootnotes date February 2011 Fusion experiments DEFAULTSORT Nike Laser Category Inertial confinement fusion research lasers ar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 The mercury laser is a high average power laser system being developed as a prototype for systems to drive inertial confinement fusion . Like the National Ignition Facility , it is intended to produce narrow pulses of extremely high power, using laser diode diode pumped solid state laser s. Unlike the NIF system, the mercury laser aims to achieve a high repetition rate its goals are 10 pulses per second, each delivering 100 J with a 10 efficient conversion of electricity to laser light. The active gain medium is Yb SFAP Ytterbium doped Sr sub 5 sub PO sub 4 sub sub 3 sub , which is cooled by fast flowing helium to allow high repetition rates. Infrared light at 900 nm from 8 arrays of laser diode s Optical pumping pumps the laser. See also Mercury vapor lamp , a gas discharge lamp that uses the element mercury in an excited state to produce light DEFAULTSORT Mercury Laser Category Inertial confinement fusion research lasers ... more details
. CW plasma propulsion A continuous laser beam focused in a flowing stream of gas creates a stable laser sustained plasma which heats the gas the hot gas is then expanded through a conventional ...Laser propulsion is a form of beam powered propulsion where the energy source is a remote usually ground based laser system and separate from the reaction mass. This form of propulsion differs from a conventional ... s carried on board the vehicle. History The concept of laser propelled vehicles was first introduced by Arthur Kantrowitz in 1972. Laser propulsion systems may transfer momentum to a spacecraft in two ... behind the propulsion of solar sail s and laser sails. A second way of driving momentum ... the laser to help expel mass from the spacecraft as in a conventional rocket. The second class ... equation . Forms There are several forms of laser propulsion. Ablative laser propulsion Ablative Laser Propulsion ALP is a form of beam powered propulsion in which an external pulsed laser is used to burn .... Material is directly removed from a solid or liquid surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse duration, the material can be simply heated ... and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of ablative propulsion include double pulse propulsion in which one laser pulse ablates material and a second laser pulse further heats the ablated gas, laser micropropulsion in which a small laser onboard a spacecraft ablates very small amounts of propellant for attitude control or maneuvering, and space debris removal, in which the laser ... of the UAH Laser Propulsion Group, until he was convicted of murdering his wife and sentenced ... A high energy pulse focused in a gas or on a solid surface surrounded by gas produces breakdown of the gas usually air . This causes an expanding shock wave which absorbs laser energy at the shock front a laser sustained detonation wave or LSD wave expansion of the hot plasma behind the shock front ... more details
A tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner. While all active laser medium laser gain media allow small shifts in output wavelength, only a few types ... thumb right 300px CW dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G . The dye laser is considered to be the first broadly tunable laser. There are many types and categories of tunable lasers. They exist in the gas, liquid, and solid state. Among the types of tunable lasers are excimer laser s, CO2 laser CO sub 2 sub lasers , dye laser s liquid and solid state , transition metal solid state laser s, semiconductor crystal and diode laser s, and free electron laser s ref F. J. Duarte ed. , http www.opticsjournal.com ... , ref W. Demtr der , Laser Spectroscopy Basic Principles, 4th Ed. Springer, Berlin, 2008 . ref photochemistry , atomic vapor laser isotope separation , ref J. R. Murray, in Laser Spectroscopy ... York, 1987 Chapter 2. ref ref M. A. Akerman, Dye laser isotope separation, in Dye Laser Principles ... . Types of tunability Single line tuning Since no real laser is truly monochromatic , all lasers can emit light over some range of frequencies, known as the linewidth of the laser transition. In most ... YAG laser has a linewidth of approximately 120 GHz, corresponding to a 0.45 nm wavelength range ref Koechner, 2.3.1, p49. ref . Tuning of the laser output across this range can be achieved by placing wavelength selective optical elements such as an etalon into the laser s optical cavity , to provide selection of a particular longitudinal mode of the cavity. Multi line tuning Most laser gain media have a number of transition wavelengths on which laser operation can be achieved. For example ... s mirrors can cause tuning of the laser as it hops between different laser lines. Such schemes are common in argon ion laser s, allowing tuning of the laser to a number of lines from the ultraviolet and blue through to green wavelengths. Narrowband tuning For some types of lasers the laser s cavity ... more details
