redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface ... neem oil , rosemary oil, jojoba oil , and the bacterium Bacillus subtilis . Fungicide Pesticide Pesticide ... toxicity of the fungicide Vinclozolin. Mutagenesis Volume 11 445 453 ref Natural fungicides Plants ... Sheet Milk Fungicide publisher Australian Broadcasting Corporation last Campbell first Malcom date ... of fungicide resistance can be gradual or sudden. In qualitative or discrete resistance a mutation .... Such resistant varieties also tend to show stability, persisting after the fungicide has been removed ... selection pressure when the fungicide is used, but there is low selection pressure to remove them in the absence of the fungicide. In instances where resistance occurs more gradually a shift in sensitivity in the pathogen to the fungicide can be seen. Such resistance is polygenic an accumulation of many ... back to a sensitive state if the fungicide is no longer applied. Little is known about how variations in fungicide treatment affect the selection pressure to evolve resistance to that fungicide ... sterol demethylation inhibitors fungicide resistance in inoculated field experiments. Plant Pathology 49 546 557 ref In some cases when a pathogen evolves resistance to one fungicide it automatically ... routes by which pathogens can evolve fungicide resistance. The most common mechanism ... the binding of the fungicide to the protein, rendering the fungicide ineffective. Upregulation of target genes can also render the fungicide ineffective. This is seen in DMI resistant strains of Venturia ... to fungicides can also be developed by efficient Efflux microbiology efflux of the fungicide out ... s that circumvent the target protein, or acquire enzyme s that enable metabolism of the fungicide to a harmless substance. Fungicide resistance management The fungicide resistance action committee FRAC has several recommended practices to try to avoid the development of fungicide resistance, especially ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Uses Also called MBC fungicides, these were the first fungicides to be used to control eyespot wheat eyespot in Europe from around 1974. Another use is against Sclerotinia in Oilseed Rape . Examples Benomyl Carbendazim Thiophanate methyl DEFAULTSORT Benzimidazole Fungicide Category Fungicides Category Benzimidazoles Agri stub ... more details
. Three fungicide applications can achieve 60 80 control of leaf spot. ref name two Specific Section ... growers are recommended to make fungicide applications specifically for the disease. ref name eight ..., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops West, USDA National Agricultural Pesticide Impact ... in one to three applications has been used as the primary fungicide to combat this disease. It has ... and that without fungicide treatments yield losses would be as high as 90 . ref name fifteen Hickey, Kenneth D., Fungicide Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops East, USDA National Agricultural Pesticide ... poorly, lose their leaves early, and die. Black pox can be controlled with the same fungicide ... drop prematurely. Fungicide experiments have shown reduced incidence, from 5 to less than 0.5 , with treatment ... first K.S. year 1986 title Fungicide Control of Brooks Fruit Spot of Apple journal Plant Disease ... losses may occur throughout large geographic areas. ref name fourteen Experiments with fungicide ... and that without fungicide use yield losses would be 65 . ref name fifteen Artichokes California ... of metalaxyl increased yields by 80 . ref name thirty Today mefenoxam is the primary fungicide used ... Meyer first M.P. coauthors M.K. Hausbeck and R. Podolsky date May 2000 title Optimal Fungicide Management ... Fungicide for the Control of Asparagus Rust journal Plant Disease Reporter volume 42 issue ... III title Control of Disease of Asparagus with Foliar Sprays, 1991 journal Fungicide and Nematicide ... after review. This meant that many growers were left with no registered fungicide to use on asparagus ... North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota 1 billion. Fungicide trials in 2004 were promising. Results demonstrated that fungicide use reduced scab by 77 85 , reduced vomitoxin levels by 49 69 , and increased ... ref The state of Idaho estimates that without fungicide use yield losses would be 40 , as opposed to 5 with fungicide application. ref name fortyfive Blueberries Blueberries are susceptible to a number ... more details
