File Form constant.jpg right thumb 300px A representation of a formconstant. A formconstant is one of several Pattern geometric pattern s which are recurringly observed during hallucination s and altered states of consciousness . History In 1926 in science 1926 , Heinrich Kl ver systematically studied the effects of mescaline peyote on the subjective experience s of its users. In addition to producing hallucinations characterized by bright, highly Saturation color theory saturated colors and vivid imagery, Kl ver noticed that mescaline produced recurring geometric pattern s in different users. He called these patterns form constants and categorized four types lattice group lattices including Hexagonal lattice honeycomb s, checkerboard s, and triangle s , Spider web cobweb s, tunnels, and spiral s. ref name Bressloff2002 cite journal last Bressloff first Paul C. coauthors Cowan, Jack D. Golubitsky, Martin Thomas, Peter J. Weiner, Matthew C. year 2002 month March title What Geometric Visual ... suggest a deliberate practice of cultivating formconstant imagery and using Intuition knowledge intuition ... FormConstant Category Symptoms Category Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants Category ... Kl ver s form constants have appeared in other drug induced and naturally occurring hallucinations .... Kl ver s form constants also appear in near death experience s and sensory experiences of those with synesthesia ... date February 2007 These shapes may appear on their own or with eyes shut in the form of phosphene ... why these form constants appear has to do with the way the visual system is organized, and in particular ... form constants. ref name Bressloff2002 Author Michael Moorcock once observed in print that the shapes he had seen during his migraine headache s resembled exactly the form of fractal s. The diversity of conditions that provoke such patterns suggests that form constants reflect some fundamental property ... very like that of form constants. See also Entoptic phenomenon Hypnagogia Pattern recognition Psychophysics ... more details
wiktionary constantConstant or The Constant may refer to In Mathematics Mathematical constant , a number that arises naturally in mathematics, such as or e Constant mathematics , a value that does not change Constant term of a polynomial the term of degree 0 Constant of integration , a free parameter arising in integration Other concepts Physical constant , a physical quantity generally believed to be universal and unchanging Constant programming , a value that, unlike a variable, cannot be reassociated with a different value Logical constant , a symbol in symbolic logic that has the same meaning in all models, such as the symbol for equals People Constant given name Constant surname In entertainment The Constant , an episode of the television show Lost The Constant Story of the Year album The Constant Story of the Year album The Constant I Blame Coco album The Constant I Blame Coco album See also Constant function , a mathematical function that always returns the same value disambig bs Konstanta vor ca Constant cs Konstanta rozcestn k de Konstante es Constante eu Konstante he hu Konstans egy rtelm s t lap mk nl Constant pl Sta a uk ... more details
2009 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form good article DEFAULTSORT Constant, The Category ...Other uses Constant disambiguation Constant Infobox television episode Title The Constant Series Lost ... abc.go.com primetime lost index?pn photos t 54633 The Constant Photos . Retrieved on March 10, 2008 ... Next The Other Woman The Constant is the fifth List of Lost episodes episode of the Lost season ... 11, 2008. ref The Constant was watched by 15 million American viewers and is widely regarded as one ... Company ABC , February 29, 2008 http abc.go.com primetime lost index?pn recap t 46481&d 82942 The Constant ..., Jack director , The Constant . Lost TV series Lost , American Broadcasting Company ABC . List ... that he will end up like Eloise and Daniel instructs him to find something or someone a constant who ... can be that constant however, he must make contact with her in 2004. To find out where she lives ... constant , Desmond stops toggling between 1996 and 2004. Back on the island, Daniel flips through ... constant. ref name episode Production Image Desmond s hairstyles.png thumb right 200px Desmond in 1996 and 2004 The Constant is the second Lost episode to deal directly with the concept of time travel ... Lost Roars Back , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on March 1, 2008. ref and while promoting The