For the insect anatomical structure Antenna biology A flagellum pron en fl d l m , or in plural form ... sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the female reproductive ... flagellumflagellum is the Latin word for whip . Types Three types of flagella have so far been distinguished .... Bacterial Image Flagellum base diagram en.svg thumb 350px Flagellum of Gram negative Bacteria ... Physical model of a bacterial flagellum The bacterial flagellum is made up of the protein flagellin ... ref The bacterial flagellum is driven by a rotary engine the Mot complex made up of protein , located at the flagellum s anchor point on the inner cell membrane . The engine is powered ... 110 km h abbr on . ref During flagellar assembly, components of the flagellum pass through the hollow ... biased random walk , with runs and tumbles brought about by rotating the flagellum counter clockwise ... numbers and arrangements of flagella. Monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum e.g., Vibrio ... polar membrane . Citation needed date January 2009 Amphitrichous bacteria have a single flagellum on each of two opposite ends only one flagellum operates at a time, allowing the bacteria to reverse course rapidly by switching which flagellum is active . Peritrichous bacteria have flagella projecting ... a specialized type of flagellum called an axial filament that is located in the periplasmic space ... about in place, resulting in the reorientation of the cell. The clockwise rotation of a flagellum ... flagellum biogenesis in Aeromonas hydrophila journal J. Bacteriol. volume 188 issue 2 pages 542 55 ... swarming motility on surfaces or in viscous fluids. Archaeal The archaeal flagellum is superficially similar to the bacterial or eubacterial flagellum in the 1980s they were thought to be homologous ... rotation of the archaeal flagellum has not been identified. While bacterial cells often have many flagellar filaments, each of which rotates independently, the archaeal flagellum is composed of a bundle ... more details
Taxobox name Autographa flagellum image image width 200px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Noctuidae subfamilia Plusiinae genus Autographa species A. flagellum binomial Autographa flagellum binomial authority Walker, 1858 synonyms Plusia flagellum Plusia monodon Plusia insolita The Silver Whip Autographa flagellum is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found from Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland west across southern Canada to south eastern British Columbia , south in the east to Maine , Michigan and Wisconsin . There are isolated reports from further south Pennsylvania and Colorado . The wingspan is 35 40 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August depending on the location. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Liatris and Helianthus species. External links http www.entomology.ualberta.ca searching species details.php?s 1125 Species info http mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu species.php?hodges 08916 Images http www.ndsu.nodak.edu ndsu ndmoths names 8916.htm Moths of North Dakota Plusiinae stub Category Plusiini ... more details
The P ring is the part of the bacterial flagellum , which is known to be embedded in the peptidoglycan cell wall . Category Bacteria Category Microbiology ... more details
unreferenced date July 2009 The L ring of the bacterium bacteria l flagellum is the ring in the lipid outer cell membrane through which the axial filament rod, hook, and flagellum passes. bacteria stub Category Bacteria Category Microbiology ... more details
This article was auto generated by User Polbot . Taxobox name Longheaded eagle ray image status EN status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Chondrichthyes ordo Myliobatiformes familia Myliobatidae genus Aetobatus species A. flagellum binomial Aetobatus flagellum binomial authority Marcus Elieser Bloch Bloch & Schneider, 1801 synonyms The longheaded eagle ray Aetobatus flagellum is a species of fish in the Myliobatidae family. It is found in China , India , Indonesia , and Pakistan . Its natural habitat s are open sea s, shallow seas, subtidal aquatic beds, and estuarine waters. It is a endangered species Source White, W.T. 2005. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 60119 all Aetobatus flagellum . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 3 August 2007. Rajiformes stub Category Aetobatus vi Longheaded eagle ray zh ... more details
Mastigonemes are Anatomical terms of location lateral hairs found covering the flagellum flagella of heterokont and Cryptomonad cryptophyte algae ref name hoek95 Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. 1995 . http books.google.co.uk books?id xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec frontcover Algae An introduction to phycology , Cambridge University Press, UK. ref . They are approximately 15 nanometre nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs . It is believed that they assist in animal locomotion locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum. References references cell biology stub Category Algae Category Heterokonts Category Cryptophytes Category Flagellates ... more details
