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Encyclopedia results for France in the nineteenth century

France in the nineteenth century





Encyclopedia results for France in the nineteenth century

  1. France in the long nineteenth century

    Third Republic 1871 1940 General aspects Geography Main Geography of France At the time of the French Revolution, France had expanded to nearly her modern territorial limits. The nineteenth century ...History of France The History of France from 1789 to 1914 the long 19th century extends from the French ... rate in the early 1900s . In the 19th century, France was a country of immigration for peoples and political ... 19th century and first half of the 20th century see Demographics of France . This would be compounded ... of France Louis XVIII and Charles X of France Charles X 1814 1830 July Monarchy under Louis Philippe of France Louis Philippe d Orl ans 1830 1848 French Second Republic Second Republic 1848 1852 French .... France s territorial limits were greatly extended during the Empire through Napol on Bonaparte ... . With the French defeat in the Franco Prussian War of 1870, France lost her provinces of Alsace ... only be regained at the end of World War I. In 1830 France invaded Algeria , and in 1848 this north African country was fully integrated into France as a d partement in France d partement . The late nineteenth century saw France embark on a massive program of overseas imperialism including French Indochina modern day Cambodia , Vietnam and Laos and Africa the Scramble for Africa brought France .... Demographics See Demographics of France Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France that is, without ..., metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth from the middle of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The French population in 1789 is estimated ... Empire. Unlike in England, industrialization was a late phenomenon in France. The Napoleonic wars had hindered early industrialization and France s economy in the 1830s limited iron industry, under ... an industrial expansion of any scope. History of rail transport in France French rail transport only ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-Century Literature

    Nineteenth Century Literature is a literary journal published by University of California Press , in Berkeley, California , dealing with British literature British and American literature of the 19th century. It was first published in 1945 as The Trollopian, changing its name to Nineteenth Century Fiction in 1949, before being renamed Nineteenth Century Literature in 1985. A major journal for publication of new research in its field, Nineteenth Century Literature features articles that span across disciplines and explore related themes in the fields of gender studies , history , military studies , psychology , cultural studies , and urbanism . The ISSN is ISSN search link 0891 9356 . External links official 1 http www.ucpressjournals.com journal.asp?j ncl Category Literary magazines Category University of California Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1945 US lit mag stub ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Century (periodical)

    Image TheNineteenthCenturyMagazineAugust1880.jpg thumb right 150px August 1880 issue Nineteenth Century was a British monthly literary magazine founded in 1877 by Sir James Knowles architect James Knowles . Many of the early contributors to Nineteenth Century were members of the Metaphysical Society . The journal was intended to publish debate by leading intellectuals. ref name zimmerman Virginia Zimmerman, The Weird Message from the Past Material Epistemologies of Past, Present, and Future in the Nineteenth Century Victorian Periodicals Review , Volume 42, Number 2, Summer 2009. ref In 1900, the title was changed to Nineteenth Century and After and existed until 1972. The magazine notably asserted, shortly before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, that the only court in which nations issues can and will be tried is the court of God, which is war . ref name townshend The Oxford History of Modern War By Charles Townshend historian Charles Townshend , 2nd Edition. 1985. p83 84 ref References references Category British literary magazines Category Publications established in 1877 UK lit mag stub ...   more details



  1. Long nineteenth century

    The long nineteenth century , defined by Eric Hobsbawm , a United Kingdom British Marxism Marxist historian and author , refers to the period between the years 1789 and 1914. Hobsbawm lays out its analysis in The Age of Revolution Europe 1789 1848 The Age of Revolution Europe, 1789 1848 The Age of Capital, 1848 1875 and, The Age of Empire 1875 1914 . The period begins with the French Revolution that established a nonmonarchial republic in Europe and ends with the start of World War I , upon the conclusion of which in 1918 the long enduring European power balance of the 19th century proper 1801 1900 was eliminated. A sequel to the above mentioned trilogy, The Age of Extremes The Age of Extremes The Short Twentieth Century, 1914 1991 , details the short twentieth century beginning with World War I and ending with the Dissolution of the Soviet Union fall of the Soviet Union . Category 19th century Long 19th century Category Historical eras Category Historiography history stub da Det lange 19. rhundrede de Langes 19. Jahrhundert es El largo siglo XIX ko 19 it Lungo XIX secolo ja 19 ru XIX sv Det l nga 1800 talet ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-century Dutch literature