Constant ... that The Constant is a more important episode in terms of explaining time travel on the show ref name ... From Its Producers , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on March 1, 2008. ref The writers hoped that The Constant ..., The Constant took five because the writers experienced difficulty when determining its effect on future ... Azizi, Marc Vann in The Constant , ABC Studios ABC Medianet. Retrieved on March 1, 2008. ref The scenes ... blog entry TVGuide News Blog Todays News Lost Constant Secrets 800035057 The Secret Behind Desmond ... in 1996 Ratings In its original American broadcast, The Constant was watched by 12.893 .... dead link date June 2010 bot DASHBot ref In the United Kingdom, The Constant was watched by 911,000 ... more details
Wiktionarypar formForm refers to the shape , visual appearance , or Configuration geometry configuration of an object. Form may also refer to Form, a shallow depression or flattened nest of grass used by a hare Form document , a document printed or electronic with spaces in which to write or enter data Form education , a class, set or group of students Form exercise , a proper way of performing an exercise Form horse racing , a record of a racehorse s performance, or similarly for an athlete Form, a criminal record Form, a font designed by Aldo Novarese 1966 Form religion , an academic term for prescriptions or norms on religious practice Musical form , a generic type of composition or the structure of a particular piece FORM , an American architecture magazine Biology Form botany , a formal taxon at a rank lower than species Form zoology , informal taxa used sometimes in zoology Computing Form web , a document form used on a web page to, typically, submit user data to a server Form programming , a component based representation of a GUI window FORM symbolic manipulation system , a program for symbolic computations Form computer virus , the most common computer virus of the 1990s Oracle ... Form, a motion graphic editing plug in from Red Giant Software Martial arts Kata or , the detailed ... Mathematics Algebraic form homogeneous polynomial , which generalises quadratic forms to degrees 3 and more, also known as quantics or simply forms Bilinear form , on a vector space V over a field F is a mapping V × V F that is linear in both arguments Differential form , a concept from differential topology that combines multi linear forms and smooth functions Indeterminate form , an algebraic expression that cannot be used to evaluate a limit Modular form , a complex analytic function on the upper ... form , which generalises bilinear forms to mappings V sup N sup F Quadratic form , a homogeneous polynomial of degree two in a number of variables Philosophy Substantial form Theory of Forms Value ... more details
In mathematics , the phrase of the form indicates that a mathematical object, or more frequently a collection of objects, follows a certain pattern of expression. It is frequently used to reduce the formality of Mathematical proof mathematical proofs . Example of use Here is a proof which should be appreciable with limited mathematical background Statement The product of any two Even and odd numbers even natural numbers is also even. Proof Any even natural number is of the form 2n , where n is any natural number. Therefore, let us assume that we have two even numbers which we will denote by 2k and 2l . Their product is 2k 2l 4 kl 2 2kl . Since 2kl is also a natural number, the product is even. Note In this case, both Proof by exhaustion exhaustivity and Exclusive exclusivity were needed. That is, it was not only necessary that every even number is of the form 2n exhaustivity , but also that every expression of the form 2n is an even number exclusivity . This will not be the case in every proof, but normally, at least exhaustivity is implied by the phrase of the form . External links MathWorld title Of the Form urlname OftheForm Category Proofs ... more details
