refimprove date February 2011 Forcedmigration also called deracination originally a French word meaning ... . It often connotes violent coercion, and is used interchangeably with the terms displacement or forced displacement . A specific form of forcedmigration is population transfer , which is a coherent ... forcedmigration is a forced migrant or displaced person . Less formally such a person may be referred to as a refugee , although that term has a narrower legal definition. Forcedmigration has ... effects of forcedmigration, especially in parts of Africa , the Middle East , south and central Asia , ripple out well beyond the immediate region. Development induced displacement is a subset of forcedmigration. Such displacement is the forcing of communities and individuals out of their homes ... German expulsions . Further reading Alexander Betts, ForcedMigration and Global Politics . Wiley Blackwell. Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory, University ... photographer http www.forcedmigration.org ForcedMigration Online provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forcedmigration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full text documents. ForcedMigration Review World s most widely read publication on refugee ... journals Disasters, ForcedMigration Review, International Journal of Refugee Law, International ... Association for the Study of ForcedMigration brings together academics, practitioners and decision makers working on forcedmigration issues. http www.iom.int The International Organization ... of the complex problems of forcedmigration and national, regional and international responses ... and consequences of forcedmigration. http www.forcedmigration.org whatisfm.htm What is Forced ... ForcedMigration Studies Programme , Africa s leading centre for teaching and research on displacement ... Women and Children DEFAULTSORT ForcedMigration Category Forcedmigration Category Human rights abuses ... more details
Image FMRnewlogo.jpg thumb right 200px Logo. ForcedMigration Review FMR is acknowledged by the humanitarian community as the world s most widely read publication on refugee , internal displacement and statelessness issues. It is published by the University of Oxford s Refugee Studies Centre in English language English , Arabic , Spanish language Spanish and French language French . and distributed without charge. FMR provides a practice oriented forum for debate on issues facing refugees and internally displaced persons in order to improve policy and practice and to involve refugees and IDPs in programme design and implementation. FMR provides space for the voices of displaced people to be heard publishes concise jargon free articles by practitioners, researchers and displaced people which share information, experience and policy recommendations is disseminated globally FMR is distributed without charge to over 11,000 organisations and individuals in 177 countries provides full text online versions of articles in all language editions encourages networking and information exchange in the field of forcedmigration by providing news of publications, Internet resources and conferences promotes wider public knowledge of, and respect for, the UN Refugee Convention and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement FMR has acquired a reputation as the leading practical journal on refugee and displacement issues. External links http www.fmreview.org ForcedMigration Review http www.rsc.ox.ac.uk Refugee Studies Centre http www.fmreview.org comments.htm Comments by readers http www.fmreview.org mags1.htm English language articles online http www.fmreview.org English website http www.hijra.org.uk Arabic website http www.migracionesforzadas.org Spanish website http www.migrationforcee.org French website http fmo.qeh.ox.ac.uk fmo index.asp ForcedMigration Online Searchable English edition Category Forcedmigration Category Sociology journals Category Political magazines poli ... more details
wiktionary Migration migrate migrated migrating migration migrations migratory Migration lo , Migratory behavior , or Migratory may refer to tocright Ecology and anthropology Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics Animal migration , the travelling of long distances in search of a new habitat Human migration , physical movement by humans from one area to another Bird migration , the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds Reverse migration , a phenomenon in bird migration Fish migration , the regular journey of fish Insect migration , the seasonal movement of insects Diel vertical migration , a daily migration undertaken by some ocean organisms Plant migration, see Seed dispersal , the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant Forest migration , the movement of large seed plant dominated communities in geographical space over time biology Computing Data migration , moving information between data storage devices PC migration , moving a user environment between different computers or operating systems Process migration , in computer & application programming System migration , moving computer programs from one platform to another process imagration , Other science Cell migration , in biology Molecular diffusion , in physics Migration chemistry , in chemistry Geophysical migration , in seismic and ground penetrating radar ... Planetary migration , the alteration of the satellite s orbital parameters Arts and entertainment ... Migrations album , a 2006 album by The Duhks Migration album Migration album , the third studio album by The Amboy Dukes Other Piercing migration , in body modification, a process that occurs when a body piercing moves from its initial location disambig de Migration es Migraci n desambiguaci n fr Migration hr Migracija id Migrasi disambiguasi he lt Migracija mk nl Migratie pl Migracja pt Migra o ru sl Migracija fi Migraatio sv Migration tr G uk ... more details
