unreferenced date July 2008 expert date June 2010 A forelimb is an anterior front most Limb anatomy limb arm, leg, or similar appendage on an animal s body. When referring to quadruped s four legged animals , the term foreleg is often instead used. The term is not to be confused with the forearm , which refers to a segment of the arm between the Elbow joint elbow and the wrist . The joint between the thoracic limb and the trunk is called the omothoracic junction. Fact date July 2008 It is a form of synsarcosis, which means that it is the union of parts of the skeleton by muscles. See also Equine forelimb anatomy Hind limb animal stub anatomy stub Category Animal anatomy ... more details
Image equine dist forelimb bones.png 400px thumb alt The bones and joints of the Equine forelimb anatomy equine forelimb distal to the wrist or Carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates carpus br The metacarpophalangeal joint or fetlock is located between the third metacarpal or Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones cannon bone and the proximal phalanx or Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones long pastern bone . br The proximal interphalangeal joint or pastern is located between the long pastern bone and the middle phalanx or Equine forelimb anatomy Middle phalanx short pastern bone . br The distal interphalangeal joint or Equine forelimb anatomy Distal phalanx coffin joint is located between the short pastern bone and the distal phalanx or coffin bone . br The equine forelimb also referred to as the front limb , rostral limb , cephalad limb or thoracic limb of the horse is attached to the trunk of the animal by purely muscular connections the serratus ventralis, trapezius, rhomboideus, latissimus dorsi, brachiocephalicus, subclavius and pectoralis muscles . This is in contrast to the forelimbs of several other vertebrate s, including humans, who have skeletal attachments the coracoid and clavicle bones . During locomotion, the forelimb functions primarily for weight bearing rather than propulsion and supports the forehand horse forehand of the horse. In the standing horse, the forelimbs ... over to locomotion, where the forelimb props the weight of the horse, while forward momentum is generated ... impulsion shifts the horse s weight to the hindquarters. Bones of the distal forelimb Metacarpal bones The equine forelimb contains three metacarpal bones. These are analogous to the bones within ... the suspensory ligament of the forelimb. Proximal phalanx The proximal phalanx or first phalanx ... distal bone of the forelimb, and lies completely within the Horse hoof hoof capsule. The distal ... http www.thehorse.com pdf anatomy anatomy3.pdf Equine Anatomy and Physiology The Forelimb http ultimatehorsesite.com ... more details
Summary Photograph by User Ballista Image edited in Adobe PhotoShop CS by User Firsfron Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
A thoracic limb is a limb attached to the thorax . It may refer to one of these topics Upper limb , in human anatomy Forelimb , in Zootomy animal anatomy See also Pelvic limb . disambig ... more details
Summary Simplified diagram showing expanded gene expression domains in developing bat forelimb potentially contributing to the morphological changes resulting in the bat wing. Licensing PD self date April 2010 ... more details
A hind limb is a Posterior anatomy posterior Limb anatomy limb on an animal . When referring to quadruped s, the term hind leg is often instead used. See also Forelimb anatomy stub Category Animal anatomy Category Lower limb anatomy ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Racine stages are a categorization of epileptic seizures proposed by Ronald J. Racine. In the kindling model of epilepsy , the brain receives electrical shocks or chemical injections to induce acute medicine acute seizures . With repetition, these seizures become chronic medicine chronic and generally do not occur spontaneously Vezzani and Hoyer 1999 , creating a useful animal model within which to study epilepsy. The induced seizures are of various strength and character. In 1972, Ronald J. Racine divided these seizures into five categories. ref name PMID4110397 Cite journal author Racine, R. J. title Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure. journal Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology volume 32 issue 3 pages 281 94 year 1972 pmid 4110397 doi 10.1016 0013 4694 72 90177 0 ref Mouth and facial movement Head nodding Forelimb clonus Rearing with forelimb clonus Rearing and falling with forelimb clonus generalized motor convulsions References Reflist Category Epilepsy Neuroscience stub ... more details
been found to play a role in Bat forelimb development but the timing, intensity, and spatial gene expression ... ref Elongation of forelimb One major difference in bat forearms is that their skeletal limb structures are elongated. This elongation of the forelimb skeleton is required to support the wing membrane ... forelimb AER are expanded in comparison to the mouse forelimb, suggesting that expanded expression of fgf8 may contribute to the larger size of the bat forelimb. Because the mouse and bat orthologs ... alt developing bat forelimb showing gene expression patterns Simplified diagram showing expanded gene expression domains in developing bat forelimb potentially contributing to the morphological changes ... in reduction of bat skeletal forelimb thickness is differences in SHH expression. Mice with shh ... more details