File FORMlogo001.jpg thumb FORM Pioneering Design Infobox Magazine title FORM Pioneering Design image file image size image caption editor Alexi Drosu editor title Editor in Chief previous editor staff writer frequency Bi monthly circulation 18,000 category Architecture , Design company Balcony Media, Inc. publisher Ann Gray, FAIA LEED AP firstdate 2007 finaldate finalnumber country United States based Glendale, CA language English website http www.formmag.net FORM Magazine issn 0885 7377 selfref For information on the software FORM , see FORM symbolic manipulation system . FORM is the bimonthly membership magazine of the American Institute of Architects Los Angeles AIA LA , and is published in Glendale, California by Balcony Media, Inc. The magazine was launched in 2007, and covers modern design and architecture. In 2000 Balcony Media began publishing AIA LA s LA Architect , which won a Maggie Award in 2002 for Best Trade Publication. FORM Contributors columns list 3 Joseph Giovannini Michael Palladino Morris Newman Emergent Architecture Mimi Zeiger Peter di Sabatino Mary Sue Miliken Susan Feniger Alissa Walker Adam Stone Susan Chaityn Lebovits Hratzan Zetilian Steve Rosen David Harte Graft architects Graft Jeffrey Head John Southern Ball Nogues Studio Allison Milionis Craig Hartman William H. Fain Jr. Open Source Architecture FORM Photographers columns list 3 Jay Wolke Benny Chan Roland Halbe Julius Shulman Juergen Nogai Marvin Rand John Horner Luke Perczak John Edward Linden Michael Weschler Eric Staudenmaier Tim Griffith Tom Bonner Manolo Langis File FORMcover.j f09 sml.jpg thumb January February 2009 Cover External links http www.formmag.net FORM Magazine Website http aialosangeles.org American Institute of Architects Los Angeles Category Architecture magazines Category American magazines Category Bi monthly magazines ... more details
The s form ref name WW Ch I Woodward, 2004, Ch. 1 ref is the English language phenomenon of suffixing Saxon genitive s or wikt s English s to business names where there is not one present in writing, predominantly in colloquial speech ref Woodward, 2004, Ch. 5.1 ref . This is particularly common with the names of supermarket s. For example Tesco could be converted to Tesco s in speech, Safeway UK Safeway to Safeways , Wal Mart to Wal Mart s , etc. Foreigners come across this form especially as concerns manufacturers mere retailers like the above examples remain customers and employees conversation. clarify date December 2010 For example, the firm Short Brothers of Belfast built the aircraft called the Short Sunderland , but the firm is colloquially given as Shorts . Causes Possible causes for use of the s form include a third person verb ending, contraction of wikt is English is , and pluralisation but it is most likely that the s form is an overgeneralisation of the Apostrophe Possessives in business names possessive suffix common in business names . ref Woodward, 2004, Ch. 2.1.1 ref References wiktionary s reflist 3 refbegin cite journal first Lorraine last Woodward title The supermarket storm an investigation into an aspect of variation publisher Lancaster University date February 2004 url http www.lancs.ac.uk fss courses ling ling201 res dissertations.htm accessdate 2008 04 06 refend DEFAULTSORT S Form Category British English Category English phonology linguistics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In mathematics , a constant term is a term mathematics term in an Expression mathematics algebraic expression that does not contain any Variable mathematics variables , and therefore has constant function constant value. For example, in the quadratic polynomial math x 2 2x 3, math the 3 is a constant term. After like terms are combined, an algebraic expression will have at most one constant term. Thus, it is common to speak of the quadratic polynomial math ax 2 bx c, math where x is the variable, and has a constant term of c . If c 0, then the constant term will not actually appear when the quadratic is written. Any polynomial written in standard form has a unique constant term, which can be considered the coefficient of x sup 0 sup . In particular, the constant term is always the lowest Degree of a polynomial degree term of the polynomial. This also applies to multivariate polynomials. For example, the polynomial math x 2 2xy y 2 2x 2y 4 math has a constant term of &minus 4, which can be considered the coefficient of x sup 0 sup y sup 0 sup . For any polynomial, the constant term can be obtained by substituting in 0 for all of the variables. The concept can be extended to power series and other types of series in the power series math a 0 a 1 x a 2 x 2 a 3 x 3 cdots, math a sub 0 sub is the constant term. In general a constant term is one that does not involve any variables at all. However in expressions that involve terms with other types of factors than constants and powers of variables, the notion of constant term cannot be used in this sense, since that would lead to calling 4 the constant term of math x 3 2 4 math , whereas substituting 0 for x in this polynomial makes it evaluate to 13. DEFAULTSORT Constant Term Category Polynomials Category Elementary algebra ar fa ko ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Seealso