Here, is a list of acronym s used in laser physics , laser applications applications and technology. compactTOC8 h H j J p P q Q z Z center yes Expand list date August 2008 A AOM acousto optic modulator APD avalanche photodiode APM additive pulse mode locking ASE amplified spontaneous emission ATD above threshold dissociation ATI above threshold ionization AWG arrayed waveguide grating B BPP beam parameter product C CEO carrier envelope offset CPA chirped pulse amplification CW continuous wave Laser physics continuous wave CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing D DBR distributed Bragg reflector DCM dispersion compensation module or double chirped mirror DFB laser distributed feedback laser DFG difference frequency generation DIAL differential absorption LIDAR DOS density of states DPSS diode pumped solid state DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing E ECDL external cavity diode laser EDC electronic dispersion compensation EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier Er YAG Er YAG laser erbium ... ESA excited state absorption F FEL free electron laser FREAG frequency resolved electro absorption ... no nonsense observation of ultrafast incident laser light e fields H HeNe Helium neon laser I IR infrared J K KLM Kerr lens modelocking L LASEK Laser assisted sub epithelial keratectomy LASER light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation LASIK Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis eye surgery LBO lithium triborate LiDAR Light detection and ranging LLLT low level laser therapy M Maser ... phase scan N Nd YAG Nd YAG laser neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet , Nd Y sub 3 sub Al sub ... reconstruction SPM self phase modulation T TE transverse electric mode TEA TEA laser transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure TEM transverse electromagnetic mode TM transverse ... laser VECSEL vertical external cavity surface emitting laser W WDM wavelength division multiplexing ... tag laserLaser Acronyms and Laser Abbreviations Category Lasers Category Acronyms Laser fr ... more details
Image Coherent 899 dye laser.jpg thumb right 200px CW rhodamine dye laser emitting near 590 nm, one typically used in early medical laser systems. Image photodynamic therapy.jpg 200px thumb right Laser radiation being delivered, via a fiber, for photodynamic therapy to treat cancer. Laser medicine is the use of various types of laser s in medical diagnosis , treatment, or therapy. Types of lasers used in medicine include in principle any List of laser types laser design , especially Carbon dioxide laser Applications CO sub 2 sub lasers diode laser s dye laser s Excimer laser Uses excimer lasers fiber laser s gaslaser s Free electron laser Medical applications free electron lasers optical parametric ... editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton ... Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location Boca Raton year 2008 isbn 1 4200 6009 ... and treatment ref cite book editors Duarte FJ Hillman LM title Dye Laser Principles publisher Academic ... oclc doi accessdate author Goldman L ref cosmetic applications such as laser hair removal and tattoo ... name Duarte10 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC ... microscopy ref name Duarte2 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd ... cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications edition 2nd publisher CRC Press location ... Biological Microscopy with Ultrashort Laser Pulses pages http books.google.ca books?id FCDPZ7e0PEgC&pg PA245 v onepage&q&f false 245 80 ref ophthalmology includes Lasik and laser photocoagulation optical coherence tomography ref name Duarte7 cite book editor Duarte FJ title Tunable Laser Applications ... author Popov S chapter Fiber Laser Overview and Medical Applications pages http books.google.ca ... See also Endovenous laser therapy Laser assisted new attachment procedure Laser interstitial thermal therapy Light therapy Low level laser therapy References reflist External links http www.walt.nu ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 file Lasercons.svg frame 300px right Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts A laser is constructed from three principal parts An energy source usually referred to as the Laser pumping pump or pump source , A gain medium or Active laser medium laser medium , and Two or more mirrors that form an optical resonator . Pump source The pump source is the part that provides energy to the laser system. Examples of pump sources include electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps, light from another laser, chemical reactions and even explosive devices ... how the energy is transmitted to the medium. A helium neon Helium neon laser HeNe laser uses an electrical discharge in the helium neon gas mixture, a Nd YAG laser uses either light focused from a xenon flash lamp or Laser diode diode lasers , and excimer lasers use a chemical reaction. Gain medium Laser medium The gain medium is the major determining factor of the wavelength of operation, and other properties, of the laser . Gain media in different materials have linear spectra or wide spectra. Gain media with wide spectra allow tune frequency of laser. First wide tunable crystal laser with tunabulity ... of different gain media in which laser operation has been achieved see list of laser types for a list ... wavelength of the dye laser . Gases, such as carbon dioxide , argon , krypton and mixtures ... laser media include Nd YAG, Ti sapphire laser Ti sapphire , Cr sapphire usually known as ruby , Cr LiSAF ... lasers are usually pumped by flashlamps or light from another laser. Semiconductor s, a type of solid ... of electron s can cause laser action. Semiconductor lasers are typically very small, and can ... disc players. See laser diode . Optical resonator The optical resonator , or optical cavity , in its ... to leave the cavity to produce the laser s output beam. Light from the medium, produced by spontaneous ... is crucial to determining the exact operating wavelength and other attributes of the laser system ... more details
inside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and Argon Ar gas is pumped along the direction of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 C. As the laser ablates the target, carbon nanotubes form and are carried by the gas flow onto a cool copper collector. Like carbon nanotubes formed ...Cleanup date May 2007 Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid or occasionally liquid surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux , the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporation evaporates or Sublimation chemistry sublimates . At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a Plasma physics plasma . Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. Fundamentals The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thus the amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on the material s optical properties and the laser wavelength . Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range ... laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications. Applications The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat sensitive materials, including tooth enamel laser dentistry . Also, laser energy can be selectively .... Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms ... pages 10694 7 title Self Assembly of Tubular Fullerenes ref were the first to report the use of a laser ... doi 10.1016 0009 2614 95 00825 O title Catalytic growth of single walled nanotubes by laser vaporization ... more details
laser COIL , all gas phase iodine laser AGIL , and the hydrogen fluoride laser and deuterium fluoride laser , both operating in the mid infrared region. There is also a deuterium fluoride carbon dioxide laser DF CO sub 2 sub laser deuterium fluoride carbon dioxide , which, like COIL, is a transfer laser. The hydrogen fluoride HF and deuterium fluoride DF lasers are unusual in that there are several ...A chemical laser is a laser that obtains its energy from a chemical reaction . Chemical lasers can achieve .... Since the molecules do not collide frequently enough to re distribute the energy, several of these laser ... laser appears to be operating simultaneously on several wavelengths unless a wavelength selection device is incorporated into the resonator. Origin of the CW chemical HF DF laser The motivation for a chemical laser was born out of the carbon dioxide laser program in the late 1960s and early 1970s ... now part of Northrop Grumman . This type of laser was called a transfer laser by the Navy. Eventually ... Pimentel, and Bob Freiberg, for example have been credited as being the inventor of the chemical laser, though these researchers worked independently. Clearly it depends on how you define chemical laser, and there were many steps along the way to a purely chemically pumped chemical laser. A pulsed chemical laser was demonstrated by Jerome V. V. Kasper and George C. Pimentel by 1965. ref JVV Kasper and GC Pimentel, Phys Rev Letters 14, 352 1965 HCl chemical laser, cited in some later reviews as the first chemical laser. ref First, hydrogen chloride was pumped optically so vigorously that the molecule disassociated and then re combined, leaving it in an excited state suitable for a laser. Then hydrogen ... 2 sub transfer laser. Although this work did not produce a purely chemical continuous wave laser, it paved ... laser. Pimentel was awarded a patent for a scalable overtone HF laser United States Patent 4,760,582 in 1971. The Laser Continuous wave and pulsed lasers continuous wave CW chemical HF laser was first ... more details