Image TrimmedLeg.jpg thumb right 250px Fetlock joint the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern . Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint s MCPJ and MTPJ of horse s, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal forelimb or metatarsal hindlimb bones common name the cannon bone s proximad and the proximal phalanx distad common name the pastern bone . Paired proximal sesamoid bones articulate with the palmar or plantar distal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones and are rigidly fixed to the proximo palmar plantar edge of the proximal phalanx. The fetlock is a hinge joint ginglymus , allowing flexion and extension kinesiology extension , but minimal rotation , adduction , or Abduction kinesiology abduction . While sometimes the fetlock is colloquially referred to as an ankle, even by horse experts, that terminology is not correct. The fetlock actually is a metacarpophalangeal joint which corresponds to the human upper knuckle , such as that on the ball anatomy ball of the foot. Problems with the Fetlock Windpuff s Sesamoiditis Osselet Etymology and related terminology The word fetlock literally means foot lock and originally referred to the small tuft of hair situated on the rear of the fetlock joint ref name mw http www.merriam webster.com dictionary fetlock Merriam Webster fetlock ref . Feathering horse Feather refers to the particularly long, luxuriant hair growth over the lower leg and fetlock that is characteristic of certain breeds. See also Equine forelimb anatomy Equine anatomy Feathering horse References references Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy 2nd Ed. W.B. Saunders, 1996, p591 Category Horse anatomy ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 The pastern is a part of the horse between the fetlock joint and the hoof , or between the wrist and forepaw of a dog . It is the equivalent to the two largest bones found in the human finger. It was famously mis defined by Samuel Johnson Dr Johnson in A Dictionary of the English Language his dictionary as the knee of a horse . When a lady asked Johnson how he came to do so, he gave the much quoted reply Ignorance, madam, pure ignorance. ref James Boswell , The Life of Samuel Johnson LL.D. , http ebooks.adelaide.edu.au b boswell james osgood chapter14.html Chapter 14 ref Anatomy and importance of the pastern Image equine dist forelimb bones.png 400px thumb alt The bones and joints of the Equine forelimb anatomy equine forelimb distal to the wrist or Carpus and tarsus of land vertebrates carpus br The metacarpophalangeal joint or fetlock is located between the third metacarpal or Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones cannon bone and the proximal phalanx or Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones long pastern bone . br The proximal interphalangeal joint or pastern is located between the long pastern bone and the middle phalanx or Equine forelimb anatomy Middle phalanx short pastern bone . br The distal interphalangeal joint or Equine forelimb anatomy Distal phalanx coffin joint is located between the short pastern bone and the distal phalanx or coffin bone . br Image Pastern absorbing shock.jpg thumb Shock absorption of the pastern The pastern consists of two bones, the uppermost called the large pastern bone or proximal phalanx , which is located just under the fetlock, and the lower called the small pastern bone or middle phalanx , located between the large pastern bone and the coffin bone also see Equine forelimb anatomy . The joint between these two bones is aptly called the pastern joint. This joint has very limited movement, but does help to disperse the concussive forces of the horse s step and also has some influence on the flexi ... more details
Automatic taxobox name Drepanosaurus fossil range Late Triassic image Drepanosaurus BW.jpg image width 250px taxon Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus parent authority Giovanni Pinna Pinna , 1979 authority Pinna, 1979 Drepanosaurus is a genus of arboreal tree dwelling reptile that lived during the Triassic Period. Only one specimen of Drepanosaurus has thus far been found. Sadly this specimen was incomplete and lacked a head and neck. Drepanosaurus was probably an insectivore, and lived in a coastal environment in what is now modern Italy. Image Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus.JPG 200px left thumb Drepanosaurus Anatomy A full sized adult Drepanosaurus had a length of about half a meter. Its name means scythe lizard , which is thought to refer either to the enlarged claw on its forelimb, or the claw like structure at the tip of its prehensile tail. The structure at the end of the tail is made of fused vertebra e. The forelimb of Drepanosaurus is highly modified compared to other vertebrates and very robust. Its ulna was altered from being a forearm bone into an odd crescent shaped site for muscle attachment. The role played by the ulna in most tetrapod s is replaced by an elongated carpal bone. Additional musculature would be attached to the high withers that characterized Drepanosaurus and its close relatives. A clue to the purpose of these large muscles can be found on its hand. The animal s index finger bore a large claw reminiscent of those born by dinosaurs such as Noasaurus and Baryonyx . However it is more likely that Drepanosaurus used its claw like the modern pygmy anteater , tearing through bark and insect nests to find invertebrate prey. Some researchers have forwarded the more far fetched proposal that the claw was used to excavate burrows, but this is unlikely. External links http www.hmnh.org galleries monkeylizards Hairy Museum of Natural History page on simosaurs portal Paleontology Category Avicephalans Category Triassic reptiles Category Prehistoric reptiles of ... more details