    few readable nineteenth century poets is Piet Paaltjens pseudonym ps. of Fran ois Haverschmidt ... of colonial mismanagement and one of the few nineteenth century prose works still widely considered ... Francophone. The two leading Netherlands Dutch men of letters in the mid nineteenth century ... literature, nineteenth century Category Dutch literature Category History of literature Category 19th century books ...main Dutch literature This article deals with literature written in Dutch language Dutch during the nineteenth century in the Dutch speaking regions The Netherlands , Belgium , Dutch East Indies . The last years of the 18th century, which had seen decline in the Republic, including the art s and international politics , were marked by a general revival of intellectual force. The romanticism romantic movement in Germany made itself deeply felt in all branches of Dutch literature and German lyricism took the place hitherto held by French classicism , in spite of the country falling to French expansionalism see also History of the Netherlands Batavian revolution History of the Netherlands . The French era and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1795 1839 Image Bilderdijk.png thumb right Willem ... annexation annexed by France in 1794. The Republic, which had become a de facto monarchy in 1747 ... and backed by France that led to the Batavian Republic and Kingdom of Holland vassal state s before ... Matthias Siegenbeek s spelling . After Napoleon I of France Napoleon s Battle of Waterloo ... , the Rosettis Dante Gabriel Rossetti Dante and Christina Rossetti Christina . The France French ... and in Van de koele meren des doods From the Cold Pools of Death , 1901 , a melancholy novel. 19th century ... the last decade of the 19th century was definitely declining. In 1889 a new poet, Herman Gorter .... The leading drama tist at the close of the century was Herman Heijermans 1864 1924 , a writer ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth-century theatre

    Nineteenth century theatre describes a wide range of movements in the Theatre theatrical culture of the 19th century. In the Western culture West , they include Romanticism , melodrama , the well made play s of Eug ne Scribe Scribe and Victorien Sardou Sardou , the farce s of Georges Feydeau Feydeau , the problem play s of Naturalism theatre Naturalism and Realism theatre Realism , Richard Wagner Wagner s opera tic Gesamtkunstwerk , Gilbert and Sullivan s plays and operas, Oscar Wilde Wilde s drawing room comedies, Symbolism arts Symbolism and Russian Symbolism , and proto Expressionism in the late works of August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen . ref Brockett and Hildy 2003, 293 426 . ref Realism theatre Realism began around 1850 as the Romanticism Romantic period was ending, and gave way to the isms of Modernism in the Twentieth century theatre theatre of the 20th century . Henrik Ibsen is considered to be the father of realism in the theatre. In the UK, Thomas William Robertson was an early proponent. Realism attempted a likeness to life and this movement sought to create theatre that was a laboratory for the nature of human relationships. It attempted to set forth a functional or dysfunctional situation in an objective manner to an impartial audience. Dialogue only, no aside s, soliloquy s or monologue s except when addressed to another onstage character An individual represents a societal problem Fourth wall convention is strictly followed References reflist Sources Banham, Martin, ed. 1998. The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge Cambridge UP. ISBN 0 521 43437 8. Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. History of the Theatre . Ninth edition, International edition. Boston Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0 205 41050 2. DEFAULTSORT Nineteenth Century Theatre Category 19th century theatre Theatre stub ...   more details