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act or FIFRA , P.L. 75 717 UnitedStatesCode 7 136 et seq . is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers and the natural environment environment . It is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency EPA and the appropriate environmental agencies of the respective states. The current version of FIFRA underwent a major revision in 1972 and superseded the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947. In 1988, it was amended to change pesticide registration laws and to require reregistration of certain pesticides that had been registered before 1984. ref name regWillson Willson, Harold R February 23, 1996 , http ipmworld.umn.edu chapters willson.htm Pesticide Regulations . University of Minnesota. Retrieved on 2007 10 15. ref The act was amended again in 1996 by the Food Quality Protection Act . Distribution and use of pesticides is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. When FIFRA was first passed in 1947, it gave the United States Department of Agriculture responsibility for regulating pesticides. ref name regWillson In 1972, when FIFRA underwent a major revision, it transferred responsibility of pesticide regulation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency and shifted emphasis to protection of the environment and public health. ref name regWillson The 1972 version is largely still in place. FIFRA established a set of pesticide regulations Citation needed date February 2011 FIFRA established registration for all pesticide s, which is only done after a period of data collection to determine the effectiveness for its intended use, appropriate dosage, and hazards of the particular material ... legislation Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Category Legal articles without infoboxes ... more details
wiktionary frac Frac may refer to Hydraulic fracturing , a method used to fracture rock FRAC Act , proposed United States legislation 2009 Fractional part , a mathematical function Fungicide Resistance Action Committee , a committee for fungicide management See also Frak disambiguation disambig fr Frac ... more details
A microbicide is any compound or substance whose purpose is to reduce the infectivity of microbes, such as virus es or bacterium bacteria . One example is Wood Tar See also Antibiotics Bactericide Fungicide Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases pharma stub Category Antimicrobials de Mikrobizid ... more details
ETU may refer to Elementary Time Unit Energy transfer upconversion Electrical Trades Union, which may refer to one of two trade unions Electrical Trades Union of Australia a British trade union, a forerunner of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union Ethylene thiourea , a fungicide and pesticide European Taekwondo Union disambig cs ETU de ETU it ETU ... more details
Proline is an amino acid. Proline or Pro Line may also refer to ProLine company , an electronics brand Pro Line , a manufacturer of radio controlled cars Sport Select , Canadian betting games also known as Pro Line in some areas Proline, a line of prosumer camcorders manufactured by Panasonic . Proline is a triazole fungicide produced by http www.bayercropscienceus.com products and seeds fungicides proline.html Bayer disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Because of safety concerns, some pesticide s are not available to the general public in the United States . The Restricted Use classification restricts a product, or its uses, to use by a certificated pesticide applicator or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Certification programs are administered by the individual states and the requirements vary from state to state. Pesticides are classified as restricted use for a variety of reasons Accident history Potential for or history of groundwater contamination Acute toxicity to humans Application scenario likely to be hazardous e.g. fumigant s. Toxicity to vulnerable nontarget plants or animals, particularly away from the site of application fish, migrant birds Carcinogenic or mutagenic product Atrazine is the most widely used restricted use herbicide. Many insecticide s and fungicide s used in fruit production are restricted use. See also Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act FIFRA pesticide misuse Toxicity Class DEFAULTSORT Restricted Use Pesticide Category Pesticides Agri stub Chem stub ... more details
Crop protection is the branch of horticulture concerned with protecting crop s from pest organism pest s, weed s, plant disease disease and theft . It encompasses Pesticide based approaches such as herbicide s, insecticide s and fungicide s Biological pest control approaches such as cover crop s, trap crop s and beetle bank s Barrier based approaches such as technical textiles Agrotech Agro textiles agrotextiles and bird netting Animal psychology based approaches such as bird scarer s Biotechnology based approaches such as plant breeding and genetic modification See also CAB International . CropLife International Category Horticulture and gardening horticulture stub de Pflanzenschutz fr D fense des cultures nl Gewasbescherming pl Ochrona ro lin sv V xtskydd ... more details
An experimental use permit is a permit under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 7 U.S.C. 136c that authorizes the testing of new pesticides or uses thereof in experimental field studies on convert 10 acre m2 or more of land or convert 1 acre m2 adj on or more of water. Such tests provide data to support registration of pesticides. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