Forced settlement may refer to Sedentarization Forced settlements in the Soviet Union , punitive settlements, a tool of Soviet political repression disambig ... more details
Forced Entry may refer to Forced entry or forcible entry , entering into property, lawfully or unlawfully, by use of force In film Forced Entry 1973 film Forced Entry 1973 film , a pornographic film starring Harry Reems Forced Entry 1975 film Forced Entry 1975 film , a horror film remake of the 1973 film Forced Entry 2002 film Forced Entry 2002 film , a pornographic film released by Extreme Associates Forced Entry , a 2007 pornographic film starring Rod Barry Forced Entry , a short film by Brooke Mikey Anderson Brooke Mikey Anderson In television Forced Entry CSI Miami Forced Entry CSI Miami , an episode Forced Entry NCIS Forced Entry NCIS , an episode disambig ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 POV date March 2009 Forced assimilation is a process of forced cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority group s, into an established and generally larger community . This presumes a loss of many characteristics which make the minority different. Ethnic assimilation If a country state puts extreme emphasis on a homogeneous national identity , it may resort, especially in the case of minorities originating from historical foes, to harsh, even extreme measures to exterminate the minority culture, sometimes to the point of considering the only alternative its physical elimination Population transfer expulsion or even genocide . States, mostly based on the idea of nation, perceived the presence of ethnic or linguistic minorities as a danger for their own territorial integrity . In fact minorities could claim their own independence, or to be rejoined with their own motherland. The consequence was the weakening or disappearing of several ethnic minorities. Forcedmigration s took place after each of the two world wars . The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism . Previously, a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler. Thus, as principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage, a ruler could wind up with peoples of many different ethnicities under his dominion. This also reflected the long history of migrations .... Specifics? Citation needed date March 2009 It is useful to contrast the mass migrations and forced ... the often forced conversion or secularization of religious members of a minority group. Throughout the Middle Ages and until the mid 19th century, most Jews in Europe were forced to live in small ... Cultural imperialism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Ethnic interest group Ethnocide Forced ... Integration Racial segregation segregation Stolen generation White American DEFAULTSORT Forced Assimilation ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Forced speech refers to any sort of speech which is coerced from an individual by legal or extrajudicial means. This is not the same as freedom of speech free speech although forced speech may often be applied as an accompaniment to non forced or free speech , while forced speech is not necessarily the same as censorship as no free speech has been restricted from being expressed ref http reason.com archives 1999 10 28 forced speech Forced Speech , Michael W. Lynch, Reason Magazine , October 28, 1999 ref . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Forced Speech Category Freedom of expression ... more details
lead missing date April 2011 Forced heirship is a form of partible inheritance whereby a deceased s estate law estate is separated into 1 an indefeasible portion, the forced estate, passing to those the deceased is survived by, and 2 a disposable portion, or free estate, to be freely disposed of by Will law will . Forced heirship is generally a feature of civil law legal system Civil law legal systems which do not recognize total freedom of testation. Normally, the deceased s estate is in gathered and wound up without discharging liabilities, which means accepting inheritance includes accepting the liabilities attached to inherited property. The forced estate is divided into shares which include the share of issue legitime or child s share and the spousal share. This provides a minimum protection ... books?id 2D9ff7T028oC&pg PA54&lpg PA54&dq forced heirship&source web&ots 0yfaccEvOs&sig 1Z 9RdQ2UGLvLhOgGxjB98p2eCU PPA53,M1 ref Takers in the forced estate are known as forced heirs. Forced heirship ... were all consolidated into the modern form of forced heirship most notably in Revolutionary France ... needed date April 2011 . Advocates of forced heirship contend that it is perfectly proper for testators ... individuals sometimes seek to circumvent forced heirship laws by transferring assets into an offshore ... are not disinherited Civil Code Art. 1494 qualify as forced heirs. The legitime is equal to 25 of the estate law patrimony if one forced heir or 50 if more than one and each forced heir will receive the lesser ... Civil Code Art. 1495, Succession of Greenlaw . If a person who would have otherwise qualified as a forced ... how that share is distributed among them if one or more is an interdict remains unsettled law. Forced heirs may demand collation, whereby certain gifts received by a forced heir within three