  1. Woman in the Nineteenth Century

    File WomanInTheNineteenthCentury1845.jpg thumb Woman in the Nineteenth Century , 1845 Woman in the Nineteenth Century is a book by American journalist, editor, and women s rights advocate Margaret Fuller . Originally published in July 1843 in The Dial magazine as The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women , it was later expanded and republished in book form in 1845. Summary The basis for Fuller s essay is the idea that man will rightfully inherit the earth when he becomes an elevated being, understanding of divine love. There have been periods in time when the world was more awake to this love, but people are sleeping now however, everyone has the power to become enlightened. Man cannot now find perfection because he is still burdened with selfish desires, but Fuller is optimistic ... version, re named Woman in the Nineteenth Century , she wrote to a friend I had put a good deal ... to an 1855 edition of Woman in the Nineteenth Century An 1860 essay collection, Historical Pictures Retouched , by Caroline Healey Dall , called Fuller s Woman in the Nineteenth Century ... to Woman in the Nineteenth Century as an eloquent expression of her discontent at having been created ..., was critical of her after Woman of the Nineteenth Century was published. The same was true of his wife, Sophia Hawthorne , who had attended some of her Conversations in Boston. Of Woman in the Nineteenth Century , she wrote bquote The impression it left was disagreeable. I did not like the tone of it & did ... ref Woman in the Nineteenth Century , which has become one of the major documents in American feminism ... States. ref name Slater89 Scholars have suggested Woman in the Nineteenth Century was the first major ... Woman in the Nineteenth Century 1845.djvu Woman in the Nineteenth Century cite book author Baym ... of Sentiment , that Fuller s greatest achievement with The Great Lawsuit and Woman in the Nineteenth Century is the assertion of the feminine through a female form, sentimentalism, rather than through ...   more details



  1. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century

    The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899 was the best selling work by Houston Stewart Chamberlain . In it he advances various racist and especially V lkisch movement v lkisch antisemitic theories on how he saw the Aryan race as superior to others, and the Teutons Teutonic peoples as a positive force in European civilization and the Jews as a negative one. Chamberlain was a germanophile who adopted German citizenship and wrote most of his works in German on numerous subjects, from biographies to biology . Synopsis Published in German, the book focuses on the controversial notion that Western culture Western civilization is deeply marked by the influence of the Teutons Teutonic peoples. Chamberlain grouped all European peoples&mdash not just Germans, but Celts, Slavs, Greeks, and Latins&mdash into the Aryan race , a race built on the ancient Proto Indo Europeans Proto Indo European culture. At the helm of the Aryan race, and, indeed, all races, were the Nordic or Teutonic peoples. cquote Certain anthropologists would fain teach us that all races are equally gifted we point to history and answer that is a lie The races of mankind are markedly different in the nature and also in the extent of their gifts, and the Germanic races belong to the most highly gifted group, the group usually termed Aryan... Physically and mentally the Aryans are pre eminent among all peoples for that reason they are by right ... the lords of the world. Do we not see the homo syriacus develop just as well and as happily in the position of slave as of master ... Names Lees, John, translator Description 2 v. illus., maps. 22 cm. Subjects Nineteenth century History ... of the 19th Century DEFAULTSORT Foundations Of The Nineteenth Century, The Category Scientific racism ..., etc. Personal Name Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 1855 1927 Main Title The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , by Houston Stewart Chamberlain a translation from the German by John Lees, MA, with an introduction ...   more details



  1. Birmingham Journal (nineteenth century)

    About the nineteenth century newspaper the eighteenth century newspaper of the same name Birmingham Journal eighteenth century The Birmingham Journal was a weekly newspaper published in Birmingham , England between 1825 and 1869. A nationally influential voice in the Chartism Chartist movement in the 1830s, it was sold to John Frederick Feeney in 1844 and was a direct ancestor of today s Birmingham Post . History The newspaper was founded as a Tory newspaper by a printer called William Hodgetts in 1825 to provide an alternative to The Times , whose editorial line was controversial locally. ref name whates cite book last Whates first Harold title The Birmingham Post, 1857 1957 a centenary retrospect year 1957 publisher Birmingham Post & Mail location Birmingham oclc 2671825 ref Chartist heyday The newspaper s political tone changed dramatically in 1832, however, when it was sold to prominent Unitarianism unitarian and Radicalism historical Radical Joseph Parkes , who appointed R. K. Douglas as editor. Douglas was a national figure of the reform movement the secretary of Thomas Attwood s reformed Birmingham Political Union and the author of the Chartism Chartist National Petition of 1838 . With its close connections to the leaders of Birmingham s reform movement which itself was at the forefront of national political life the Journal gained a high profile and wide circulation. Its sales peaked at 2,500 per issue and with the majority of newspaper readers during the era reading or listening to newspapers in communal reading rooms rather than buying their own copies, it was probably reaching about half of the population of Birmingham. ref name upton cite news first Chris last Upton title Taxing times for city s pioneer newspaper man url http www.tmcnet.com usubmit 2007 12 01 3134201.htm work Birmingham Post publisher Birmingham Post & Mail Ltd date 2007 12 01 accessdate 2008 01 05 quote archiveurl archivedate ref The appeal of Chartism meant that its influence also stretched ...   more details