File Laser pointer pen.jpg thumb 240px Laser pointer pens color red, green, violet File Skylasers green laser pointers.jpg thumb right High powered green laser pointer A laser pointer or laser pen is a small portable and visible laser designed to highlight something of interest by projecting a small bright spot of colored light onto it. Doctors say that laser pointers with power less than 5 milliwatts ... recently caused permanent eye damage. See laser safety The small width of the beam and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself invisible in a reasonably clean atmosphere, showing a point of light when striking an opaque surface. Some higher powered laser pointers project a visible ... of infrared IR diode laser modules of up to 1000 mW 1 watt output has created a generation of IR pumped frequency doubled DPSS laser pointers in green, blue, and violet, of extremely high visible ... heat which is difficult to dissipate in a pocket laser pointer package, it is often left ... in these devices. Types of laser pointer File Laser beam.jpg thumb Laser beams 650nm, 532nm, 405nm File Laser spot.jpg thumb Laser spots 650nm, 532nm, 405nm The early laser pointers were Helium neon laser helium neon HeNe gas lasers and generated laser radiation at 633 nanometer nm , usually designed to produce a laser beam with an output power no greater than 1 milliwatt mW . The least expensive laser pointers use a deep red laser diode near the 670 650 nanometers nm wavelength . Slightly more ... are possible too, with the 532 nm green laser being the most common alternative. In the past few years, yellow orange laser pointers, at 593.5 nm, have been made available. In September 2005, handheld blue laser pointers at 473 nm have also become available. In early 2010 ref http www.dinodirect.com 50mw 405nm mid open blue violet laser pointer stars kaleidoscopic laser pen 2 aaa included.html Example of a true GaN diode laser pointer ref Blu ray actually violet laser pointers at 405 ... more details
lasergas cutting , flame cutting . Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser ...Cleanup date June 2009 File Lasercutting video.ogg thumb Laser cutting process on a sheet of steel. Image Laser cutting CAD and physical part.png thumb CAD top and stainless steel laser cut part bottom Refimprove date December 2010 Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is typically ..., small businesses and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high power laser ... away by a jet of gas, ref Oberg, p. 1447. ref leaving an edge with a high quality surface finish. Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat sheet material as well as structural and piping ... main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The CO2 laser CO sub 2 sub laser is suited ... laser Nd YAG lasers are identical in style and differ only in application. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd YAG laser is used where very high power is needed ... a current through the gas mix DC excited or using radio frequency energy RF excited . The RF method ... metals and ceramics. In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well ... at high velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion cooled resonators have a static gas field .... The laser generator and external optics including the focus lens require cooling. Depending on system ... Trimming Laser microjet A laser microjet is a water jet guided laser in which a pulsed laser beam is coupled into a low pressure water jet. This is used to perform laser cutting functions while using the water jet to guide the laser beam, much like an optical fiber, through total internal reflection ... over traditional dry laser cutting are high dicing speeds, parallel kerf and omnidirectional cutting. ref name SPIE Perrottet, D et al., Heat damage free Laser Microjet cutting achieves highest ... more details
wavelength and 170 J pulse energy 20 Hz cartridge nitrogen laser A Nitrogen laser is a gaslaser operating in the ultraviolet range ref name CSW C. S. Willett, Introduction to Gas Lasers Population ..., or they will fail to excite the upper laser level. Typically reported optimum values are in the range of 80 to 100 eV per Torr cm pressure of nitrogen gas. There is a 40 ns upper limit of laser lifetime ... a TEA laser TEA laser T ransverse E lectrical discharge in gas at A tmospheric pressure , this is also ... has a lower inductance. Gaslaser s use low density of gas molecules and a high density of initial .... 9 Characteristics of a wire preionized Nitrogen Laser with Helium as Buffer gas. Appl. Phys. B 35, 131 133 Typical devices The gas pressure in a nitrogen laser ranges from a few mbar to as much ..., ref name CSW using molecular nitrogen as its gain medium , laser pumping pumped by an electrical discharge. The wall plug efficiency of the nitrogen laser is low, typically 0.1 or less, though nitrogen ... is the product of the following three efficiencies electrical TEA laser gain medium This is the same ... to Franck Condon principle energy lost in the lower laser level 40 optical More induced emission than spontaneous emission Gain medium The gain medium is nitrogen molecules in the gas phase. The nitrogen laser is a 3 level laser. In contrast to a ruby laser or to other more typical 4 level lasers, the upper laser level of nitrogen is directly Laser pumping pumped , imposing no speed limits on the pump ... the first positive system, and a visible blue laser line from the molecular nitrogen positive 1 ion. The metastable lower level lifetime is 40 s, thus, the laser self terminates, typically in less ... . This is only a rule of thumb as is seen in many other lasers The helium neon laser also has a bottleneck as one decay step needs the walls of the cavity and this laser typically runs in continuous ... mode. The Nd YAG laser has an upper level lifetime of 200 s, yet it also supports 100 ps pulses ... more details