Q sub o sub inhibitors Q sub o sub I , or Quinone outside inhibitors are a group of fungicide s used in agriculture . They represent the most important development made in fungicides by the chemicals industry. Q sub o sub I are chemical compounds which act at the Quinol outer binding site of the cytochrome bc1 complex cytochrome bc sub 1 sub complex . Q sub o sub I s are the resulting fusion of three fungicides families, the well known family of strobilurin s and two new families, represented by fenamidone and famoxadone. Some strobilurins are azoxystrobin, kresoxim methyl, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. These fungicides are used on a wide range of crops, such as cereals, vines, pome fruits, cucurbits, tomatoes and potatoes. For example, they are used as fungicides for cereals, against Erysiphe graminis f.sp tritici responsible for the powdery wheat mildew mildew in wheat or against Septoria tritici , responsible for septoria septoria leaf spot in wheat. They are also commonly used for grape vine culture, against Plasmopara viticola , responsible for downy mildew or in o dium treatment. All these fungicides are in the same cross resistance group same mode of action and must be managed carefully to avoid the appearance of fungicide resistance. Some fungicide resistance has been observed in most crops such as in the case of wheat powdery mildew , so the application of Q sub o sub I products should respect effective rates and intervals to provides time and space when the pathogen population is not influenced by the product selection pressure. See also plant pathology integrated farming External links http www.frac.info frac work work qolf.htm Fungicides Resistance Action Committee, QoI Includes information on QoI working group activities. http www.agry.purdue.edu turf tips 2002 gray416.htm Gray Leaf Spot Resistance to Strobulurins Category Fungicides Category Working groups fr Quinone outside inhibitors ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 408954960 ImageFile Metaxyl.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName 2 2,6 dimethylphenyl 2 methoxy 1 oxoethyl amino propanoic br acid methyl ester OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 57837 19 1 PubChem 42586 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 105809 SMILES CC1 C C CC C1 C N C C C O OC C O COC Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 21 sub NO sub 4 sub MolarMass 279.33 g mol Appearance Fine white powder Density 1.20g cm sup 3 sup at 20 C MeltingPt 71 72 C ref O Neil, M.J. ed. . The Merck Index An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1058 ref BoilingPt 295.9 C at 760 mm Hg Solubility 8,400 mg L at 22 C LogP 1.65 octanol water ref Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 134 ref Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Metalaxyl is a phenylamide fungicide with systemic function. Its chemical name is methyl N methoxyacetyl N 2,6 xylyl DL alaninate. It can be used to control Pythium in a number of vegetable crops, and Phytophthora in pea s. It is the active ingredient in the seed treatment agent Apron XL LS . ref http www.gov.mb.ca agriculture crops vegetablecrops pdf bmz10s02.pdf ref The fungicide has suffered severe Pesticide resistance resistance problems. The fungicide was marketed for use against Phytophthora infestans . However in the summer of 1980, in the Republic of Ireland , the crop was devastated by a potato blight epidemic after a resistant Race biology race of the oomycete appeared. ref http www.bspp.org.uk bsppnews bsppnews32 bsppnews32 3.htm Working on potato blight in Northern Ireland ref Irish farmer s later successfully sued the company for their losses. Fact date February 2007 References reflist Category Fungicides fungus stub es Acilalanina nl Metalaxyl ... more details
The fungicide is controversially used in Queensland , Australia on macadamia plantations. ref cite news http www.smh.com.au news environment fungicide maker in birth defect storm 2009 02 02 1233423096718.html title Fungicide maker in birth defect storm publisher Sydney Morning Herald date 2009 02 02 accessdate 2010 03 21 author Marissa Calligeros url http www.smh.com.au news environment fungicide ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A biochemical penetrant is a chemical that increases the ability of a poison to apply its toxic effect to a living organism. Typically, the term penetrant when used for a biochemical agent, relates to an agrichemical that is used with a weedkiller or fungicide ref http www.stri.org.uk pdf 2006 Approvedturfgrassfungicides2007.pdf Approved Turfgrass Fungicides ref . The term seems to be used in relation to agrichemicals within English speaking countries rather than North American. When mixed with a weedkiller normally as an aqua solution the penetrant chemical causes a plant to absorb the poison in a more effective manner and so succumb more readily. Penetrants are most often used against plants that would otherwise be able to resist the weedkiller. Often such plants have tough leaves or shiny leaves that shed water easily. References Reflist biochem stub Category Agricultural chemicals ... more details