years of the death of the parent may be subtracted from their share. Louisiana does not have a forced heirship ... to his or her separate property and a usufruct is granted over the remaining community with the forced ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 Forced Exposure was an independent music magazine zine published sporadically out of Massachusetts from the early 80s to 1993, edited by Jimmy Johnson and Byron Coley . It was printed on cheap newsprint with plain design and filled with corrosive yet humorous writing. The first issue featured Boston Hardcore band SSD band SSDecontrol on the cover. While there were articles and reviews of various counter culture figures in literature Charles Bukowski , William S. Burroughs , Philip K. Dick and film Richard Kern , Nick Zedd , the primary focus was independent, punk, and obscure music. The tone was often sarcastic, confrontational and highly opinionated. Coley in particular wrote in a vernacular that was influential on subsequent rock journalism. The list of contributors and interviewees reads like a who s who of underground music from the time Steve Albini , Mission of Burma , Sonic Youth , Lydia Lunch , Chris D. , Tesco Vee, et cetera. The last issue of the magazine, 18, was released in 1993. Forced Exposure now exists as a distributor of CDs and vinyl records. One reviewer said of the magazine, What separates Forced Exposure from other alternative music and art magazines is the intelligence and intensity of its editorial style. ref Kadrey, Richard 1992 http findarticles.com p articles mi m1510 is ai 12920643 Forced Exposure. periodical reviews , Whole Earth Review , Winter 1992 ref References Reflist External links http www.forcedexposure.com Forced Exposure http forbiddeneye.com labels forcedexposure.html Forced Exposure Discography Category American music magazines Category Defunct magazines of the United States music mag stub fr Forced Exposure ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 A forced confession is a confession obtained by a suspect or a prison er under means of torture , Enhanced interrogation technique or duress . Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession may or may not be valid in revealing the truth. The person being interrogated may agree to the story presented to him or even make up falsehoods himself in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue his suffering. For centuries the Latin phrase Confessio est regina probationum In English language English Confession is the Queen of evidence justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. When especially during the Middle Ages acquiring a confession was the most important thing during preparations before a trial, than the method used to get the confession seemed irrelevant, de facto sanctioning the use of torture to extract forced confession. Fact date December 2008 By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture can confess to anything just to ease his suffering. Developments in the 20th century, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions. Modern day usage Since 2001, as part of its War on Terror the United states using the CIA operates a network of off shore prisons, called black site , Probably the most infamous of which is Guant namo Bay detention camp . State officials have admitted to the press ... suspects of terrorism, sometimes after Forced disappearance or Extraordinary rendition by the United ... that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial ... Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence. See ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 File Forced Orgasm on stage.png thumb A subject submits to a forced orgasm, while tied to furniture. A forced orgasm is a form of orgasm control where the active partner sexual stimulation sexually stimulates a submissive partner to the point of the submissive s involuntary orgasm , with the submissive attempting to restrain the onset of orgasm. ref BDSM A Dominant s Guide to Forced Orgasm by Bea Amor, September 19, 2008 ref In BDSM or other sexual roleplay , the submissive partner can be put in sexual bondage physical restraints , to enable the active partner to control the rate and duration of stimulation. The active partner can continue sexual stimulation after the submissive s orgasm to achieve multiple orgasm s. This may cause considerable discomfort to the submissive due to the sensitivity of the genitals. However part of the arousal of the submissive is that after each orgasm they undergo this period of discomfort knowing that pleasure will come shortly after. Part of the attraction of forced orgasms is that the submissive has no control over when and how they will be brought to orgasm. An involuntary orgasm which happens as the result of forced sexual contact, such as during rape or sexual assault , can often be associated with feelings of shame caused by internalization of victim blaming attitudes. ref http books.google.com books?id bN34gRTCa0AC Nancy Tuana, Rosemarie Tong, Feminism and Philosophy , Westview Press, ISBN 0813322138, 9780813322131 , 1995 Page needed date September 2010 ref ref http www.anugrahaa.com downloads Fr. 20D.J.Antony 20 20Trauma 20Counselling.pdf D. John Anthony, Trauma Counseling , Anugraha Publications, Tamil Nadu, India, Sep. 2005. ref The incidence of those who experience unsolicited sexual contact and experience ... arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced or non consensual sexual stimulation a review ... 15261004 doi 10.1016 j.jcfm.2003.10.008 ref See also Orgasm denial References Commons category Forced ... more details
