See also Fractionated spacecraft Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture solid, liquid, solute, suspension or isotope is divided up in a number of smaller quantities fraction chemistry fraction s in which the wikt composition composition changes according to a gradient . Fractions are collected based on differences in a specific property of the individual components. A common trait in fractionations is the need to find an optimum between the amount of fractions collected and the desired purity in each fraction. Fractionation makes it possible to isolate more than two components in a mixture in a single run. This property sets it apart from other separation techniques. Image Fractional distillation lab apparatus.svg file thumb right Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser . A conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. Fractionation is widely employed in many branches of science and technology. Mixtures of liquids and gases are separated by fractional distillation by difference in boiling point. Fractionation of components also takes place in column .... In cell fractionation , Cell biology cell components are separated by difference in mass . Fractionation ... process instead of distillation. Plasma protein fractionation See also Cohn process Plasma proteins are separated by using the inherent differences of each protein. Fractionation involves changing .... This process is sometimes called cold alcohol fractionation or ethanol fractionation. It was described ... is used in some vaccines, for treating burn victims, and other medical applications. Fractionation as cancer treatment Fractionation also refers to a method of treating cancer with radiation ... on cancer and minimizes the negative side effects . Typical fractionation schemes divide the dose into 30 ... of accelerated fractionation 2 deliveries per day and or deliveries on weekends as well . References ... more details
There are four types of isotope fractionation equilibrium fractionation kinetic fractionation transient kinetic isotope fractionation mass independent fractionation disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. fr Fractionnement isotopique ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Kinetic fractionation is a process that separates stable isotope s from each other by their mass during unidirectional processes. One naturally occurring example of kinetic fractionation is the evaporation of seawater to form cloud s. In this instance, isotopically lighter water molecules i.e., those with sup 16 sup oxygen O will evaporate slightly more easily than will the isotopically heavier water molecules with sup 18 sup oxygen O . During the course of this process the oxygen isotopes are fractionation fractionated the clouds become enriched with sup 16 sup O, the seawater becomes enriched in sup 18 sup O. Thus, rainwater is observed to be isotopically lighter than seawater. Heavier isotopes favor the less energetic liquid phase of water during evaporation and condensation. Water vapor is enriched with light isotopes relative to sea water. Clouds are depleted of light isotopes relative to water vapor. This results in higher latitude waters being isotopically light . As water vapor is driven poleward by Earth s energy budget and rotating Hadley cells, the heavy isotopes are left behind as clouds and rain. A generalized treatment of kinetic isotopic effects is via the GEBIK and GEBIF equations describing Transient kinetic isotope fractionation transient kinetic isotope effects ref Maggi F. and W. J. Riley, 2010 , Mathematical treatment of isotopologue and isotopomer speciation and fractionation in biochemical kinetics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, doi 10.1016 j.gca.2009.12.021 ref . See also equilibrium fractionation mass independent fractionation Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Transient kinetic isotope effect Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic ratio Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic composition Transient kinetic isotope fractionationFractionation factor Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic enrichment References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Kinetic Fractionation Category Unit operations Category ... more details
Equilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium . Equilibrium fractionation is strongest at low temperatures, and along with kinetic isotope effect kinetic isotope effects forms the basis of the most widely used isotopic paleothermometer paleothermometers or proxy climate climate proxies deuterium D H and oxygen isotope ... susceptible to fractionation, and their isotopes tend to be separated to a greater degree than ... isotopologues . The amount of isotopic fractionation in an exchange reaction can be expressed as a fractionation ... are distributed evenly between AX and BX, with no isotopic fractionation. math alpha 1 math indicates ... of equilibrium isotope fractionation is the concentration of heavy isotopes of oxygen in liquid ... 16 O g math At 20 sup o sup C, the equilibrium fractionation factor for this reaction is math alpha frac 18 O 16 O Liquid 18 O 16 O Vapor 1.0098 math Equilibrium fractionation is a type of mass dependent isotope fractionation, while mass independent fractionation is usually assumed to be a non equilibrium ... equations for transient kinetic isotope fractionation , which generalize non steady isotopic ... treatment of isotopologue and isotopomer speciation and fractionation in biochemical kinetics, Geochim ... O br Kinetic fractionation br Mass independent fractionation br Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Transient kinetic isotope effect br Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic ratio br Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic composition br Transient kinetic isotope fractionationFractionation factor br Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotopic enrichment References references Chacko T., Cole D.R., and Horita J. 2001 Equilibrium oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation .... 1 81. Horita J. and Wesolowski D.J. 1994 Liquid vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes .... 3425 2437. Links AlphaDelta Stable Isotope fractionation calculator http www2.ggl.ulaval.ca cgi bin ... more details
MALDI or Field Flow Fractionation FFF . These methods are used to determine the molecular weight distribution. Preparative Methods In most cases the fractionation of polymers on a preparative scale is based on chromatographic methods e.g. preparative SEC or Baker Williams fractionation . Therefore ... tons the Continuous Spin Fractionation can be used. F. Francuskiewicz gives an overview about preparative polymer fractionation. Literature M.J.R Cantow Polymer Fractionation Academic Press, New York 1967 L.H. Tung Fractionation of Synthetic Polymers Marcel Dekker, New York 1977 F. Francuskiewicz Polymer Fractionation Springer, Berlin 1994 R. Koningsveld, L.D. Kleintjens, H. Geerissen, P. Sch tzeichel, B.A. Wolf Fractionation in Comprehensive Polymer Science Volume 1 Pergamon Press, Oxford 1989 293 312 External links http www.wee solve.de WEE Solve GmbH Service provider for polymer fractionation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Mergewith Blood plasma fractionation date December 2008 Image Blood centrifugation scheme.png thumb 150px Blood components after centrifugation. Blood fractionation is the process of fractionation fractionating whole blood , or separating it into its component parts. This is typically done by centrifuge centrifuging the blood . The resulting components are a clear solution of blood plasma in the upper phase, the buffy coat , which is a thin layer of leukocyte s white blood cells mixed with platelet s in the middle, and erythrocyte s red blood cells at the bottom of the centrifuge tube. Serum separating tube Serum separation tubes are tubes used in Venipuncture phlebotomy containing a silicone gel when centrifuged the silicone gel forms a layer on top of the buffy coat, allowing the blood plasma to be removed more effectively for testing and related purposes. Image Sstvacutainer small.jpg thumb 150px Blood after centrifuging in an SST tube. See also Blood plasma fractionation Category Blood Medicine stub ... more details
Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecule s are Separation process preferentially separated from a solution liquid solution using rising columns of foam . It is commonly used, albeit on a small scale, for the removal of organic waste from aquaria these units are known as protein skimmer s . However it has much broader application in the chemical process industry and can be used for the removal of surface active contaminants from waste water streams in addition to the enrichment of bio products. History and Development Whilst protein skimmer s have been common place in aquaria for many years, it was not until the 1960s that a concerted effort was made by Robert Lemlich of the University of Cincinnati ref Lemlich R, Lavi E 1961 Foam fractionation with reflux, Science 134 , p.191 ref ref Lemlich R 1968 Adsorptive bubble separation techniques Foam fractionation and allied ... bubble separation processes, of which foam fractionation is one example. Until the mid 2000s, there was very little further development of foam fractionation or attempts to understand the underlying ... of the technology has been slow despite its enormous potential. Foam fractionation is closely ... a preliminary mechanistic description of foam fractionation ref Stevenson P, Jameson GJ 2007 Modeling continuous foam fractionation with reflux, Chemical Engineering and Processing 39 , p.590 ref . The synergies between foam