Space form In mathematics , constant curvature in differential geometry is a concept most commonly applied to surface s. For those the scalar curvature is a single number determining the local geometry, and its constancy has the obvious meaning that it is the same at all points. The circle has constant curvature, also, in a natural but different sense. The standard surface geometries of constant curvature are elliptic geometry or spherical geometry which has positive curvature , Euclidean geometry which has zero curvature, and hyperbolic geometry pseudosphere geometry which has negative curvature . Since Riemann surface s can be taken to have constant curvature, there is a large supply of other examples, for negative curvature. For higher dimensional manifold s, constant curvature is usually taken to mean constant sectional curvature , and a complete manifold of this kind is called a space form . As in the case of surfaces, there are three types of geometries elliptic, flat, or hyperbolic according to whether the curvature is positive, zero, or negative. The universal cover of a manifold of constant sectional curvature is one of the model spaces sphere, Euclidean space, hyperbolic space , and the study of space forms is thus generalized crystallography. Spherical manifold Flat manifold Hyperbolic manifold Seealso Curvature of Riemannian manifolds DEFAULTSORT Constant Curvature Category Differential geometry Category Riemannian geometry nl Constante kromming zh ... more details
Constant Anton Nieuwenhuys 21 July 1920 &ndash 1 August 2005 was a Dutch painter, and one of the foremost innovators of Unitary Urbanism . In 1941, he became deeply interested in the work of Paul C zanne , Cubism and German Expressionism . He was born in Amsterdam . Generally known simply as Constant , in 1948 he founded the Experimentele Groep in Holland with Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo Corneille , Karel Appel and his own brother, Jan Nieuwenhuys . They then went on to link up with Christian Dotremont and Joseph Noiret of Belgium and Asger Jorn of Denmark to form COBRA avant garde movement CoBrA . In 1958 he helped form the Situationist International where he is most noted for his contribution to unitary urbanism . http www.todayinhistory.de index.php?what geb&page 1&tag 21&monat 7&year 2006&dayisset 1&lang en Scorched Earth I 1951 is one of his noted works from this period. He was also well known for his life long work New Babylon Constant Nieuwenhuys New Babylon , a series of models, collages, writings and other projects related to his theories of urban development and social interaction. Although his early work was conventional in style and included deeply religious subjects ... War, African famine and Kosovo refugees. Marxism was a strong influence. Constant s New Babylon ... constant constant.html Interview from 2003 http www.tate.org.uk servlet ViewWork?workid 2769 Apr s Nous La Libert painting http members.chello.nl j.seegers1 situationist constant.html Constant & New ... of Constant originals generally known as Constant Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Constant ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Constant Category 1920 births Category 2005 deaths Category People from Amsterdam ... stub da Constant de Constant Maler es Constant Nieuwenhuys eo Constant Nieuwenhuys fr Constant Nieuwenhuis lb Constant nl Constant Nieuwenhuys sv Constant Nieuwenhuys ... more details
The MRB constant, named after Marvin Ray Burns, is a mathematical constant for which no closed form expression is known. It is not known whether the MRB constant is algebraic number algebraic , transcendental number transcendental , or even irrational number irrational . The numerical value of MRB constant, truncated to 6 decimal decimal places , is nowrap 0.187859 OEIS A037077 . Definition The MRB constant is related to the following divergent series math sum k 1 infty 1 k k 1 k . math Its partial sum s math s n sum k 1 n 1 k k 1 k math are bounded so that their limit point s form an interval mathematics interval 0.812140 ,0.187859 of length 1. The upper limit point 0.187859 is what is known as the MRB constant. ref cite web last Burns first Marvin R. coauthors title MRB Constant url http pi.lacim.uqam.ca 16080 piDATA mrburns.txt date 1999 09 01 work publisher http pi.lacim.uqam.ca Plouffe s Inverter accessdate 2009 05 05 ref The MRB constant can be explicitly defined by the following infinite sums ref name Weisstein MathWorld title MRB Constant urlname MRBConstant ref math 0.187859 ldots sum k 1 infty 1 k k 1 k 1 