Meanings of Laser Class Laser dinghy a class of sail boat Laser safety classification of laser products concerning safety hazards disambig ... more details
of gas increases linearly with density and thus gas pressure, but the voltage needed to achieve gas breakdown and couple energy into the upper laser levels, increases at the same rate. The practical ...Inappropriate tone date September 2010 The CO sub 2 sub TEA laser was invented in the late 1960s by Dr ... Patel , working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1963, first demonstrated laser output at 10.6 m from a low pressure RF excited CO sub 2 sub gas discharge. With the addition of nitrogen and helium ... to initiate and stabilize a glow discharge at these much higher gas pressures, without the discharge degenerating into a bright high current arc, and how to achieve this over a useful volume of gas. Beaulieu in 1970 reported a T ransversely E xcited A tmospheric Pressure CO sub 2 sub Laser. His .... The laser cavity probed 100 200 of these discharges in series providing the laser gain. A fast discharge capacitor rapidly switched across the laser electrodes using a spark gap or thyratron provided ..., were easy and cheap to construct. By operating at atmospheric pressure, complex vacuum and gas handling ... true TEA laser was realised by Pearson and Lamberton working at the UK MOD Services Electronic Research ... the gas resulting in a uniform volumetric glow discharge. Of equal importance to preionisation, was the need for the discharge to be very fast. By dumping energy into the gas rapidly, high current arcs had no time to form. Image TEA Laser Circuit.jpg Thumb 600px TEA CO2 Laser Circuit Pearson ... laser could be operated at around one pulse per second when switched with a spark gap discharging a capacitor resistively charged from a DC power supply. By circulating the gas between the electrodes ... in excess of a thousand pulses per second were subsequently achieved with various designs of TEA laser ... or best before date is marked on to a variety of packaging materials by passing the laser light ... to be marked. The double discharge method required to initiate stable high pressure gas discharges ... more details
, blue lasers were large and expensive gaslaser instruments which relied on population inversion in rare gas mixtures and needed high currents and strong cooling. Thanks to prior development of many ...Otheruses File Blacklaser2.jpg thumb 300px Trails of a 20mW 405nm blacklight laser show clear fluorescence on some objects A blue laser is a laser that emits electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength of between .... Blue lasers are frequently semiconductor laser diode s based on gallium III nitride violet color ... blue and violet lasers can also be constructed using frequency doubling of infrared laser wavelengths ... laser technology Helium neon laser Red laser s can be built on gallium arsenide GaAs semiconductors, upon which a dozen layers of atoms are placed to form the part of the laser that generates light from ... nitrogen gas. The technical problems seemed insurmountable, so researchers since the 1960s have ... invented the first efficient blue LED, and four years later, the first blue laser. Nakamura used ... 106 1010 cm sup 2 sup to easily build a high power laser. In the early 1990s, the Institute of High ... Porowski blue laser . Poland.gov.pl 2001 12 12 . Retrieved on 2010 10 26. ref In 1999, Nakamura ... text&id 5 TopGaN technology of blue violet laser diodes ref . After 10 years, Japanese manufacturers mastered the production of a blue laser with 60 mW of power, making them applicable for devices ... commercially viable blue and violet semiconductor laser s. The active layer of the Nichia devices was formed ... discs containing much more information. ref Arpad A. Bergh, Blue laser diode LD and light emitting ... diode pumped solid state DPSS laser modules blue color Blue laser pointers, which became available ... nm laser radiation from a diode pumped Nd YAG or Nd YVO4 crystal. Neodymium doped crystals usually ... used in blue laser applications. For high output power beta barium borate BBO crystals are used as frequency ... if the laser is reported at 1000 mW power. Blue lasers can also be fabricated directly with InGaN ... more details
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