fractionation and froth flotation have been explored in a 2009 special ... Lemlich showed how foam fractionation columns can be operated in stripping, enriching or combined modes ... gas rate will mean higher recovery but lower enrichment. Foam fractionation proceeds via two ... which travels up a column and is discharged to the foamate stream of foam fractionation. br The rate ... ref . Applications of Foam Fractionation Technology 1. Enrichment of the solutions of biomolecules in pharmaceutical ... of froth flotation operations known as frother stripping . br Groups Engaged in Foam Fractionation ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Range fractionation is a term used in biology . Sense organs are usually composed of many sensory receptor s measuring the same property. These sensory receptors show a limited degree of precision due to an upper limit in action potential firing rate . If the sensory receptors receptors are endowed with distinct transfer function s in such a way that the points of highest sensitivity are scattered along the axis of the quality being measured, the precision of the sense organ as a whole can be increased. This was shown for the chordotonal organ in the locust leg by Usherwood, Runion & Campbell 1968 . Literature P. N. R. Usherwood and H. Runion and J. Campbell, Structure and physiology of a chordotonal organ in the locust leg, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 48, pp. 305 323, 1968. DEFAULTSORT Range Fractionation Category Sensory system Biology stub ... more details
Cell fractionation is the separation of homogeneous sets, usually organelle s, from a heterogeneous population of cells. Steps There are three principal steps involved Disruption homogenization of cells and liberation of organelles. Macro Filtration Purification of cell components. Homogenization Tissue is typically homogenized in an isotonic buffer solution using a variety of mechanisms. A Potter Elvehjem homogeniser is often used as it is relatively gentle. Other procedures include grinding, mincing, chopping, pressure changes, osmotic shock, freeze thawing, and ultra sound homogenization. The solution is homogenized in an isotonic solution to stop osmotic damage, with a pH buffer to regulate pH, and at an ice cold temperature to prevent enzyme damage. The organelles are kept either cold, isotonic or buffered. See Cell disruption for further details. Filtration This step may not be necessary depending on the source of the cells. Animal tissue however is likely to yield connective tissue which must be removed. Commonly, filtration is achieved either by pouring through gauze or with a suction filter and the relevant grade ceramic filter. Purification Invariably achieved by Differential centrifugation the sequential increase in gravitational force resulting in the sequential separation of organelles according to their density. See also Cell disruption Differential centrifugation Media for cell separation by density Percoll Ficoll External links http www.microfluidicscorp.com cell disruption index.html Microfluidicscorp MFIC OTC http www.biocompare.com Articles ProductReview 1344 Subcellular Protein Fractionation Kit From Thermo Scientific Pierce Protein Research Products.html Subcellular Fractionation Kit Review from Biocompare Category Laboratory techniques de Zellfraktionierung es Fraccionamiento celular ... more details
Fractionation Research Inc. FRI is an industry cooperative organization that researches the performance of industrial scale mass transfer devices such as trays, packings and other column internals. Its objective is to facilitate the design of more economical distillation, absorption and stripping systems. Before the formation of FRI, such research was performed on a small scale by universities or private companies. The latter controlled their results as proprietary information, generally inaccessible by competitors. History FRI is a non profit organization formed by petroleum, chemical and engineering companies to perform plant scale research in distillation. It began in 1952, spearheaded by Dr. Karl Hachmuth and T. B. Hudson of Phillips Petroleum Company in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Hachmuth was noted for his research into the design of mass transfer equipment, He realized that the effort required would be beyond the resources of a single company, and proposed the formation of a cooperative organization to pursue this work. Hudson became the first president of FRI. In 1954, FRI contracted to use a simulation facility at the headquarters of C. F. Braun & Co. in Alhambra, California. Operations continued at Alhambra until 1929, when Braun was acquired by Halliburton, Inc., and merged into its Brown & Root subsidiary ref http www.nytimes.com 1989 06 17 business company news halliburton deal.html New York Times , Halliburton Deal June 17, 1989. ref now KBR . FRI then moved its facilities to Oklahoma State University OSU at Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1991. ref http www.fri.org Fractionation Research Inc. home page. ref FRI initially planned a five year research program. However, the board of directors has voted extensions until the present. Research scope FRI has tested various types of fractionation trays and packings both generic and proprietary designs , with the objective of developing correlations for predicting tray efficiencies and pressure drops. This information is needed ... more details