sum k 1 infty left 2k 1 2k 2k 1 1 2k 1 right . math There is no known closed form expression of the MRB constant. ref cite book title Mathematical Constants last Finch first Steven R. authorlink coauthors year 2003 publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge .... Burns, the constant s author, in 1999 Marvin Ray Burns published his discovery of the constant in 1999 ... Simon Plouffe that such a constant had not already been discovered or at least not widely published, Burns called the constant rc for root constant. ref cite web last Burns first Marvin ... math2.org accessdate 2009 05 05 ref At Plouffe s suggestion, the constant was renamed Marvin Ray Burns s Constant, and then shortened to MRB constant in 1999. ref cite web last Plouffe first Simon coauthors ... Official site of M.R. Burns, constant s author Category Mathematical constants Category Number ... more details
Constant folding and constant propagation are related compiler optimization s used by many modern compiler s. An advanced form of constant propagation known as sparse conditional constant propagation can more accurately propagate constants and simultaneously remove dead code . Constant folding Constant folding is the process of simplifying Constant programming constant expressions at compile time . Terms in constant expressions are typically simple literals, such as the integer code 2 code , but can also be variables whose values are never modified, or variables explicitly marked as constant. Consider ... IR tree. In some compilers, constant folding is done early so that statements such as C ... common to include further constant folding rounds in later stages in the compiler, as well. Constant ... to constant propagation. Constant folding and cross compilation In implementing a cross compiler , care ... matches that on the target architecture, as otherwise enabling constant folding will change the behaviour ... precise implementation may vary widely. Constant propagation Constant propagation is the process ... those defined above, as well as intrinsic function s applied to constant values. Consider the following ... by dead code elimination of both x and y. int x 14 int y 0 return 0 Constant propagation is implemented ... are the same assignment which assigns a same constant to the variable, then the variable has a constant value and can be replaced with the constant. Constant propagation can also cause conditional branches ... in action Constant folding and propagation are typically used together to achieve many simplifications ..., for example int a 30 int b 9 a 5 int c c b 4 if c 10 c c 10 return c 60 a Applying constant propagation once, followed by constant folding, yields int a 30 int b 3 int c c 3 4 if c ... of a function, the compiler could further take advantage of the knowledge that it evaluates to the constant ... Kaufmann. 1997. See also Control flow graph SSA form Copy propagation Common subexpression elimination ... more details
Sierpi ski s constant is a mathematical constant usually denoted as K . One way of defining it is by limiting the expression math K lim n to infty left sum k 1 n r 2 k over k pi ln n right math where r sub 2 sub k is a number of representations of k as a sum of the form a sup 2 sup b sup 2 sup for natural number natural a and b . Its value is math K pi left 2 ln 2 3 ln pi 2 gamma 4 ln Gamma left frac 1 4 right right approx 2.58498 17595 79253 21706 58935 87383 dots math See also Wac aw Sierpi ski External links http www.scenta.co.uk tcaep science constant details sierpinskisconstant.xml http pi.lacim.uqam.ca piDATA sierpinski.txt Sierpi ski s constant up to 2000th decimal digit. MathWorld urlname SierpinskiConstant title Sierpinski Constant SloanesRef sequencenumber A062089 math stub Category Mathematical constants Sierpinski s constant de Sierpi ski Konstante pl Sta a Sierpi skiego ... more details
Saint Constant is the name of several places Saint Constant, Quebec Saint Constant, Cantal , a commune in the Cantal d partement , in France disambig de Saint Constant fr Saint Constant homonymie pl Saint Constant ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A hydrolysis constant is an equilibrium constant for a hydrolysis reaction. ref http www.chemicool.com definition hydrolysis constant.html Definition of hydrolysis constant Chemistry Dictionary Bot generated title ref For example, if a metal salt chemistry salt such as aluminium chloride AlCl sub 3 sub dissolves in an aqueous solution , the metal cation behaves as a Lewis acid and hydrolyzes the water molecules in the solvent. ref Research and Education Association. The best test preparation for the GRE Chemistry test. , 2000. ISBN 0 87891 600 8. Page 87. ref Al sup 3 sup 2H sub 2 sub O &rarr AlOH sup 2 sup H sub 3 sub O sup sup The hydrolysis constant for this reaction is as shown K sub hydrolysis sub H sub 3 sub O sup sup AlOH sup 2 sup Al sup 3 sup In a more generalized form, the hydrolysis constant can be described as K sub a sub H sub 3 sub O sup sup A sup sup HA where A sup sup represents any base chemistry base , and HA represents any acid. ref http www.wou.edu las physci ch412 hydrolysis.htm Hydrolysis Bot generated title ref References reflist Category Equilibrium chemistry chemistry stub ar ... more details