The intermembral index is a ratio used to compare limb proportions, expressed as a percentage . ref name Ankel Simons cite book last Ankel Simons first F. title Primate Anatomy edition 3rd publisher Academic Press pages 49 53 year 2007 isbn 0 12 372576 3 ref It is equal to the length of forelimb s humerus plus Radius bone radius divided by the length of the hind limb s femur plus tibia multiplied by 100, ref name Conroy cite book last1 Conroy first1 G.C. title Primate Evolution edition 1st publisher W.W. Norton and Co. location New York year 1990 isbn 978 0393956498 ref otherwise written mathematically as math tfrac humerus radius femur tibia times 100 math It is used frequently in primatology since it helps predict primate Terrestrial locomotion locomotor patterns . For scores lower than 100, the forelimbs are shorter than the hind limbs, which is common in Jumping leaping primates and Bipedalism bipedal hominid s. Quadrupedalism Quadrupedal primates tend to have scores around 100, while Brachiation brachiating primates have scores significantly higher than 100. This information can also be used to predict locomotor patterns for extinct primates in cases where forelimb and hind limb fossil s have been found. ref name Ankel Simons References Reflist Category Primate anatomy el fr Indice intermembral ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Leptoceratops fossil range Fossil range Late Cretaceous image Leptoceratops gracilis.jpg image width image caption Leptoceratops gracilis forelimb regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptilia superordo Dinosaur ia ordo Ornithischia subordo Cerapoda infraordo Ceratopsia familia Leptoceratopsidae genus Leptoceratops species L. gracilis binomial authority Barnum Brown Brown , 1914 binomial Leptoceratops gracilis Leptoceratops meaning lean horned face and derived from Ancient Greek Greek lepto meaning small , insignificant , slender , meagre or lean , cerat meaning horn and ops meaning face , ref name Liddell1980 cite book author Henry George Liddell Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott philologist Robert Scott year 1980 title A Greek English Lexicon Abridged Edition publisher Oxford University Press location United Kingdom isbn 0 19 910207 4 ref was a primitive ceratopsian dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous Period geology Period of what is now Western North America , at the same time as its giant relatives Triceratops and Torosaurus . Its skulls have been found in Alberta , Canada and in Wyoming . It could probably stand and run on its hind legs. Analysis of its forelimb function indicates that even though it couldn t pronate its hands, it could also walk on four legs. ref Senter, P. 2007 , Analysis of forelimb function in basal ceratopsians. Journal of Zoology, 273 305 314. ref Leptoceratops was around convert 2 m ft long and could have weighed anywhere between convert 68 to 200 kg lb . Discovery and Species File Leptoceratops BW.jpg thumb left Restoration The first small ceratopsian named, Leptoceratops was discovered in 1910 and described four years later , by Barnum Brown in the Red Deer Valley in Alberta, Canada. The first specimen had a part of its skull missing, however there have been later well preserved finds by Charles M. Sternberg C. M. Sternberg in 1947, including one complete fossil a very rare ... more details
, raises it in collection, and swings the forelimb foreleg forward. It is well developed for good ... the toe and knee and extends the elbow. See also Muscular system of the horse Equine forelimb ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Thoatherium status fossil fossil range Early Miocene image Thoatherium crepidatum.JPG image width 250px image caption Thoatherium crepidatum skull regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Litopterna familia Proterotheriidae genus Thoatherium Thoatherium is an extinct genus of litoptern mammal. Image Thoatheriumknight.jpg thumb left Restoration With a length of convert 70 cm ft , the gazelle like Thoatherium was the smallest representative of the order Litopterna . Judging from its long legs, it was a fast runner. Thoatherium had remarkably reduced toes only one horse like claw hoof remained. Thoatherium even lacked Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones splint bones , which are remnants of the second and fourth toe found in modern horses. Judging from its generalised teeth, Thoatherium fed on soft leaves rather than on tough grasses. ref name EoDP cite book editor