  1. The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century

    The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century was an influential manifesto written in 1851 by the anarchist philosopher Pierre Joseph Proudhon . The book portrays a vision of an ideal society where frontiers are taken down, nation state s abolished, and where there is no Centralized government central authority or law of government, except for power residing in commune s, and local associations, governed by contractual law. The ideas of the book later became the basis of libertarian and anarchist theory, and the work is now considered a classic of anarchist philosophy. It was published in July 1851, its first edition of 3,000 copies soon selling out, with a second edition following in August. At the time, Proudhon was still serving the last year of a prison sentence begun in 1851, for attacking Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as a reactionary. The central theme of the book is the historical necessity of revolution, and the impossibility of preventing it. Even the forces of reaction produce revolution by making the revolution more conscious of itself, as the reactionaries resort to ever more brutal methods to suppress the inevitable. Proudhon stresses that that it is the exploitative nature of capitalism that creates the need for government, and that revolutionaries must change society by changing its economic basis. Then the authoritarian form of government will become superfluous. He proposes that the Bank of France be turned into a Bank of Exchange , an autonomous democratic institution rather than a state controlled monopoly . Railways and large industry should be given ... use.org p j proudhon general idea of the revolution General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century 1923 English translation by John Beverley Robinson anarchist John Beverly Robinson at the http fair use.org Fair Use Repository DEFAULTSORT General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century Category 1851 books Category Books about anarchism Category Works by Pierre Joseph Proudhon ...   more details



  1. Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art

    The Association of Historians of Nineteenth Century Art was formed in 1993. International in its scope, the organization provides a means for scholars of nineteenth century art from around the world to share ideas and resources through a variety of venues including conferences sessions, a newsletter and a Academic journal scholarly journal , Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide. Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide was the first online, Peer review peer reviewed journal devoted to the study of nineteenth century art. This journal has been cited by organizations like the Carnegie Corporation as a model for the electronic dissemination of scholarly method scholarship . ref name Notable Transforming Disciplines Websites http www.carnegie.rice.edu sites.cfm Notable Transforming Disciplines Websites, from the conference on Transforming Disciplines Computer Science and the Humanities, New York, 17 18 January 2003. Bot generated title ref Officers President Elizabeth Mansfield br Secretary Ting Chang br Treasurer Yvonne Weisberg br Membership Coordinator Karen Pope br Program Chair Patricia Mainardi br Newsletter Editor Caterina Pierre br Webmaster Amelia Kahl Avdic At Large Board Members Greg Thomas br Pamela Warner br Peter Trippi br Nina Kallmyer br Elisabeth Fraser br Micheline Nilsen br Miranda Mason br Alison McQueen br Petra ten Doesschate Chu Executive Editor of NCAW References references External links http www.ahnca.org Association of Historians of Nineteenth Century Art http www.19thc artworldwide.org Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide online journal Category 19th century in art org stub ...   more details



  1. List of nineteenth-century British periodicals

    II , Gale s http www.galeuk.com jisc19century 19th Century Periodicals Online and http www.ncse.kcl.ac.uk nineteenth century serials edition ncse . See also List of eighteenth century British ... nineteenth century Birmingham Journal 1825 1869 . Weekly. The Foreign Quarterly Review 1827 1846 ... 1891 1919 as Women s Trade Union Review . Monthly quarterly. scref G1 Nineteenth Century periodical The Nineteenth Century 1877 1900 . Monthly. scref W The Observatory astronomy The Observatory 1877 ... http www.ncse.kcl.ac.uk resources ncse biblio.html Research Resources for Nineteenth Century ... index.xml Modernist Journals Project DEFAULTSORT List Of Nineteenth Century British Periodicals Category Lists of publications Category Defunct British literary magazines Category 19th century in the United Kingdom Category United Kingdom related lists Periodicals, 19th century Category 19th century ...Expand list date August 2008 This is a list of British periodicals established in the 19th century , excluding daily newspapers. The periodical press flourished in the 19th century the http www.victorianperiodicals.com series2 default.asp Waterloo Directory of English Newspapers and Periodicals will eventually list over 100,000 titles. 19th century periodicals have been the focus of extensive indexing efforts, such as that of the http wellesley.chadwyck.co.uk marketing index.jsp Wellesley Index to Victorian ... as part of http www.paratext.com 19cm intro.htm 19th Century Masterfile , http www.sciper.org Science in the 19th Century Periodical and http www.ripm.org Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals, 1800 1950 . There are also a number of efforts to republish 19th century periodicals online, including ... Photographer 1884 . Weekly, 2d. Amateur Gardening magazine Amateur Gardening 1884 The Century ... Republished in Gale s 19th Century UK Periodicals Online Series 1 New Readerships scnote M Indexed by Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals, 1800 1950 scnote N Republished in ncse 19th century serials ...   more details