refimprove date May 2009 Image Fairway Rock mil atop.jpg thumb right Unintentional forced perspective ... at the bottom than at the top Forced perspective is a technique that employs optical illusion to make .... Forced perspective in filmmaking Examples of forced perspective A scene in an action adventure ... feature forced perspective shots which are completed without the proper knowledge of the physics of light used in cinematography, so foreground models can appear blurred or incorrectly exposed. Forced ... of forced perspective used in low budget motion pictures showed objects that were clearly different ... sources typically used in film and TV production. Nodal point forced perspective in motion Peter Jackson s film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings make extended use of forced perspective. Characters ... forced perspective example.jpg thumb thumb right Forced perspective of giant beer can model shown perched on top of a person s hand. As with many film genre and effects, forced perspective can be used ... that the viewer has been fooled and there is forced perspective in use. The 1930 Laurel and Hardy movie Brats used forced perspective to depict Stan Laurel Stan and Oliver Hardy Ollie simultaneously ... thumb left Use of forced perspective with the Leaning Tower of Pisa . In the Channel 4 comedy Father Ted , the idea of forced Citation needed date February 2011 perspective causes confusion. Father Ted ... Louis, runs down a hall of the palace, which turns into a ramp, showing the smaller forced perspective ...? Perhaps one of the most famous usages of forced perspective involves the Leaning Tower of Pisa ... used forced perspective from his own point of view to crush other people s heads between his fingers. In the making of Season 5 of Red vs. Blue , the creators used forced perspective to make the character .... Jason remarks that forced perspective is an underrated art form . Forced perspective in architecture ... image2 Trier Konstantinbasilika BW 2 zurechtgezurrt.jpg width 250 caption1 Forced perspective ... more details
cleanup date August 2010 Refimprove date December 2009 File Oskar Shmerling. Free love Forced marriage ... from domestic violence to the social and political participation of women in community Forced marriage ... without his or her consent or against his or her will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged .... The practice of forced marriage was quite common amongst the upper classes in Europe until ... . Forced marriages now in Western Europe and North America are generally committed within communities of immigrants from such areas. In most but not all forced marriages, it is the female rather than the male who is the involuntary spouse. Citation needed date June 2010 Forced marriages are generally ..., according to Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood , many forced marriages in Britain within the British Pakistani ... to whom the instigator of the forced marriage feels a sense of duty. ref http www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net articles arrangedm.htm British Council Handout The forced arranged marriage abuse Bot generated title ref The United Nations views forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse , since it violates ... forced marriage grounds for granting an Annulment Catholic Church annulment for a marriage to be valid both parties must give their consent freely. In response to the problem of forced marriages among immigrants in the UK, the Forced Marriage Civil Protection Act 2007 was passed, which enables the victims of forced marriage to apply for court orders for their protection. Historically, forced ... him to staying with his captors for life. Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself ... ref Shotgun wedding A shotgun wedding is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unplanned pregnancy ... variously as vanni , swara custom swara and sang chatti , is the traditional practice of forced ... shows the practice of forced marriages A Pakistani father married to a British woman forces his ..., which was set up to handle the problem of British victims of forced marriage who have been, or may ... more details
Incomplete date May 2009 Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport in which fluid motion is generated by an external source like a pump, fan, suction device, etc. . It should be considered as one of the main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts of heat energy can be transported very efficiently and this mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating , air conditioning , steam turbines and in many other machines. Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchanger s, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream the case of a shuttle wing during re entry, for example . However, in any forced convection situation, some amount of natural convection is always present whenever there are g forces present i.e., unless the system is in free fall . When the natural convection is not negligible, such flows are typically referred to as mixed convection. When analyzing potentially mixed convection, a parameter called the Archimedes number Ar parametrizes the relative strength of free and forced convection. The Archimedes number is the ratio of Grashof number and the square of Reynolds number , which represents the ratio of buoyancy force and inertia force, and which stands in for the contribution of natural convection. When Ar 1, natural convection dominates and when Ar 1, forced convection dominates. math Ar frac Gr Re 2 math ref cite book author Frank P. Incropera Incropera, F. P. title Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Ed. publisher Wiley year 2001 id ISBN 978 0471386506 ref When natural convection isn t a significant factor, mathematical analysis with forced convection theories typically yields accurate results. The parameter of importance in forced convection is the Peclet number , which is the ratio of advection movement by currents and diffusion movement from high to low concentrations of heat. math Pe frac U L alpha math When the Peclet ... more details