chembox ImageFile Pyrimethanil.png ImageSize IUPACName 4,6 dimethyl N phenylpyrimidin 2 amine OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 53112 28 0 PubChem InChI 1 C12H13N3 c1 9 8 10 2 14 12 13 9 15 11 6 4 3 5 7 11 h3 8H,1 2H3, H,13,14,15 f h15H Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 12 sub H sub 13 sub N sub 3 sub MolarMass 199.252 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Pyrimethanil is a broad spectrum fungicide often applied to seeds. It inhibits methionine biosynthesis, thus affecting protein formation and subsequent cell division. Pyrimethanil works best on young fungus infestations. Citation needed date May 2010 Category Pesticides chem stub ... more details
Orphan date July 2009 The Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants , a 1998 protocol on persistent organic pollutants POPs , is an addition to the 1979 Geneva Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAP . The Aarhus POPs Protocol seeks to control, reduce or eliminate discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants in Europe, some former Soviet Union countries, and the United States. The protocol is an executive agreement that does not require Senate approval. However, legislation is needed to resolve inconsistencies between provisions of the protocol and existing U.S. laws specifically the Toxic Substances Control Act and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act . References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT Aarhus Protocol On Persistent Organic Pollutants Law stub Category Pollution ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 402179599 ImageFile Iprodione.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 3 3,5 dichlorophenyl N isopropyl 2,4 dioxoimidazolidine 1 carboxamide OtherNames Glycophene br Promidione Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 34418 KEGG Ref keggcite changed kegg KEGG C11208 InChI 1 C13H13Cl2N3O3 c1 7 2 16 12 20 17 6 11 19 18 13 17 21 10 4 8 14 3 9 15 5 10 h3 5,7H,6H2,1 2H3, H,16,20 InChIKey ONUFESLQCSAYKA UHFFFAOYAC StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C13H13Cl2N3O3 c1 7 2 16 12 20 17 6 11 19 18 13 17 21 10 4 8 14 3 9 15 5 10 h3 5,7H,6H2,1 2H3, H,16,20 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ONUFESLQCSAYKA UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 36734 19 7 PubChem 37517 SMILES O C2N c1cc Cl cc Cl c1 C O CN2C O NC C C Section2 Chembox Properties C 13 H 13 Cl 2 N 3 O 3 MolarMass 330.16662 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Iprodione is an imidazole fungicide . Application Iprodion is used on crops affected by Botrytis bunch rot , Brown rot , Sclerotinia and other fungal diseases in plants. It is currently applied in a variety of crops fruit, vegetables, ornamental trees and scrubs and on lawns. It is a contact fungicide that inhibits the germination of fungal spores and it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium. It has been marketed under the brand name Rovral and Chipco green both brands of Bayer CropScience . This chemical was developed originally by Rh ne Poulenc Agrochimie later Aventis CropScience and in 2002 acquired by Bayer . Patents on iprodione are currently expired. In 2010 Iprodione was launched in the United States as a nematicide with the brand name Enclosure by the agbiotech company DevGen . Category Fungicides Category Endocrine disruptors Category Organochlorides Category Hydantoins Organic compound stub de ... more details
A copper pesticide is a copper compound used as a pesticide or fungicide . In the UK the Soil Association one of the Organic certification organic certification authorities permits farmers to use some copper fungicides on organic land used for the production of Certified organic food certified organic crops only if there is a major threat to crops. ref Section 4.11.11, http www.soilassociation.org LinkClick.aspx?fileticket U4dYxI6QZqw 3d&tabid 353 Soil Association Organic Standards for Producer, Version 16.1, April, 2010 ref During the 2008 growing season the compounds were applied to much of the organic potato crop to control potato blight Phytophthora infestans . ref http www.dailymail.co.uk news article 505427 Thousands tons organic food produced using toxic chemicals.html Thousands of tons of organic food produced using toxic chemicals article by David Derbyshire in The Daily Mail 01 January 2008 ref The compounds permitted are Copper II sulfate As a herbicide.2C fungicide and pesticide copper sulfate , Copper II hydroxide Uses copper hydroxide , Copper I oxide General applications cuprous oxide , copper oxychloride , copper ammonium carbonate at a maximum concentration of 25 g l , and copper oxtanoate . According to the Soil Association the total copper that can be applied to organic land is 6kg ha year. ref http www.soilassociation.org Certification Servicesforlicensees Forms Horticultureandarable tabid 406 Default.aspx Links to forms permitting application of copper fungicide on the website of the Soil Association ref This limit is designed so that the amount of copper in the soil does not exceed the limits specified in the Soil Association standards for heavy metals. Such copper compounds can build up in the soil and in excessive concentrations cause liver, kidney and blood disease. ref http www.dailymail.co.uk news article 505427 Thousands tons organic food produced using toxic chemicals.html Thousands of tons of organic food produced using toxic chemicals article ... more details