  1. France in the twentieth century

    search Price, Roger. A Social History of Nineteenth Century France 1987 403pp. 403 pgs. http www.questia.com library book a social history of nineteenth century france by roger price.jsp complete ... in France is estimated at around 600,000 today. At the turn of the century almost half of all Frenchmen ... main Economic history of France Economy of France By the end of the 19th century, France had joined ... and privileges established and protected. By the end of the 20th century, France once again was among ... spirit of the French literary and artistic movements at the beginning of the century, France ... writers who have lived and worked in France especially Paris in the twentieth century include Oscar ... century such as James Baldwin writer James Baldwin , France was also more accepting of race and permitted ... Impressionism at the end of the nineteenth century, the first half of the twentieth century ... France In The Twentieth Century Category 20th century in France Category Contemporary French history ...dablink For specific information on today s France, see France and Portal France . History of France The History of France from 1914 to the present includes the later years of the Third French Republic ... of France was different from today s France in two important ways most of Alsace and the northeastern ... part of France a d partement in France d partement in 1848. Alsace Lorraine would be restored at the end ... a million European residents in Algeria, France refused to grant independence until a bloody ... back to France. Demographics Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth in the mid and late 19th century and first half of the 20th century see Demographics of France . This would be compounded by the massive French losses of World War I roughly estimated ..., France still had only a population of 40 million in 1945. The post war years would bring a massive baby boom , and with immigration, France reached 50 million in 1968. This growth slowed down in 1974 ...   more details



  1. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite

    Infobox book name Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite title orig translator Richard McDougall image File Herculine Barbin book cover.png 250px image caption Cover of Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite author Herculine Barbin and Michel Foucault illustrator cover artist country France language English language English , French language French series subject genre publisher Pantheon Books pub date June 12, 1980 english pub date media type pages 199 Pantheon Books paperback isbn ISBN 0394738624 br ISBN 978 0394738628 oclc 5800446 dewey 616.69400924 congress preceded by followed by Herculine Barbin Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite is a 1980 English language translation of Herculine Barbin s nineteenth century memoirs, which were originally written in French. The book contains an introduction by Michel Foucault , which only appears in the English language translation of the memoirs. ref name Wilson52 Harvnb Wilson 1996 p 52 ref Foucault discovered Barbin s memoirs during his research about hermaphroditsm for The History of Sexuality . ref name Brown cite news title The Heroic Hermaphrodite author Brown, Frederick newspaper The New York Review of Books date 1980 10 09 url http www.nybooks.com articles archives 1980 oct 09 the heroic hermaphrodite accessdate 2010 05 07 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5pYmKE38v archivedate 2010 05 07 ref Herculine Barbin was born in 1838 as a female. Unlawfully in love with another woman, ref name Meese5 Harvnb Meese Parker 1989 p 5 ref she was forced to transform into a male ... Memoirs of a Nineteenth century French Hermaphrodite last Barbin first Herculine authorlink Herculine ... cite book title French Historians 1900 2000 New Historical Writing in Twentieth Century France editor1 ... Category Intersexuality Category LGBT literature in France Category Memoirs ...   more details