Radiation poisoning Experiments in radiation biology have found that as the absorbed dose of radiation increases, the number of Cell biology cells which survive decreases. They have also found that if the radiation is fractionated into smaller Gray unit doses , with one or more rest periods in between, fewer cells cell death die . This is because of self repair mechanisms which repair the damage to DNA http users.rcn.com jkimball.ma.ultranet BiologyPages D DNArepair.html http www.benbest.com lifeext aging.html dna and other biomolecules such as proteins . These mechanisms can be over expressed in cancer cells, so caution should be used in using results for a cancer cell line to make predictions for healthy cells if the cancer cell line is known to be resistant to Cytotoxicity cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin . The DNA repair DNA self repair processes in some organisms is exceptionally good for instance, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans can tolerate a 15 000 Gy 1.5 MRad dose. In the graph below, called a Cell survival curve , the dose vs. surviving fraction have been drawn for a hypothetical group of cells with and without a rest time for the cells to recover. Other than the recovery time partway through the irradiation, the cells would have been treated identically. Image Effectofselfrepair.png center 600px This is a graph showing the effect of fractionation on the ability of gamma rays to cause cell death. The blue line is for cells which were not given a chance to recover the red line is for cells which were allowed to stand for a time and recover. The human body contains many types of cells, and the human can be killed by the loss of a single type of cells in a vital Organ anatomy organ . For many short term radiation deaths due to what is commonly known as radiation sickness 3 days to 30 days after exposure , it is the loss of bone marrow cells which produce blood cells , and the loss of other cells in the wall of the intestines , which is f ... more details
Mass independent isotope fractionation refers to any Chemical change chemical or Physical change physical process that acts to separate isotope s, where the amount of separation does not scale in proportion with the difference in the masses of the isotopes. Most isotopic fractionation s including typical kinetic fractionation s and equilibrium fractionation s are caused by the effects of the mass of an isotope on atomic or molecular velocities, diffusion diffusivities or bond strengths. Mass independent fractionation processes are less common, occurring mainly in photochemistry photochemical and selection rule spin forbidden reactions . Observation of mass independently fractionated materials can therefore be used to trace these types of reactions in nature and in laboratory experiments. Mass independent fractionation in nature The most notable examples of mass independent fractionation in nature are found in the isotopes of isotopes of oxygen oxygen and isotopes of sulfur sulfur . The first example was discovered by Robert N. Clayton, Toshiko Mayeda, and Lawrence Grossman in 1973, ref cite doi 10.1126 science.182.4111.485 ref in the oxygen isotopic composition of refractory calcium aluminium rich inclusion s in the Allende meteorite . The inclusions, thought to be among the oldest solid materials in the Solar System , show a pattern of low sup 18 sup O sup 16 sup O and sup 17 sup O sup 16 sup O relative to samples from the Earth and Moon . Both ratios vary by the same amount in the inclusions, although the mass difference between sup 18 sup O and sup 16 sup O is almost twice ... to explain this isotope fractionation. Mass independent fractionation also has been observed in ozone ... of isotopes. Mass independent sulfur fractionation Mass independent fractionation of sulfur ... ref See also isotope geochemistry equilibrium fractionation kinetic fractionation References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Mass Independent Fractionation Category Isotopes Category Geochemistry ... more details