Taxobox name Whip Snakes image Masticophis flagellum.jpg image caption Western Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum testaceus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Reptile Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Snake Serpentes familia Colubrid ae genus Masticophis genus authority Spencer Fullerton Baird Baird & Charles Fr d ric Girard Girard , 1853 subdivision ranks Species subdivision see text Masticophis is a genus of colubrid snake s that are commonly referred to as whip snakes or coachwhips . They are characterized by having a long, thin body and are not dangerous. Species Clarion Island Whip Snake, Masticophis anthonyi small Leonhard Hess Stejneger Stejneger , 1901 small Baja California Striped Whip Snake, Masticophis aurigulus Masticophis aurigulus aurigulus small Edward Drinker Cope Cope , 1861 small Masticophis aurigulus barbouri small John Van Denburgh Van Denburgh & J.R. Slevin Slevin , 1921 small Sonoran Whip Snake, Masticophis bilineatus Masticophis bilineatus bilineatus small G. Jan Jan , 1863 small Masticophis bilineatus slevini small C.H. Lowe Lowe & K.S. Norris Norris , 1955 small Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum Sonoran Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum cingulum small C.H. Lowe Lowe & W.H. Woodin III Woodin , 1954 small Eastern Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum flagellum small George Shaw Shaw , 1802 small Baja California Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum fuliginosus small Edward Drinker Cope Cope , 1895 small Lined Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum lineatulus small Hobart M. Smith Smith , 1941 small Red Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum piceus small Edward Drinker Cope Cope , 1892 small San Joaquin Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum ruddocki small Brattstrom & Warren, 1953 small Western Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum testaceus small Thomas Say Say , 1823 small California Whipsnake , Masticophis lateralis Alameda Striped Racer, Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus small Riemer, 1954 small California Striped Racer, Masticophis lateralis lateralis small Edwar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Pedinellales or actinodines is a group of heterokont s. These are found in both freshwater and marine environments, and most genera are sessile, attached by posterior stalks. The flagellum is at the anterior of the cell, and the tentacles surround it, often capturing small prey drawn in by its current. The colored genera are Pedinella , Apedinella , Pseudopedinella , and Mesopedinella . Several more genera have lost their chloroplasts and feed entirely by phagocytosis . These are Parapedinella , Actinomonas , and Pteridomonas . It also appears that certain heliozoa are actually derived pedinellids. Ciliophrys alternates between a mobile flagellate stage and a heliozoan feeding stage, where the body is contracted with extended axopods all over its surface, and the flagellum is curled up into a tight figure eight. The actinophryid s, Actinophrys and Actinosphaerium , exist only in a heliozoan form with no flagellum and with more elaborate bundles of microtubules supporting their axopods. Their inclusion was argued by Mikrjukov and Patterson, who coined the term actinodine to refer specifically to this extended group. The colored pedinellids were originally treated as a family of golden alga e in the order Ochromonadales, promoted to an order Pedinellales by Zimmerman in 1984. Their relationship to the silicoflagellates became apparent some time later, and Patterson defined this rankless group for the two in 1994. Moestrup treated it as the class Dictyochophyceae, previously restricted to the silicoflagellates, while Cavalier Smith defined a new class Actinochrysophyceae for them. Chromalveolata Category Heterokonts ... more details
&dq Flagellum 20haereticorum 20fascinariorum&pg PP15 v onepage&q&f false Flagellum haereticorum fascinariorum ... Geschichte des Hexenwahns. Bonn, 1901 Biography, pp. 133ff Excerpts from the Flagellum pp. 133 145 ... University of Pennsylvania Press Excerpts from the Flagellum , pp. 169 172 Notes Reflist ... more details
vector version available Eukaryotic flagellum.svg Summary A simplified depiction of an axonemal cross section. In this cartoon, outer arm dynein s are shown with three heavy chains heads and inner arm dyneins are shown with two. Such is the case with organisms such as the genus Chlamydomonas . Other forms exist, such as the sea urchin sperm flagellum , in which both inner and outer arm dyneins have two heavy chains. Source http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mcb.section.5478 Licensing PD self date February 2009 ... more details