for the 1941 film Forced Landing film A forced landing is a landing by an aircraft made under factors outside the pilot s control, such as the failure of engines, systems, components or weather which makes continued flight impossible. For a full description of these, see article on Emergency landing . However the term also means a landing that has been forced by interception. A plane may be compelled to land through the use of force use, or threat of use, of force , if it strays off course into hostile foreign territory. The customary procedure is for the military plane to approach the airliner from below and to the left, where his plane is easily visible from the left seat where pilots sit. The forcing plane waggles his wings to signal the demand for a forced landing. ref ... the international requirements for making an intruding plane follow an air force escort to the ground moving in front and to the left, where the civilian pilot can see the escort, and waggling the fighter s wings. http foia.fbi.gov flight flight1.pdf The Washingtonian November, 1985 Page 153 154 ref International law regulates the treatment of intruding aircraft ... aircraft that fail to identify themselves, enter the airspace without a necessary permission, deny to follow a prescribed route, head towards a prohibited zone, or violate of a prohibition of flight may, by strict observance of the relevant standards and procedures, as a last resort, be intercepted, identified, escorted to the adequate route or out of the prohibited airspace, or forced to land by military aircraft of the territorial state. ref http www.challenge.mtaki.hu eng pdf 5 working papers 5.pdf An Assessment of the Destruction of Rogue Civil Aircraft under International Law and Constitutional Law ref See also Emergency landing References reflist External links http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0020 5893 28198407 2933 3A3 3C712 3ATSDOKA 3E2.0.CO 3B2 0&size LARGE&origin JSTOR enlargePage The Shooting down of Korean Airlines Flight ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 File LogP200.jpg right 200px thumb Flow reaction system for automated forced degradation testing Forced degradation or accelerated degradation is a process whereby the natural degradation rate of a product or material is increased by the application of an additional stress. Introduction Forced degradation studies are used to identify reactions which may occur to degrade a processed product. Usually conducted before final formulation, forced degradation uses external stresses to rapidly screen material stabilities. Longer term storage tests are usually used to measure similar properties when final formulations are involved because of the stringent FDA regulations. These tests are generally more expensive because of the time involved than forced degradation which is therefore used for rapid selection and elimination tests. Common stresses There are a number of common stresses which are used to pH acid base Chemical processes are often catalysed by the presence of acids and bases. The exposure of materials to these can therefore accelerate degradation reactions. Temperature In accordance to Arrhenius equation arrhenius kinetics , increasing temperature increases the rate of any degradation process. Temperature is often used in conjunction with other stresses to increase reaction rates. Oxidation Concentration Light Methodologies Standard methodologies include Wet chemistry methods Flow chemistry Calorimetry HPLC Application Empty section date July 2010 See also Chemical decomposition Thermogravimetric analysis Total productive maintenance External links http www.syrris.com Degradation.aspx Flow chemistry degradation by Syrris Category Chemical engineering ... more details
Forced normalization is a specific phenomenon in neurology and psychiatry for patients who earlier had epilepsy and their condition afterwards was going worse so far that they possibly seizure of control had not control and they manifested psychotic symptoms the disease is described by normalization of electroencephalography EEG tests, so it was named forced normalization . There is a widespread view that this antagonism between psychosis and epilepsy is due the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy ECT for psychotic disorders. External links http professionals.epilepsy.com page psysym forced.html Professional Epilepsy Forced normalization site about epilepsy http books.google.com books?id a6Ygv5 RKKsC&printsec frontcover&dq Schachter, Holmes&hl en&ei HNyGTM2wKIXAsAOl84zBCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Meduna&f false Google Books Pathology http neuro.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 18 4 445 Neuropsychiatry online Forced http psy.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 41 1 1?ijkey c81a472507abfab564abf7af529a4f7a50af6403&keytype2 tf ipsecsha Psychiatry online ... http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1528 1157.1999.tb00886.x pdf Online library PDF file http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WDT 46WNVTV 3& user 10& coverDate 08 31 2002& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& origin search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1567509906& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 4dce6c616392f377ff6dad13a25100bb&searchtype a Science direct Forced normalization http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 2003402 ncbi.gov Category Neurology Category Epilepsy ... more details