Constant maturity refers to have a fixed constant maturity finance maturity . It may refer to Constant maturity credit default swap Constant maturity swap Constant maturity treasury disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In calculus , the derivative of a constant function is 0 number zero A constant function is one that does not depend on the independent variable, such as f x 7 . The rule can be justified in various ways. The derivative is the slope of the tangent to the given function s graph, and the graph of a constant function is a horizontal line, whose slope is zero. Proof A formal proof , from the Derivative Definition via difference quotients definition of a derivative , is math f x lim h to 0 frac f x h f x h lim h to 0 frac c c h lim h to 0 0 0. math In Leibniz notation , it is written as math frac d dx c 0. math Antiderivative of zero A partial converse to this statement is the following If a function has a derivative of zero on an interval, it must be constant on that interval. This is not a consequence of the original statement, but follows from the mean value theorem . It can be generalized to the statement that If two functions have the same derivative on an interval, they must differ by a constant, or If g is an antiderivative of f on and interval, then all antiderivatives of &fnof on that interval are of the form g x C, where C is a constant. From this follows a weak version of the second fundamental theorem of calculus if is continuous on a,b and g for some function g, then math int a b f x , dx g b g a . math DEFAULTSORT Derivative Of A Constant Category Differential calculus Category Zero ca Derivada d una constant ... more details
that with a large population man had no role in government regardless of its form or type. Constant ...Infobox Writer name Benjamin Constant image Benjamin Constant.jpg imagesize 150px alt caption pseudonym ... Benjamin Constant disambiguation . Constant Rebecque redirects here see also Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque . Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque 25 October 1767 &ndash 8 December 1830 was a Switzerland Swiss born France French nobleman, thinker, writer and politician . Biography Constant was born ... block first known as the Indepentants and then as liberals. Constant died in Paris on December 8, 1830. Political Philosophy One of the first liberalism liberal thinkers to go by the name, Constant ... how the French attempted to apply ancient republic liberties to the modern state. Constant realized .... However, the satisfaction of modern peoples occur in their private existence. Constant ... Rousseau and Abb de Mably . These writers, influential to the French Revolution, according to Constant ..., Constant s entire political thought ref Furet 1981, p.27 ref revolved around this question, namely the problem of explaining the Terror. Constant understood the revolutionaries disastrous over investment ... were the primary forces in the streets. They promoted constant vigilance and a public person. Constant ... to usher in new despots such as Napoleon. Moreover, Constant believed that in the modern world, commerce ... nations. Constant believed that if liberty was to be salvaged from the aftermath of the Revolution ... demonstrated the practicality of Modern Liberty and Britain was a constitutional monarchy . Constant ... Napoleon was defeated, but Constant s work nevertheless provided a means of reconciling monarchy with liberty ... of many of Constant s ideas a hereditary monarchy existing alongside an elected Chamber of Deputies ..., although often ignored in France because of his Anglo Saxon sympathies, Constant made a profound albeit indirect contribution to French constitutional traditions. Secondly, Constant developed a new ... more details