  1. France?Japan relations (19th century)

    Infobox Bilateral relations 19th century br Franco Japanese France Japan The development of France Japan relations in the 19th century coincided with Japan s opening to the Western world, following two centuries of seclusion under the Sakoku system and France s expansionist policy in Asia. The two countries became very important partners from the second half of the 19th century in the military, economic ...&dq 22Paris Foreign Missions Society 22&lr &pgis 1 ref first 19th century Christian missionary in Japan, was nominated Vicar Apostolic of Japan, by Pope Gregory XVI in 1846. After nearly two century of strictly enforced seclusion, various contacts occurred from the middle of the 19th century as France ... read news.php?newsid NjI4MjUzNjM5 19th century France, Japan share glances at Tokyo exhibit, Kuwait ... Relations 19th Century Category France Japan relations Category Foreign relations of France Category Edo period Category Empire of Japan Category 19th century in France Category 19th century in Japan ... missions Jules Brunet , and Japan later relied on France for several aspects of its modernization ... Japanese Navy Emile Bertin , and the development of a Legal code. France also derived part of its modern ... , and almost completely relied on Japan for its prosperous silk industry. Context main France Japan relations File Hasekura in Rome.JPG thumb left upright Hasekura Tsunenaga initiated France ... during the Nanban trade period in the second half of the 16th and the early 17th century. During ... and especially the 19th century. Typically, Dutch traders in the Dejima quarter of Nagasaki, Nagasaki ... this medium. The first flight of a hot air balloon by the brothers Montgolfier in France in 1783 ... guards wearing 16th century cuirasses and weapons. ref Perrin, p.88 89 ref Image SeimiKaisouChemistry.jpg ... Britain in 1842, both France and the United States tried to increase their efforts in the Orient. File ... in early 1847 about the presence of the French missionaries, who had to be removed in 1848. France ...   more details



  1. Deism in England and France in the 18th century

    change and movement. ref name Israel The philosophes of mid eighteenth century France developed ...Deism , the religious attitude typical of the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment , especially in France ... title Early deism in France from the so called d stes of Lyon 1564 to Voltaire s Lettres philosophiques ... back to the seventeenth century as J.M. Robertson explains Before deism came into English vogue ... of the 18th century, which English deism had explicitly become an intellectual movement, the term ... in actuality. ref name Corfe At the beginning of the eighteenth century large numbers of individuals ... deism and deist goes back to sixteenth century. The first known use of the term deist was by Pierre ... Corfe The emergence of the word in the mid sixteenth century was mostly associated with ongoing recovery ... for English Deism until its decline in the middle of the eighteenth century. John Locke provided ... Lord Herbert In the seventeenth century an alternative position was put forward in England by Lord ... against them. Eighteenth century materialism had many origins and faces. One version, heavily indebted ... been permeated with anti religious views that began as deism in the sixteenth century by Pierre Viret and culminated as atheism in the eighteenth century by Voltaire and Rousseau. French Deism was anti religious and shaded into atheism, pantheism , and skepticism . France had its own tradition of religious ... the many clandestine writings of the early eighteenth century Diffcult s sur la religion propos es ... they took was across an unbridgeable abyss. C. J. Betts C. J. Betts s study of early deism in France ... at the later seventeenth century, from Saint Evremond to Bayle and discusses the first French deists ... in two countries in the seventeenth century. In terms of discussion about deism he indicates ... in the Eighteenth Century, explains how the rule of reason, Newtonian science and French .... Grand Rapids Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1934. Stephen, Leslie. History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century ...   more details



  1. Fashion in the nineteenth century

    Unreferenced date March 2007 Orphan date February 2009 See 1795 1820 in fashion 1820s in fashion 1830s in fashion 1840s in fashion 1850s in fashion 1860s in fashion 1870s in fashion 1880s in fashion 1890s in fashion Category History of fashion fashion stub ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Amendment

    The Nineteenth Amendment may refer to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed women the right to vote. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland introduced changes to Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution required by the Good Friday Agreement. disambig ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth hole