Palmer, D. year 1999 title The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals publisher Marshall Editions location London page 247 isbn 1 84028 152 9 ref References reflist paleo mammal stub Category Litopterns portal Paleontology de Thoatherium it Thoatherium ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Capitulum of the humerus Latin capitulum humeri GraySubject 51 GrayPage 212 Image Capitulumhumeri.PNG Caption Left humerus. Anterior view. Capitulum visible at bottom right. Image2 HumerusFront.png Caption2 System appendicular skeleton Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 06 DorlandsSuf 12210703 In human anatomy of the arm, the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus . It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius , and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone. In bird s, where forelimb anatomy has adaptation biology adaptation for flight, its functional if not Verify source date August 2007 ontogenetic equivalent is the dorsal condyle of the humerus . Additional images gallery Image Human arm bones diagram.svg Human arm bones diagram gallery External links SUNYAnatomyFigs 07 02 05 BiowebUW APLab Table of Contents Lab 04 Humerus 1 Humerus 1c humerus 1c.html aplab eMedicineDictionary capitulum of humerus Gray s Bones of upper extremity musculoskeletal stub hu Capitulum humeri ro Capitulum th ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Poling or Rapping is the practice of hitting a horse on the legs as it goes over a jump, to make it think it hit the fence hard due to the pain , so the animal will pick his legs up higher the next time. It is usually performed using a long bamboo stick, which is smacked on the Equine forelimb anatomy Metacarpal bones cannon bone s of the horse. Poling is illegal under International Federation for Equestrian Sports F I rules, as well as under many national rules ref CA PENAL 597g , 1951, http www.animallaw.info statutes stuscacalpencode597g.htm , 09 13 10 ref . Show jumping Show jumpers and hunt seat competitors were the most common users of this technique, as a rail down is often a deciding factor in winning a class. However, the practice is rarely seen today. In popular culture Poling can be seen in a scene of the movie National Velvet film National Velvet , when Mi Taylor hits the Pie on the legs as Velvet rides him over an obstacle in a training session. References Footnotes Reflist colwidth 30em DEFAULTSORT Poling Horse Category Horse training Category Show jumping Category Hunt seat de Barren Reitsport ... more details
Levine s sign is a clenched fist held over the chest to describe ischemic chest pain . ref name pmid8541748 cite journal author Edmondstone WM title Cardiac chest pain does body language help the diagnosis? journal BMJ volume 311 issue 7021 pages 1660 1 year 1995 pmid 8541748 doi url http bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8541748 pmc 2539106 ref As the referred pain associated with ischemia radiates to the area of the left proximal forelimb, the right, unaffected arm is used to produce the gesture. It is named for Samuel A. Levine Dr. Sam Levine who first observed that many patients suffering from chest pain made this same sign to describe their symptoms. This clenched fist signal may be seen in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome myocardial infarction and angina pectoris . References reflist Eponymous medical signs for circulatory and respiratory systems Category Medical signs med sign stub pl Objaw Levine a ... more details
Image Handskelett MK1888.png thumb Forelimb skeleton of orang utan, dog, swine, cattle, tapir, and horse Image Tarsalia accessoria.png thumb Accessory tarsal bones of human foot. Os trigonum is number 30. The carpus wrist and Tarsus skeleton tarsus ankle of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution . Three proximal s. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5 15 of people as an os trigonum . ref cite web url http orthopedics.about.com cs footanklesurgery g ostrigonum.htm title Os Trigonum publisher About.com first Jonathan last Cluett date August 2003 accessdate December 2009 ref Centrale or os centrale , on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes chimpanzees and gorillas it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone occasionally it stays separate. In Man s foot it is the navicular . Some early land vertebrates had more than one up to three os centrale per hand or foot plural ossa centralia . Distals , one per finger toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal . In mammal s the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost. See also Tetrapod Limbs Tetrapod limbs References reflist Anatomy stub Category Skeletal system ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Zaraasuchus fossil range Late Cretaceous regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Reptile Sauropsida infraclassis Archosauromorpha superordo Crocodylomorpha unranked familia Crocodyliformes familia Gobiosuchidae genus Zaraasuchus binomial Zaraasuchus shepardi binomial authority Pol & Norell 2004 Zaraasuchus hedgehog crocodile was a Gobiosuchidae gobiosuchid Crocodyliformes crocodyliform described in 2004 by Diego Pol and Mark Norell . It was found in the Red Beds of Zos