Forced diuresis increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poison ing of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis . ref Chemotherapy and biotherapy guidelines and recommendations for practice. Oncology Nursing Society Professional Association. 2001 revised 2005 May republished 2005 Dec . NGC 004665 ref Diuretics Main Diuretic Most of the drugs are either weak acid s or weak base s. When urine is made alkaline , elimination of acidic drugs in the urine is increased. The converse applies for alkaline drugs. This method is only of therapeutic significance where the drug is excreted in active form in urine and where the pH of urine can be adjusted to levels above or below the acid dissociation constant pK value of the active form of drug. For acidic drugs, urine pH should be above the acid dissociation constant pK value of that drug, and converse for the basic drugs. It is because the ionization of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine and ionized drugs cannot easily cross plasma membrane so cannot re enter blood from kidney tubules . This method is ineffective for drugs which are strongly protein bound eg tricyclic antidepressant s or which have a large apparent volume of distribution eg ... generated title ref Forced alkaline diuresis has been used to increase the excretion of acidic drugs like salicylates and phenobarbitone , while forced acid diuresis has been used to enhance the elimination ... has occurred. For forced alkaline diuresis, a diuretic like furosemide is given intravenously and sodium ... Toxicity, Barbiturate Article by Rania Habal, MD Bot generated title ref For forced acid diuresis, ascorbic acid vitamin C is used. Ammonium chloride has also been used for forced acid diuresis but it is a toxic ... a slight increase in the renal clearance of the drug. Forced acid diuresis is rarely done in practice. ref http jack119.org myxoops jackdownloads toxbook singapore.pdf ref Forced alkaline diuresis ... more details
Suicide Forced suicide is a method of execution where the victim is coerced into committing suicide to avoid facing an alternative option they perceive as much worse, such as suffering torture or having friends or family members imprisoned or tortured or killed. Another common form historically has been deliberately providing a condemned individual with a weapon and a brief period in which to commit honourable suicide if he or she chooses before being executed. Because the victim s cause of death ... or influence. In ancient Greece and Rome Forced suicide was a common means of execution in ancient ... to their heirs by committing suicide prior to arrest. Probably the most famous forced suicide is that of the philosopher ... to a request by his pupil, the Roman Emperor Nero , who himself was forced to commit suicide at a later date. Other famous forced suicides include those of Brutus , Mark Antony and Emperor Otho . In Asia Forced suicides have occurred in History of China ancient China , where General Officer generals ... in recent times, such as the Roop Kanwar case, in which forced sati was suspected. ref Douglas James ... oclc doi accessdate 2008 02 09 ref though no evidence of forced suicide has yet been found. ref citeweb ... famous example is the forced suicide of Erwin Rommel , a field marshal in the Wehrmacht Army German ... Adolf Hitler , he was forced to commit suicide. Due to Rommel s popularity with the German people ... was hopeless, and thus, in order to save his family and his honor, he was forced to take cyanide. During World War II there were many forced suicides in different military and paramilitary organizations ... for honor killings A forced suicide may be a substitute for an honor killing when a woman violates the namus ... 2 hi europe 5010892.stm UN probes Turkey forced suicide , BBC News , 05 24 2006. ref the United Nations is, as of 2006, investigating reports of forced suicides of Kurdish women in Turkey . References reflist Category Execution methods Category Suicide types Category Forced suicides es Suicidio ... more details
Property law A Forced Sale of Real Estate is an action that taken in a civil court forcing the owners to sell the property at issue and divide the profits. A forced sale would be the result of a petition to partition action. Why forced sales occur Forced sales generally occur because tenants are unable to agree upon certain aspects of the ownership. The owners may disagree on how to use the property, on the amount of money to invest into the property, or on their right to occupy and use the whole of the property. If the parties cannot come to an agreement, the case moves to court through a petition to partition action. ref http www.andysirkin.com HTMLArticle.cfm?Article 1 Tenancy in Common Questions and Answers Andy Sirkin, Attorney Bot generated title ref As the number of co habitants increases in the United States, the petition to partition action has become more common as a remedy to divide real and personal property. ref http www.ricefamilylaw.com family petition to partition.htm ref Property may be owned by more than one person either as joint tenants , tenants in common , and