brassicas can be severely affected, and become unmarketable. Control by fungicide treatment is essential ..., flowerhead brassicas grown under protected conditions may require fungicide sprays. In the field ... conditions. Fungicide sprays are not very effective. However, fungicides may in any case be used ... more details
wiktionary OPP or Opp may refer to United States Environmental Protection Agency The U.S. E.P.A. Office of Pesticide Programs Ontario Provincial Police , the provincial police service of Ontario, Canada Opp, Alabama , a town in southern Alabama, United States O.P.P. song , a song by Naughty by Nature from the album Naughty by Nature , in which OPP is an acronym for other people s property , among other references to genitalia and fornication Bluetooth profile Object Push Profile .28OPP.29 Object Push Profile , a Bluetooth communications protocol based on the OBEX protocol Open Prosthetics Project , a project dedicated to creation of public domain prosthetics Orangi Pilot Project , a development project in slums of Karachi, Pakistan 2 Phenylphenol or ortho phenylphenol , an organic compound used as a fungicide Oriented polypropylene O riented polypropylene P oly P ropylene Oink s Pink Palace , a bittorrent tracker Omega Psi Phi , one of the first black male fraternities Orleans Parish Prison, a prison in New Orleans, Louisiana. OPP or Opp may also refer to Opposition disambiguation , shortened Other person s problem s disambig da OPP de Opp it OPP ja OPP pl OPP pt Opp ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date March 2007 Baby Bio is the brand name for a range of plant care products created by Pan Britannica Industries Pan Britannica Industries Ltd pbi and now marketed by Bayer . Traditional Baby Bio is a dark brown concentrate that must be diluted with water. It provides seaweed and humus to the plant, ensuring that it receives all trace minerals . Baby Bio is a very popular houseplant feed in the UK and can be used all year round, even on Bonsai plants. As well as concentrate bottles of Baby Bio, it has now been produced in ready dilution dilute spray and 1 litre bottles that contain pesticides too, Roota , a rooting hormone and fungicide solution designed to be used on the root s of plant cuttings, and leaf wipes for cleaning houseplant leaves. Baby Bio is also often used in biology experimentation when studying algal algae growth. Fact date March 2007 External links http www.bayergarden.co.uk Bayer Garden UK Category Bayer brands Category Horticulture and gardening botany stub ... more details
Dicarboximide or dicarboxamide fungicides are a family of agricultural fungicide s that include vinclozolin , iprodione and procymidone . ref name Noon2004 citation last Noon first Robert year 2004 title New developments in Fungicides edition 2004 publisher PJB Publications page 38 ref Dicarboximides are believed to inhibit triglyceride biosynthesis in sclerotia forming fungi, including Botrytis cinerea . ref name Copping1998 Copping, L. G. 1998 . Review of major agrochemical classes and uses . In Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Foundations D. Alan Knowles ed. . Dordrecht Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 29. ISBN 0 7514 0443 8. ref These fungicides turn into 3,5 dichloroaniline in soil rapidly. Repeated use of dicarboximides over several years reduce their effectiveness. Resistance has developed against all dicarboximides in many plant species, including vines, strawberries and protected crops, and are recommended to be used in conjunction with other fungicides. ref name Noon2004 ref name Copping1998 References reflist Category Fungicides agri stub organic compound stub ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Mycosphaerella graminicola regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota classis Dothideomycetes subclassis Dothideomycetidae ordo Capnodiales familia Mycosphaerellaceae genus Mycosphaerella species M. graminicola binomial Mycosphaerella graminicola binomial authority Fuckel J. Schr t., 1894 synonyms Septoria curtisiana small Sacc., 1884 small br Septoria graminum small Desm., 1843 small br Septoria tritici small Berk. & M.A. Curtis, 1874 small br Septoria tritici var. lolicola small R. Sprague & Aar.G. Johnson, 1944 small br Sphaerella graminicola small Fuckel, 1870 small Mycosphaerella graminicola is a wheat plant pathogen that is difficult to control due to Drug resistance resistance to multiple fungicide s. See also Portal Fungi List of Mycosphaerella species List of Mycosphaerella species External links http www.speciesfungorum.org Names Names.asp Index Fungorum http nt.ars grin.gov fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database References references DEFAULTSORT Mycosphaerella Graminicola Category Mycosphaerella Graminicola Category Plant pathogens and diseases Dothideomycetes stub plant disease stub ... more details
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