Constant is a human name, and may refer to Benjamin Constant 1767 1830 , Swiss born thinker, writer and French politician Benjamin Constant Brazil 1836 1891 , Brazilian military man and political thinker David Constant born 1941 , international cricket umpire Edward Constant II born circa 1942 , American historian Emmanuel Constant bishop 1928 2009 , Roman Catholic Haitian bishop Emmanuel Constant born 1956 , founder of FRAPH Marius Constant 1925 2004 , Romanian born French composer Matthew Constant 1987 Present , Security Police Dispatcher for Spectrum Health Paul Henri Benjamin d Estournelles de Constant 1852 1924 , French diplomat and politician Pete Constant 21st century , American politician See also Constance name Constant given name Constant D sir Benjamin Constant Beno t Constant Saint Constant surname Constant ... more details
The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, and diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. center Image MagicSquare ExplicitSums.png center The term magic constant or magic sum is similarly applied to other magic figures such as magic star s and magic cube s. Normal magic squares If a magic square of order n is magic square normal i.e., it contains the numbers 1 to n , then the magic constant depends only on n its value is math M 2 n frac n n 2 1 2 . math This formula is a consequence of the formula for the sum of the first n integers math 1 2 ... k frac k k 1 2 math applied to the case k n , yielding n n 1 2, which is then divided by n because there are n rows, all of which sum to the same value. The magic constants of normal magic squares of order n 3, 4, 5, are sequence OEIS A006003 A006003 in On Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences OEIS 15 number 15 , 34 number 34 , 65 number 65 , 111 number 111 , 175 number 175 , 260 number 260 , 369 number 369 , 505, 671, 870, . The numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of a normal magic square form a magic series . Magic cubes Similarly, if a magic cube consists of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n ³ , then it has magic constant OEIS id A027441 math M 3 n frac n n 3 1 2 . math Magic tesseracts In 4 dimensions, a magic tesseract consists of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n sup 4 sup , and has magic constant math M 4 n frac n n 4 1 2 . math In general, for dimension d and order n , a magic hypercube consists of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n sup d sup , and has the magic constant math M d n frac n n d 1 2 . math Magic stars The magic constant of an n pointed normal magic star is M 4 n 2. See also Magic number physics External links http www.muljadi.org EightQueens.htm 260 as magic constant for 8 queens problem and 8x8 magic square http members.shaw.ca tesseracts t math.htm Hypercube Math formulae ... more details
disambig Parabolic constant can refer to Universal parabolic constant , a mathematical constant Parabolic rate constant , a parameter of the Deal Grove model Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Andr Constant may refer to Andr Henri Constant van Hasselt 1806 1874 , Flemish poet Andr Marie Constant Dum ril 1774 1860 , French zoologist hndis Constant, Andr ... more details
Cosmology In physical cosmology , the cosmological constant usually denoted by the Greek capital letter ... in a cosmological constant. Equation The cosmological constant appears in Einstein field equations Einstein s modified field equation in the form of math R mu nu frac 1 2 R ,g mu nu Lambda ,g ... that structure , and gravitational constant G and speed of light c are conversion factors ... . The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum ... to quote values of energy density directly, though still using the name cosmological constant . A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure ... Lambda In lieu of the cosmological constant itself, cosmologists often refer to the ratio between the energy density due to the cosmological constant and the critical density of the universe. This ratio ... to the fraction of the energy density of the Universe due to the cosmological constant. Note that this definition ... changes with cosmological time , but the energy density due to the cosmological constant remains unchanged ... the cosmological constant as a term in his Einstein field equations field equations for general relativity .... To counteract this possibility, Einstein added the cosmological constant. ref name Yale However, soon ... blunder of his life. It is now thought that adding the cosmological constant to Einstein s equations ... constant remained a subject of theoretical and empirical interest. Empirically, the onslaught ... cosmological constant. ref name Yale The explanation of this small but positive value is an outstanding ... a cosmological constant on theoretical grounds or found that it arose naturally from the mathematics. For example, Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed that the cosmological constant version ... with a cosmological term. Positive cosmological constant Observations announced in 1998 of distance ... Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant year 1998 month ... more details