Field flow fractionation , abbreviated FFF, is a separation technique where a field is applied to a fluid Suspension chemistry suspension or solution pumped through a long and narrow channel, perpendicular to the direction of flow, in order to cause separation of the particles present in the fluid, dependent on their differing mobilities under the force exerted by the field. It was invented and first reported by J. Calvin Giddings ref Giddings, JC, FJ Yang, and MN Myers. Flow Field Flow Fractionation a versatile new separation method. Science 193.4259 1976 1244 1245. ref . In field flow fractionation the field can be electrical , wiktionary transverse transverse flow through a semi permeable membrane, gravitational field gravitational , centripetal force centrifugal , magnetic field magnetic , thermal gradient thermal gradient , etc. In all cases, the separation mechanism is born from differences in particle mobility electrophoretic mobility electrophoretic , when the field is a DC electric field causing a transverse electrical current flow under the forces of the field, in equilibrium with the forces of diffusion an often parabola parabolic laminar flow laminar flow velocity profile in the channel determines the velocity of a particular particle, based on its equilibrium position from the wall of the channel. The ratio of the velocity of a species of particle to the average velocity of the fluid is called the retention ratio . Fractogram A graph of a detection signal vs. time, derived from an Field flow fractionation FFF process, in which various substances present in a fluid get separated based on their flow velocities under some applied external influence, such as an electric field. Often these substances are various particles initially suspended in a small volume of a liquid buffer and pushed along a fractionation channel by more of the pure buffer. The varying velocities ... Europe GmbH DEFAULTSORT Field Flow Fractionation Category Laboratory techniques Category Chemical processes ... more details
mergewith Blood fractionation date December 2008 Blood plasma fractionation refers to the general processes of separating the various components of blood plasma . Blood plasma Blood plasma is the liquid component of whole blood , and makes up approximately 55 of the total blood volume. It is composed primarily of water with small amounts of minerals, salts, ions, nutrients, and proteins in solution. In whole blood, red blood cells , leukocytes , and platelets are suspended within the plasma. Plasma proteins Plasma contains a large variety of proteins including serum albumin albumin , immunoglobulins , and clotting proteins such as fibrinogen ref name Brod Brodniewicz Proba, T. 1991. Human Plasma Fractionation and the Impact of New Technologies on the Use and Quality of Plasma derived Products . Blood Reviews. Vol. 5. pp.245 257. ref . Albumin constitutes about 60 of the total protein in plasma and is present at concentrations between 35 and 55 mg mL ref name Shen Shen, Y., Jacobs, J. M., et al. 2004. Ultra High Efficiency Strong Cation Exchange LC RPLC MS MS for High Dynamic Range Characterization of the Human Plasma Proteome . Anal Chem. Vol. 76. pp. 1134 1144. ref . It is the main contributor to osmotic pressure of the blood and it functions as a carrier molecule for molecules with low water solubility such as lipid soluble hormone s, enzyme s, fatty acids , metal ions, and pharmaceutical compounds ref name Mate Matejtschuk, P., Dash, C.H., and Gascoigne, E.W. 2000. Production of human albumin solution a continually developing colloid . British Journal of Anaesthesia ... must be highly pure. The first practical large scale method of blood plasma fractionation was developed ... is also known as cold ethanol fractionation as it involves gradually increasing the concentration ... of Proteome Research. Vol. 2. pp. 383 393. ref . See also Blood fractionation References reflist DEFAULTSORT Blood Plasma Fractionation Category Medicine de Plasmafraktionierung ... more details
Transient kinetic isotope effects or fractionation occur when the Chemical reaction reaction leading to isotope fractionation does not follow pure First order kinetics first order kinetics and therefore isotopic effects cannot be described with the classical equilibrium fractionation equations or with steady state Kinetic isotope effect kinetic fractionation equations also known as the Rayleigh equation . ref Mariotti A., J.C. Germon, P. Hubert, P. Kaiser, R. Letolle, A. Tardieux, P. Tardieux, 1981 , Experimental determination of nitrogen kinetic isotope fractionation Some principles Illustration for the denitrification and nitrification processes, Plant and Soil 62 3 , 413 430. ref In these instances, the General Equations for Biochemical Isotope Kinetics GEBIK and the General Equations for Biochemical Isotope Fractionation GEBIF can be used. The GEBIK and GEBIF equations are the most generalized approach to describe isotopic effects in any Chemical reaction chemical , Chemical reaction ... and isotopomer speciation and fractionation in biochemical kinetics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, doi ... stationary fractionation i.e., variable and inverse fractionation . In general, isotopic effects depend ... be expressed as a constant, hence will not be able to describe isotopic effects in reactions where fractionation ... cultures. Annu. Rev. Microbial. 