Canyon, in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia , thus making it Late Cretaceous in age. The type species is Z. shepardi , honouring Dr. Richard Shepard. Material The holotype of Z. shepardi is IGM 100 1321, consisting of the posterior region of the skull and lower jaws with articulation with cervical vertebrae, forelimb elements and osteoderms. Systematics Pol and Norell 2004 found Zaraaduchus shepardi to be the sister taxon of Gobiosuchus Gobiosuchus kielanae , united by 14 synapomorphies, primarily from the skull, forming the family Gobiosuchidae. References Pol, D. & Norell, M. A., 2004 . A new gobiosuchid crocodyliform taxon from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3458 1 31. External links http diglib1.amnh.org novitates i0003 0082 458 01 0001.pdf Pol & Norell 2004 Basal crocodylomorphs Category Terrestrial crocodiles Category Cretaceous crocodylomorpha archosaur stub paleo reptile stub pl Zaraasuchus zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox rockunit name Yijinholuo Formation image caption type Geological formation age Early Cretaceous prilithology otherlithology namedfor namedby region Asia country coordinates unitof subunits underlies overlies thickness extent area map map caption The Yijinholuo Formation is a geological Formation geology formation in Inner Mongolia , China whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous . Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. ref name cretaceousdistribution Weishampel, David B et al. 2004 . Dinosaur distribution Early Cretaceous, Asia . In Weishampel, David B. Dodson, Peter and Osm lska, Halszka eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley University of California Press. Pp. 563 570. ISBN 0 520 24209 2. ref Vertebrate paleofauna Otogornis genghisi ref name cretaceousdistribution Shoulder girdle forelimb elements. ref name table 11 1 213 Table 11.1, in Weishampel, et al. 2004 . Page 213. ref See also List of dinosaur bearing rock formations References Portal box Earth sciences Paleontology Dinosaurs Reflist coord missing Inner Mongolia Category Cretaceous paleontological sites of Asia Category Formations with 1 dinosaur genera Category Inner Mongolia Paleo site stub PRChina geo stub ... more details
Infobox rockunit name Unduruh Formation image caption type Geological formation age prilithology otherlithology namedfor namedby region country coordinates unitof subunits underlies overlies thickness extent area map map caption The Unduruh Formation is a Mesozoic geologic Formation geology formation . Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. ref name dinosaurdistribution Weishampel, et al. 2004 . Dinosaur distribution. Pp. 517 607. ref Paleofauna Ambiortus dementjevi Vertebrae and forelimb. ref name table 11 1 214 Table 11.1, in Weishampel, et al. 2004 . Page 214. ref See also List of dinosaur bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with few dinosaur genera Footnotes Portal box Earth sciences Paleontology Dinosaurs Reflist References Weishampel, David B. Dodson, Peter and Osm lska, Halszka eds. The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0 520 24209 2. Category Mesozoic geologic formations Category Formations with 1 dinosaur genera geologic formation stub ... more details
otheruses File Paw and pads.jpg thumb right 250px Front paw of dog showing A Claw, B Digital Pads, C Metacarpal Pad, D Dew Claw, E Carpal Pad. A paw is the soft foot of a mammal , generally a quadruped , that has claw s or nails. A hard foot is called a hoof . Paws are used to pad feet for walking and increase friction . Common characteristics The paw is characterised by thin, pigment ed, keratin ised, hairless Epidermis skin epidermis covering subcutaneous , collagenous , and adipose tissue, which make up the pads. These pads act as a cushion for the load bearing limbs of the animal. The paw consists of the large, heart shaped metacarpal pad forelimb or metatarsal pad rear limb , and generally four load bearing toe digital pads, although there can be five or six toes in the case of bear s and the Giant Panda . A carpal pad is also found on the forelimb which is used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. Additional dewclaw s can also be present. The paw also includes a horny, beak shaped claw on each toe digit . Though usually hairless, certain animals do have fur on the soles of their paws. An example is the Red Panda , whose furry soles help insulate them in their snowy habitat. Animals with paws Members of the Canidae family, such as dog s and fox es Felidae Felines , such as cat s and tiger s, some of these animals may have toe tuft s Bear s and Raccoon s Weasel s and other mustelid s Rodent s gallery File DogDewClawTika1 wb.jpg A dog s paw resting on a hard concrete surface. File Panthera tigris11.jpg A tiger s paw, showing pads. File cat paw depth of field.jpg A cat s paw, showing pads. Deleted image removed File Giant panda & lesser panda eating bamboo.PNG the paws of a Giant Panda giant and Red Panda red panda gallery See also commonscat Paws Claw Digitigrade References http www.mcpi.org Maine Coon Polydactyl International Category Mammal anatomy de Pfote fr Patte ht Pat pye b t ja no Labb pt Pata ru fi K ... more details
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