wiktionarypar sperm TOCright Sperm commonly refers to Sperm cell , the male gamete involved in heterogamous sexual reproduction Spermatozoon zoosperm , a sperm cell propelled by a single flagellum, found in most animals Semen sperma , the bodily fluid containing spermatozoa Sperm may also refer to Sperm album , the second studio album by the German band Oomph Sperm whale , a whale of the Physeteridae family. disamb ... more details
otheruses In botany , zoids are sexual reproduction reproductive Cell biology cells or gamete s that possess one or more flagellum flagella , and are capable of independent movement ref name hoek95 Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. 1995 . http books.google.co.uk books?id xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec frontcover Algae An introduction to phycology , Cambridge University Press, UK. ref . References references cell biology stub Category Algae Category Chromista Category Flagellates Category Heterokonts ar ... more details
flagellum There are two competing groups of models for the evolutionary origin of the Eukaryote eukaryotic flagellum referred to as cilium below to distinguish it from its bacterial counterpart . Symbiotic ... of the two proteins. Bacterial flagellum An approach to the evolutionary origin of the bacterial flagellum is suggested by the fact that a subset of flagellar components is similar to the Type three ... that the flagellum evolved from the type three secretory system. For example, the bubonic plague bacterium Yersinia pestis has an organelle assembly very similar to a complex flagellum, except ... cells. It is also a possibility that the flagellum could have evolved from a currently undiscovered ... date November 2007 As such, the type three secretory system supports the hypothesis that the flagellum natural selection evolved from a simpler bacterial secretion system. Archaeal flagellum The recently elucidated archaeal flagellum is analogous, not homologous, to the bacterial one. In addition to no sequence similarity being detected between the genes of the two systems, the archaeal flagellum ... than 20. Sequence comparison indicates that the archaeal flagellum is homologous to Type IV pili ... Milton H. last8 Saier year 2007 title Evolution of the Bacterial Flagellum Cumulative evidence indicates ... of the bacterial flagellum url http www.newscientist.com article mg19726431.900 uncovering the evolution ... External links http pandasthumb.org archives evolution irreducible complexity flagellum evolution Flagellum Evolution at The pandas thumb . Cite web author Matzke NJ month September year 2006 title Evolution in Brownian space a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum work Talk ... dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Evolution Of Flagella Category Evolution by phenotype Flagellum ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Taxobox image Prorocentrum micans.jpg image width 200px image caption Prorocentrum micans color greenyellow name Prorocentrales domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Alveolata phylum Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellata classis Dinophyceae ordo Prorocentrales familia Prorocentraceae familia authority Friedrich von Stein Stein 1883 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Haplodinium br Mesoporus br Prorocentrum Exuviaella br Xanthodiscus The Prorocentrales are a small order of dinoflagellates. They are distinguished by having their two flagellum flagella inserted apically, rather than ventrally as in other groups. One flagellum extends forward and the other circles its base, and there are no flagellar grooves. This arrangement is called desmokont, in contrast to the dinokont arrangement found in other groups. Accordingly, the Prorocentrales may be called desmoflagellates, and in some classifications were treated as a separate class Desmophyceae. All members have chloroplast s and a theca, which is composed of two large plates joined by a sagittal suture. This structure is shared with the Dinophysiales , and they are probably sister groups. This does not show up on rRNA trees, which also show two separate groups of Prorocentrum , but they leave their relationships mostly unresolved. Alveolata Category Dinoflagellates ca Prorocentral es Prorocentrales ... more details