    The Nineteenth hole is a slang term used in golf , generally referring to a pub , bar establishment bar , or restaurant on or near the golf course . ref name Definition http www.golf dictionary.com golf terms n.php Golf Dictionary.com ref A standard round of golf has only eighteen holes ref name golf basics http golf.about.com cs historyofgolf a hist 18holes.htm Kelly, Brent. Golf History FAQ 18 Holes . About.com ref , so golfers will say they are at the nineteenth hole , meaning they are enjoying a drink after the game. The concept is similar to Apr s ski in skiing . ref name Apres Ski http www.merriam webster.com dictionary apres ski Apres Ski . Merriam Webster Dictionary ref In miniature golf , the 19th hole on most courses is usually the hole that one can putt to win a free game. ref name mini golf http www.miniaturegolfer.com miniature golf terminology.html Miniature Golf and putting terminology . MiniatureGolfer.com ref The nineteenth hole is also a slang term meaning the place where they bury people who get in the way. ref http knightrideronline.com knight rider season three the nineteenth hole ref The golf stories of author P. G. Wodehouse , which are narrated by his character, the Oldest Member , discuss the nineteenth hole. ref name Wodehouse http www.classicreader.com author.php aut.75 P.G. Wodehouse . Classicreader.com ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Nineteenth Hole Category Golf terminology golf stub restaurant stub ...   more details



  1. File:Nineteenth Century French Art.gif

    Summary Non free use rationale Article Henri Loyrette Description The front cover of one of Loyrette s books Source Book catalog Portion Full Low resolution Purpose To illustrate the front cover of said book Replaceability Yes other information Licensing Non free book cover ...   more details



  1. Priest-penitent privilege in England from the Reformation to the nineteenth century

    The doctrine of priest penitent privilege priest penitent privilege in the UK does not apply in the UK . Before the English Reformation Reformation , England was a Roman Catholic country and the Seal of the Confessional had great authority in the English courts. However, the Reformation was followed by a period of, often fierce, Anti Catholicism England and Protestantism persecution of Catholics . Reach of canon law In the Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani London, 1761 by Edmund Gibson , chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury and afterwards Bishop of London , is found a compilation of the various canons and constitutions which had been made for the Church in England at different times. In his introduction to that work, in which he cites the Act Concerning Peter s Pence and Dispensations which also deals with the exercise of pope papal jurisdiction in England, the author, in touching upon canon law , says as follows quotation This is another branch of the Laws of the Church of England and is partly Foreign and partly Domestick. The Foreign is what we commonly call the Body of Canon Law consisting of the Councils, Decrees of Popes and the like which obtained in England by virtue of their own Authority in like manner as they did in other parts of the Western Church till the time of the Reformation and from that time have continued upon the foot of Consent, Usage, and Custom. He goes on to say that before the Reformation, their not being repugnant to the laws of the land was the condition of these laws being received here. But he also cites commentaries of John de Athon on certain constitutions of Otho and Othobon , which the commentator says were not received here. Gibson cites a constitution of Simon Sudbury , Archbishop of Canterbury 1378 , ordering confessions to be heard three times a year, and that whoever would not confess at least once a year should be prevented from entering a church while living and should not receive Christian burial when dead. This order ...   more details



  1. This Century

    name preachelectric http www.preachelectric.net 2010 08 24 this century interview Preach Electric Media This Century Interview Bot generated title ref Earlier Years The band was formed while most of the members ... this century.html Findyourfav.com The Sound of This Century Interview with Joel Kanitz Bot generated ... on This Century after guitarist Sean Silverman joked that they need to come up with a band name some time this century . ref name themassmedia http www.umassmedia.com the interview of this century 1.1692506 Mass Media The Interview of This Century Bot generated title ref Music 2007 2009 Beginnings In 2007 This Century released their first ever EP creatively titled 2007 . They continued releasing ... and Sound of Fire In 2010 This Century were signed to The Maine s Action Theory Records , a branch ... The Sickest Kids, This Century Bot generated title ref Discography 2007 2007 br Look What We made ... Bros. Records artists Category 2000s music groups Category 2010s music groups de This Century es This Century it This Century nl This Century ja pt This Century sv This Century tr This Century ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Air Force