3, 371 394. ref General Equations for Biochemical Isoptope Fractionation ... ratio can equally be used. Fractionation factor The isotopic ratio of the product can be used ... qquad 5 math and the time dependent fractionation factor math alpha t frac IR P t R S t qquad qquad ... and GEBIF equations become equivalent to the equation for steady state kinetic isotope fractionation ... i frac text d C i text d t qquad qquad 8d math Eqs. 4 for isotopic compositions, Eq. 6 for the fractionation ..., Eq. 6 for the fractionation factor and Eq. 7 for the enrichment factor equally applies to the GEBIK ... those of the second reaction. See also Equilibrium fractionation Isotope electrochemistry References ... more details
A synaptosome is an isolated terminal of a neuron . Synaptosomes are obtained after Homogenization biology homogenization and fractionation of nerve tissue. The fractionation step involves several centrifugation s to separate various organelle s from the synaptosomes. Synaptosomes are formed from the phospholipid layer of the cell membrane and synaptic protein s such as Receptor biochemistry receptors . Synaptosomes are commonly used to study synaptic transmission because they contain the molecular machinery necessary for the uptake, storage, and release of neurotransmitters and because they are relatively easy to prepare in the laboratory. External links MeshNumber A11.284.835.859 Synaptosomes Cell biology stub pl Synaptosom Category Neurology ... more details
orphan date January 2009 Foam separation is a chemical process which falls into a category of separation techniques called Adsorptive bubble separation method s . ref Adsorptive bubble separation methods, R. Lemlich 1968 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 60 10 16 29 ref It is further divided into froth flotation and foam fractionation . References references Category Chemical processes ... more details
Fri may refer to Friday , abbreviation Fri yacht Fri , a yacht which led a protest voyage against nuclear tests Fri En samling , a 2001 Kikki Danielsson album Fellow of the Royal Institution of Great Britain Gromov Flight Research Institute Forest Research Institute , an institute of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education in India located at Dehradun in Uttarakhand Fractionation Research Inc., an industry cooperative researching and testing distillation systems Full Repairing and Insuring, a standard form of property lease. disambig de FRI eo FRI ja FRI no Fri sv Fri ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE sup 18 sup O style float right Image Benthic foraminifera.jpg thumb right 200px Foraminifera samples. Image Specmap.GIF.gif thumb right 200px sup 18 sup O ppm in deep sea sediment foraminifera carbonates over time from 0 600,000 years. Averaged over a large number of cores in order to isolate a global signal. Image Five Myr Climate Change.png thumb right 200px Climate record of Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 constructed by combining measurements from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores. The measured quantity is oxygen isotope fractionation sup 18 sup O in benthic foraminifera. ref Cite doi 10.1029.2F2004PA001071 ref In geochemistry , paleoclimatology and paleoceanography sup 18 sup O or delta O 18 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotope s sup 18 sup O sup 16 sup O . It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation meteorology precipitation , as a measure of groundwater mineral interactions, as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation , like methanogenesis . In paleoscience s, sup 18 sup O sup 16 sup O data from foraminifera and ice core are used as a proxy climate proxy for temperature. The definition is, in per mil , parts per thousand math delta 18 O Biggl frac bigl frac 18 O 16 O bigr sample bigl frac 18 O 16 O bigr standard 1 Biggr 1000 o oo math where the standard has a known isotopic composition, such as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water VSMOW . ref name usgs isotope tracers cite web url http wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov isoig res funda.html title USGS Isotope Tracers Resources Isotope Geochemistry accessdate 2009 01 18 ref The fractionation can arise from Kinetic fractionation kinetic , Equilibrium fractionation equilibrium , or Mass independent fractionation mass independent fractionation . Mechanism Foraminifera shells of calcium carbonate CaCO sub 3 sub , having oxygen in them, and being found in many common geological features, are most commonly tested. The ratio of sup 18 sup O