in some states tenants by the entirety . ref http real estate law.freeadvice.com real estate law property ownership forms.htm Property ownership what are the common forms? Bot generated title ref The choice of which tenancy to enter into is made by the parties at the time of purchase. With each type of tenancy, each owner has the right to occupy the whole. That means that an owner is not allowed to designate certain rooms as their own and so on. Each element of the property is enjoyed fully by all parties. Petitions to Partition Partioning is a legal right and is commenced by filing a petition to partition ... the other tenants to prevent a public forced sale. Some states also allow multiple tenants to join their shares together to form a majority ownership which will prevent a public forced sale. See also Distraint References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Forced Sale Category Real property law ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Forced retention refers to the act of applying pressure to employment employees to deter them from leaving a company. The most common way to do this is through legal means, such as Non complete clause non compete and non disclosure agreement s. Given an adequately broad agreement, a company may threaten employees who try to leave for competitors or in some cases, non competitors with legal action. In some countries, the government may implement similar laws or policies to prevent or discourage employees from leaving certain companies or government organizations. It has also been applied to companies which offers significant financial benefits to employees to encourage them to stay, in particular after a merger for example, a minimum period to qualify for stock options , but this usage is commonly considered incorrect. Forced retention is most commonly used by companies on the decline, or at least with limited growth prospects. Top employees will often join a small or mid size company, with significant growth potentials. They will also often join financially stable companies, which can afford to provide employees with very good remuneration packages, and large amounts of freedom for instance, in pure R&D R & D departments . Once the company begins to decline, many of the top employees will want to leave for greener pastures, while the poor performing employees who may have a difficult time finding employment will cling to their jobs, radically speeding the decline. Companies will occasionally implement forced retention policies to try to stem the brain drain . A recent example of forced retention involves Microsoft Corporation , when its Bid price stock price levelled off, limiting the value of its stock options and stock grants. Microsoft ... had, at this point, been engaging in forced retention policies for some time, Kai Fu Lee negotiated ... it could unilaterally extend a soldier s contract. See also Employee retention DEFAULTSORT Forced ... more details
Essay like article date December 2007 Forced induction describes the process of compressing forcing air on the intake side of an internal combustion engine . A forced induction engine uses a gas compressor on the intake of the engine to increase the pressure, temperature and density of the air. An engine without forced induction is considered a naturally aspirated engine . Introduction Forced induction is commonly used in the automotive industry to increase engine power and efficiency. The reason it is not commonly used is because a forced induction system is expensive, cumbersome and the engine must be specifically designed to handle it effectively. A forced induction engine is essentially two compressors in series. The compression stroke of the engine is the main compression that every engine has. An additional compressor fed into the intake of engine makes it a forced induction. A compressor feeding pressure into another greatly increases the total compression ratio of the entire system. This intake pressure is called boost. Higher compression engines have the benefit of maximizing the amount of useful energy extracted per unit of fuel. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of the engine is increased in accordance with the vapor power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics. ref name Thermodynamics Cengle, Y.A., & Boles, M.A. 2008 . Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach ... then normal compression ratio. A forced induction engine can have a higher total compression without ... forced induction compressors are turbocharger s and supercharger s. A turbocharger is a centrifugal ... boost curve then a centrifugal supercharger. Problems with Forced Induction One of the primary concerns ... forced induction systems employ an intercooler to reduce the temperature of the air before it enters the engine. Intercooling main Intercooler An unavoidable side effect of forced induction is that compressing ..., unlike nitrous oxide or forced induction, doesn t add much power to the engine by itself, but allows ... more details