italic title Unreferenced stub type Chromalveolata auto yes date December 2009 Taxobox name Axodines regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Actinochrysophyceae ordo Dictyochales genus Rhizochromulina Rhizochromulina is an unusual genus of marine heterokont algae, with one species, R. marina . They are colored amoeboids with a single flagellum, and produce distinctive spindle shaped zoospores. These have a cell structure typical of the axodine s. Before it was studied in detail, Rhizochromulina was included among the superficially similar golden alga e in the order Chrysamoebales, but these produce zoospores which are similar to flagellate golden algae in form. Chromalveolata Category Heterokonts Chromalveolate stub es Rhizochromulinales ... more details
Image Eukarya Flagella.svg thumb right Eukaryotic flagella. 1 axoneme, 2 cell membrane, 3 IFT IntraFlagellar Transport , 4 Basal body, 5 Cross section of flagella, 6 Triplets of microtubules of basal body. Image Chlamydomonas TEM 09.jpg thumb right Longitudinal section through the flagella area in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets see structure at bottom center of image . A basal body also called a basal granule or kinetosome is an organelle formed from a centriole , and a short cylindrical array of microtubules . It is found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium cilium or flagellum and serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules within centrosomes, one type of microtubule organizing center MTOC . These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells. Basal bodies,however, are specifically the bases for cilia and flagella that extend out of the cell. Basal bodies are derived from centrioles through a largely mysterious process. They are structurally the same, each containing a microtubule triplet 9 3 helocoidal configuration forming a hollow cylinder. Regulation of basal body production and spatial orientation is a function of the nucleotide binding domain of tubulin. ref Y. Shang, C. C. Tsao, and M. A. Gorovsky. 2005. Mutational analyses reveal a novel function of the nucleotide binding domain of gamma tubulin in the regulation of basal body biogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 171 6 1035 44. PMID 16344310 ref Flagellum flagella are basically attached to the cell membrane from a basal granule. References reflist External links BUHistology 21804loa Ultrastructure of the Ce ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Hyperactivation is a type of Spermatozoon sperm motility . Hyperactivated sperm motility is characterised by a high amplitude, asymmetrical beating pattern of the sperm tail flagellum . This type of motility may aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida , which encloses the ovum . Hyperactivation could then be followed by the acrosome reaction where the cap like structure on the head of the cell releases the enzymes it contains. This facilitates the penetration of the ovum and fertilisation. Some definitions consider sperm activation to consist of these two processes of hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction Hyperactivation is a term also used to express an X chromosome gene dosage compensation mechanism and is seen in Drosophila. Here, a complex of proteins bind to the X linked genes to effectively double their genetic activity. This allows males XY to have equal genetic activity as females XX , whose X s are not hyperactivated. Mechanisms Mammalian sperm cells become more active when they approach an egg cell in a process called sperm activation . Sperm activation has been shown to be caused by calcium ionophores in vitro , progesterone released by nearby cumulus cells and binding to ZP3 of the zona pellucida. The initial change is called hyperactivation , which causes a change in spermatozoa motility. They swim faster and their tail movements become more forceful and erratic. A recent discovery links hyperactivation to a sudden influx of calcium ion into the tails. The whip like tail flagellum of the sperm is studded with ion channel s formed by proteins called CatSper . These channels are selective, allowing only calcium ion to pass. The opening of CatSper channels is responsible for the influx of calcium. The sudden rise in calcium levels causes the flagellum to form deeper bends, propelling the sperm more forcefully through the viscous environment. Sperm hyperactivity is necessary for breaking through two p ... more details
, distinguished mainly by the position, length and the cell body attachment of the flagellum . The kinetoplast is found closely associated with the basal body at the base of the flagellum and all ... are particularly small and are among the smallest eukaryotic cells. The flagellum is very short, projecting ... is a common morphology in the insect host. The flagellum is found anterior of nucleus and flagellum .... The flagellum exits the cell anterior of nucleus and is connected to the cell body for part of its ... the kinetoplast is near the posterior end of the body, and the flagellum lies attached to the cell body ... where the flagellum posterior of nucleus, passing through a long groove in the cell. gallery Image ... of amastigote form Leishmania mexicana . The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum ... is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 119 pixels m. Image LeishmaniaMexicana ProcyclicTrypomastigote ... form Trypanosoma brucei . The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 84 pixels ... more details