to sup 16 sup O i ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A fraction in chemistry is a quantity collected from a sample or batch of a substance in a fractionation fractionating separation process . In such a process, a mixture is separated into fractions, which have compositions that vary according to a gradient. A fraction can be defined as a group of chemicals that have similar boiling point s. A common fractionating process is fractional distillation . It is used to produce liquor and various hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline , kerosene and Diesel fuel diesel . A fraction is the product of a fractionating column . A vast chamber designed to separate different substances based on their boiling point, e.g. crude oil . Fraction may also refer to a description of the composition of a mixture, e.g. mass fraction chemistry mass fraction or mole fraction . DEFAULTSORT Fraction Chemistry Category Separation processes Chem stub ca Residu qu mica de Fraktion Chemie fr Fraction chimie nl Fractie bestanddeel pl Frakcja chemia uk ... more details
The abbreviation MIF may have many meanings In medicine Macrophage migration inhibitory factor , a protein believed to be involved in immune response. Anti m llerian hormone M llerian inhibiting factor , a hormone that plays a role in the sexual differentiation of humans Merthiolate Iodine Formaldehyde Solution, used in biomedical laboratories for MIF concentrations of parasites in stool samples Other Anthony J. Mifsud Canadian actor and singer also known as Mif Master of Finance Masters in Finance Maker Interchange Format Management Information Format MapInfo Interchange Format Health Level 7 HL7 Model Interchange Format Maximal intersecting family Manchester International Festival , an arts festival held in Manchester, UK. Mass independent fractionation Multilateral Investment Fund Moves in the field disambig de MIF fr MIF it MIF ja MIF ... more details
of chromatography Traditionally, the Cohn process incorporating cold ethanol fractionation ... Cohn fractionation started being used, in 1946, and when chromatography started being used, in 1983 ... to using chromatography for plasma fractionation for albumin is Recovery of Supernatant I Delipidation ... main steps that combine Cohn fractionation with chromatography. Factors I, II, and III are removed via cold ethanol fractionation. Sepharose fast flow ion exchange and Sepharose fast flow ... of Transfusion Medicine in Skopje , Republic of Macedonia Macedonia is a plasma fractionation center .... Membrane fractionation has the advantage of very minimal protein loss yet high removal of pathological ... author Mohr H title Production of human albumin by plasma fractionation journal Anasthesiol Intensivmed ... more details
Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight heterogeneous polymers that are formed when sugar s and amino acid s combine through the Maillard reaction at high temperatures and low water activity. Melanoidins are commonly present in foods that have undergone some form of non enzymatic browning, such as barley malts Mash ingredients Vienna malt Vienna and Mash ingredients Munich malt Munich , bread crust, bakery products and coffee. They are also present in the wastewater of sugar refineries, necessitating treatment in order to avoid contamination around the outflow of these refineries. External links http www.picobrewery.com askarchive melanoidin.htm website on Melanoidin http www.ide.titech.ac.jp regashir grp pdf thesis b sato.pdf Removal of Melanoidin from Wastewater of Sugar Factories by Continuous Foam Fractionation Column Category Food science ingredient stub organic compound stub de Melanoidine es Melanoidina pl Melanoidyna pt Melanoidina ... more details
unreferenced date July 2009 Homogenization cell biology is a process that involves breaking apart cells releasing organelles and cytoplasm . When the purpose is to extract organelle s, it is frequently done in two steps first using a blender device blender to break the Biological tissue tissue up, and then with an ultrasound ultrasonic or mechanical tissue disruptor. The organelles are then generally separated using differential centrifugation . Depending upon the subcellular fractionation subcellular fraction wanted, different processes are used to separate them. When the aim is to extract nucleic acid s, the tissue is often ground in a mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen . Sometimes, however, a much milder procedure is followed, where the aim is to collect whole, intact cells. Homogenized cells must be kept at low temperatures to prevent autolysis and kept in an isotonic solution to prevent osmosis osmotic damage. DEFAULTSORT Homogenization Biology Category Biology Category Cell anatomy Category Cell biology Category Laboratory techniques ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