    Refimprove date October 2009 Infobox military unit unit name Nineteenth Air Force image Image 19th Air Force.png 250px caption Nineteenth Air Force emblem br br File Air Education and Training Command.png 250px br Part of Air Education and Training Command dates 8 July 1955 country United States allegiance branch United States Air Force type role size command structure Air Education and Training Command current commander Major General United States Major General Mark S. Solo http www.af.mil information bios bio.asp?bioID 7907 garrison Randolph Air Force Base ceremonial chief nickname patron motto colors march mascot battles anniversaries The Nineteenth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base and belonging to the Air Education and Training Command . It is responsible for managing all flying training in AETC. History Lineage Established as Nineteenth Air Force on July 1, 1955 Activated on July 8, 1955, at Foster AFB , Texas , with assignment to Tactical Air Command Moved to Seymour Johnson AFB , North Carolina , effective September 1, 1958 Inactivated on July 2, 1973 Assigned to Air Education and Training Command on June 8, 1993 Activated at Randolph AFB , Texas , on July 1, 1993 Operational history Formed after World War II , Nineteenth Air Force had no units or aircraft permanently assigned. Its mission was planning and carrying out force protection and rapid response. Made up of temporarily assigned fighter, reconnaissance and airlift assets, Nineteenth Air Force responded to the 1958 Lebanon crisis , when the United ... to spill across the border. The next time the Nineteenth girded its forces was during the Cuban Missile ... In 1968, the Nineteenth responded to North Korea s seizure of the USS Pueblo AGER 2 USS Pueblo . Negotiations ... Korea . Following the United States withdrawal from Southeast Asia in 1973, Nineteenth Air Force was inactivated .... It reactivated at Randolph Air Force Base in 1993 under Air Education and Training Command . Nineteenth ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

    The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland introduced changes to Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland Articles 2 and 3 of the constitution required by the 1998 Belfast Agreement also known as the Good Friday Agreement . Prior to 1999, Articles 2 and 3 made the controversial claim that the whole island of Ireland formed one single national territory . By means of the Nineteenth Amendment, Articles 2 and 3 were changed to an aspiration towards creating a united Ireland by peaceful means. The Nineteenth Amendment was approved by referendum in 1998, at the same time as the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Eighteenth Amendment . However the Government of Ireland did not want the changes to Articles 2 and 3 to be made until it could confirm that other aspects of the Belfast Agreement had been complied with. For this reason the Nineteenth Amendment did not itself alter Articles 2 and 3. Rather it introduced a special mechanism whereby changes to Articles 2 and 3 could be brought about at a future date by a formal declaration made by the Government. That declaration was made in December 1999, whereupon the change in articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution took effect. The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998 was approved by referendum on 22 May 1998 and signed into law on 3 June of the same year. The Government declaration was made on 2 December 1999, bringing the changes to Articles 2 and 3 and certain other parts of the constitution into effect. Initial changes to the text made by the Nineteenth Amendment 1998 The Nineteenth Amendment introduced Article 29, Section 7 to the constitution. Subsections 1 and 2 are here reproduced ... would continue to be valid. The Nineteenth Amendment was introduced by the Fianna F il Progressive Democrats ... Referendum title Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum ref cite web url ... en act cam 0019 index.html Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998 Full text at http www.irishstatutebook.ie ...   more details



  1. Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt

    color PA text Twosret 1191 BC &ndash 1190 BC barset skip timeline See also Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt Family Tree References reflist Category 13th century BC establishments Category Nineteenth dynasty ...Egyptian Dynasty list The Nineteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt notated Dynasty XIX ref Cite book last Kuhrt first Am lie authorlink Am lie Kuhrt coauthors title The Ancient Near East publisher Routledge date 1997 location London pages 188 url http books.google.co.uk books?id V sfMzRPTgoC&pg PA188&dq Egypt Dynasty XIX&ei Qo36S8TbCIiEyQTXhpGeCw&cd 6 v onepage&q Egypt 20Dynasty 20XIX&f false doi id isbn ref was one of the periods of the Egyptian New Kingdom . Founded by Vizier Ancient Egypt Vizier Ramesses I , whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne, this dynasty is best known for its military conquests in Palestine , Lebanon , and Syria . The warrior kings of the early Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily. The situation had changed radically towards the end of the 18th Dynasty. The Hittites gradually extended their influence into Syria and Palestine to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with. The Pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty The Pharaoh s of the 19th dynasty ruled for approximately one hundred and ten years from ca 1298 to 1187 BCE. The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton. ref Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004 ref . Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes designated KV . More information can be found on the Theban ... ref border 1 cellpadding 5 align center Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt style width 150px ... of Egypt Twentieth Dynasty . Nineteenth Dynasty timeline timeline ImageSize width 800 height auto ...   more details




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