A fimbria plural fimbriae is a Latin word that literally means fringe. It is commonly used in science and medicine, with its meaning depending on the field of study or the context. In particular, it can refer to Fimbria bacteriology , a proteinaceous appendage in many gram negative bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum Fimbria neuroanatomy , a prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus in the brain Fimbria female reproductive system , a fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the fallopian tube Fimbria in entomology, a fringe of seta e, usually along the margin of a segment Fimbria genus , a genus of clams Roman name As a Roman cognomen , Fimbria can refer to Gaius Flavius Fimbria consul 104 BCE Gaius Flavius Fimbria d. 84 BCE , son of the consul of 104 BCE Disambig bg fr Fimbria it Fimbria pl Fimbrie zh ... more details
italic title Unreferenced date July 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Parvularcula regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Parvularculales familia Parvularculaceae genus Parvularcula species P. bermudensis binomial Parvularcula bermudensis binomial authority Cho and Giovannoni, 2003 Parvularcula bermudensis is a marine bacterium which was identified in 2003 in the western Sargasso Sea in the Atlantic Ocean . It forms a deep branch in the Alpha Proteobacteria, distinct from the other orders. Parvularcula isolates are Gram negative , strictly aerobic organism aerobic , chemoheterotroph ic, slightly motile short rods with a single flagellum . Colonies on marine agar are very small 0 3 0 8 mm in diameter , yellowish brown and very hard. They are oxidase positive and catalase negative. Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub de Parvularcula bermudensis es Parvularcula uk Parvularcula bermudensis ... more details
File Leishmania amastigotes.jpg thumb 210px Amastigotes, the intracellular form of the mammalian stage of the parasite life that replicates. ref cite journal last Kahn first S authorlink coauthors M Wleklinski, A Aruffo, A Farr, D Coder and M Kahn year 1995 month title Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote adhesion to macrophages is facilitated by the mannose receptor trans title journal Journal of Experimental Medicine volume 182 issue 3 pages 1243 1258 accessdate 2009 09 17 quote pmc 2192192 doi 10.1084 jem.182.5.1243 pmid 7595195 ref An amastigote is a cell that does not have any flagellum flagella or cilium cilia . The term is used mainly to describe a certain phase in the life cycle of Trypanosomatid trypanosome protozoans. It is also called the leishmanial stage, since in Leishmania it is the form the parasite takes in the vertebrate host, but occurs in all trypanosome genera. References Reflist Category Protista protist stub ca Amastigot de Amastigot ps pt Amastigoto ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Alteromonadales familia Alteromonadaceae genus Marinobacter binomial Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus binomial authority Gauthier et al. 1992 synonyms Pseudomonas nautica small Bauman et al. 1972 small br Marinobacter aquaeolei small Nguyen et al. 1999 small Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus is a species of Proteobacteria found in sea water which are able to degrade hydrocarbons. The cells are rod shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum . ref name Bergey Garrity, George M. 2005 . Bergey s manual of systematic bacteriology, Volume Two The Proteobacteria, Part B The Gammaproteobacteria New York Springer ISBN 0 387 24144 2 ref References Reflist Category Alteromonadales Category Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria Proteobacteria stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Alteromonas regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Alteromonadales familia Alteromonadaceae genus Alteromonas genus authority Baumann et al. 1972 type species Alteromonas macleodii subdivision ranks Species subdivision Alteromonas addita A. addita br Alteromonas hispanica A. hispanica br Alteromonas litorea A. litorea br Alteromonas macleodii A. macleodii br Alteromonas marina A. marina br Alteromonas stellipolaris A. stellipolaris Alteromonas is a genus of Proteobacteria found in sea water, either in the open ocean or in the coast . It is gram negative . Its organelles consist of curved rods and a single polar flagellum . External links http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?alteromonas Cancerweb s entry Category Alteromonadales Proteobacteria stub es Alteromonas ... more details
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