In mathematics , Cahen s constant is defined as an Series mathematics infinite series of unit fraction s, with alternating signs, derived from Sylvester s sequence math C sum frac 1 i s i 1 frac11 frac12 frac16 frac1 42 frac1 1806 cdots approx 0.64341054629. math By considering these fractions in pairs, we can also view Cahen s constant as a series of positive unit fractions formed from the terms in even positions of Sylvester s sequence this series for Cahen s constant forms its Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions greedy Egyptian expansion math C sum frac 1 s 2i frac12 frac17 frac1 1807 frac1 10650056950807 cdots math This constant is named after Eug ne Cahen also known for the Cahen Mellin integral , who first formulated and investigated its series harv Cahen 1891 . Cahen s constant is known to be Transcendental number transcendental harv Davison Shallit 1991 . It is notable as being one of a small number of naturally occurring transcendental numbers for which we know the complete continued fraction expansion if we form the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 14, 129, 25298, 420984147, ... OEIS id A006279 defined by the recurrence math q n 2 q n 2 q n 1 q n math then the continued fraction expansion of Cahen s constant is math 0,1,q 0 2,q 1 2,q 2 2, ldots math harv Davison Shallit 1991 . References citation last Cahen first Eug ne title Note sur un d veloppement des quantit s num riques, qui pr sente quelque analogie avec celui en fractions continues journal Nouvelles Annales de Math matiques volume 10 year 1891 pages 508 514 citation last1 Davison first1 J. Les author2 link Jeffrey Shallit last2 Shallit first2 Jeffrey O. title Continued fractions for some alternating series journal Monatshefte f r Mathematik volume 111 year 1991 pages 119 126 doi 10.1007 BF01332350 External links mathworld title Cahen s Constant urlname CahensConstant citation title The Cahen constant to 4000 digits url http pi.lacim.uqam.ca piDATA cahen.txt work Plouffe s Inverter publisher Universit du Qu bec ... more details
ref Constant Girard redesigned the three bridges, part of the watch movement, into the form of arrows ...Constant Girard La Chaux de Fonds 1825 1903 La Chaux de Fonds was a Swiss watchmaker from the 18th century, who marked his time by his developments in the escapement systems, in particular that of the tourbillon . His most famous watch , the Tourbillon with three gold bridges, is still fabricated today in modern versions by the Swiss watch nanufacturer, Girard Perregaux . Image Constant girard.jpg thumb right Constant Girard His life Constant Girard began his career apprenticed to the watchmaker of La Sagne, in the mountains of Neuch tel, Switzerland. In 1945, he joined forces with watchmaker C. Robert. Around 1852, he practiced his profession under the name of Girard & Cie, at the side of his older brother Numa. ref name Fran ois Chaille, Girard Perregaux, p. 78, 83 92, 96 ref In 1854, he married Marie Perregaux 1831 1912 , who came from a family of watchmakers, and the two founded the watch manufacturing company in La Chaux de Fonds that still carries their combined family names Girard Perregaux, which is still in existence today. His business developed rapidly, all the way to America and Japan. Constant Girard Perregaux was equally active in the social, political, and economic life of La Chaux de Fonds . He died in 1903. The Tourbillon with three gold bridges Constant Girard devoted many long years to studying and designing diverse systems of escapements and in particular that of the tourbillon. Invented at the very beginning of the 19th century, the tourbillon counteracted ... was awarded a gold medal at the Universal Exposition of Paris in 1889. Other accomplishments Constant ... Girard, Constant ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1825 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1903 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Girard, Constant Category 1825 births Category 1903 deaths Category Watchmakers people fr Constant Girard ... more details
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