A forced conversion is the religious conversion or acceptance of a philosophy against the will of the subject ... 2007 Christianity There is no support in the Bible for forced conversion Citation needed date ... of individuals, groups, and entire populations. Forced conversion was a key factor in the Christianization ... of Greco Roman polytheism Gratian and Theodosius I ref . Pope Innocent III , who denounced forced ... the impress of Christianity and may be forced to observe the Christian Faith as one who expressed ... eucharist participated in the body of the Lord , they might properly be forced to hold to the faith ... benven annivers.html 500 ANNIVERSARY OF THE FORCED CONVERSION OF THE JEWS OF PORTUGAL ... and conversion as part of his obligation as defender of the faith and he forced the Saxon s and Frisians ... of the natives. Some of these conversions were forced. Citation needed date June 2010 Islam See also ... Teachings Early Islamic scripture and law forbids forced conversion. ref name W53 Waines 2003 ... s death, nobody in the Caliphate Islamic empire was forced to accept the Islamic faith. ref name arm2 ... year 2009 chapter Is Forced Conversion an Islamic Teaching? http www.rissc.jo index.php english publications.html ref Practice POV date July 2010 In practice, forced conversions have been very common ... www.fis iran.org en irannameh volxix mashhad jewish community ref A form of forced conversion became ... on apostasy wherein he advocated accepting forced conversion rather than suffer martydom, and to then seek refuge afterward at a place where it was safe. Sabbatai Zevi , an Ottoman Jew from Smyrna, was forced ... wife, and was then further forced to take a second wife to verify his true conversion. K. S. Lal ... the population of Hindus decreased by 80 million in the Indian Subcontinent due to forced conversion ... hindu malabar 4 lakh&q 22over 4 lakh Hindus 22 ref Twenty first century allegations Buddhism Forced ... June 23, 2009 ref Few Christian evangelists in India have been accused forced conversion of Hindus ... more details
About male circumcision female circumcision Female genital cutting Forced circumcision most commonly ... the term is used especially in relation to Paul of Tarsus Paul and his polemic s against the forced ... of Post 70 Judaism, p. 120. ref More often, forced circumcisions have occurred in a wide ... the Qur an speaks against forced conversion, such conversions of Christians and Jews took place ... and Human Rights , p. 142. ref and the forced circumcision of Teso people Teso , Turkana people Turkana ... South African teenage boys to so called circumcision schools bush schools . ref On occurrences of forced ... of Jews came to be accompanied by freely invented stories of forced circumcisions and even ... Similarly, there are examples from India that stories of forced circumcisions have been fabricated or exaggerated ... of Israel 1 Macc. 2 45 46, New Revised Standard Version . ref Forced circumcision of Gentiles ... the Idumeans were forcibly circumcised for political, not religious, reasons. ref Weitzman, Forced ..., too, sources indicate that the residents were subjected to forced circumcision. ref See, e.g., Fiensy ... with the dictates of his own conscience, claims to have saved the two Gentiles from forced circumcision ... , p. 323. ref The Roman Empire Forced circumcision of slaves The ban on circumcising slavery .... ref Asia and North Africa Forced conversions, involving forced circumcision, are echoed in a vast ... Islamic conquest of the Middle East and North Africa , forced conversion to Islam through violence ... of prestigious positions to become Muslims have been regarded as a form of forced conversion. ref ... from Kanara and subjected them to forced circumcision. ref See, e.g., Naravane, Battles , p. 175 ..., the Gulf Times discussed a case of forced circumcision of Nepal ese boys in Mumbai in the context ... to forced circumcision. ref Buckley, The Great Stem of Souls , pp. 149 150. ref Mandaean communities, especially after the invasion of Iraq, have been subject to murder, kidnapping, rape, forced ... more details
Induced molting or forced molting is the practice by the commercial egg food egg industry of artificially provoking a complete flock of Chicken hens to Molting molt simultaneously. During the molting period, the hens go out of production for a period of at least two weeks. This has the effect of allowing the hen s reproductive tracts to regress and rejuvenate. After a molt, the hen s production rate usually peaks slightly below the previous peak rate and egg quality is improved. The point of molting is thus to increase the production, egg quality, and profitability of flocks in their second or third laying seasons. Flocks that are slaughtered after a single laying season are not molt ed. Molting simulates the natural process where chicken s grow a new set of feather s in the fall, a process generally accompanied by a sharp reduction or cessation of egg production. Natural molting is stimulated by shortening day lengths combined with stress of any kind . Before confinement housing with artificial lights were the norm, the fall molt caused a fall scarcity of eggs and high market prices. Farmers attempted to pamper their flocks to prevent the molt as long as possible, to take advantage of the high prices. Modern controlled environment confinement housing has the opposite problem the hens are not normally presented with sufficient stress or cues to go into molt on their own. However, after laying continuously for nearly a year, their rate of egg production declines, as does the quality of the eggshell and the egg contents. In addition, the hens are seriously overweight. For a complete ... claimed that forced molting is an artifact of factory farming, but, like virtually all poultry ... 52703.htm The Animal Welfare and Food Safety Issues Associated With the Forced Molting of Laying ... North Carolina State University http www.poultry.org molting.htm Forced Molting of Laying Birds Poultry.org DEFAULTSORT Forced Molting Category Poultry farming Category Industrial agriculture Category ... more details
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