Refimprove date December 2009 Environmentalscanning is a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmentalscanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating or considering entering. A business unit has to monitor key macroenvironmental forces demographic economic, natural, technological, political legal, and social cultural and significant microenvironmental ... analysis to study the macroenvironment. Environmentalscanning usually refers just to the macro ... who is affected directly or indirectly by the organisation Scanning these macro environmental variables ... further See also Strategic early warning system Notes Reflist DEFAULTSORT EnvironmentalScanning ... Prentice Hall. ref There are three ways of scanning the business environment Ad hoc scanning Short term, infrequent examinations usually initiated by a crisis Regular scanning Studies done on a regular schedule e.g. once a year Continuous scanning also called continuous learning continuous structured data collection and processing on a broad range of environmental factors Most commentators feel that in today s turbulent business environment the best scanning method available is continuous scanning ... do and respond to environmental threats before significant damage is done. Macro environment Macroenvironment ... , new product development product innovations or the company s internal environment. Macro environmentalscanning involves analysing Economy GDP per capita economic growth unemployment rate inflation ... deficit or surplus Legal minimum wage laws environmental protection laws worker safety laws union ... to them opposition strategy try to influence the environmental forces so as to negate their impact this is only successful where you have some control over the environmental variable in question adaptation strategy adapt your marketing plan to the new environmental conditions offensive strategy ... more details
environmental cells with water or atmospheric gas, in conjunction with conventional and scanning ... 1970 title The environmental control stage. Scanning Electron Microsc. pages 43 48 ref when he injected ... of works on the design and construction of an environmental or atmospheric scanning electron microscope ... or environmental SEM part 2 journal Scanning volume 14 pages 41 52 url http www.danilatos.com part2 ... of an atmospheric or environmental SEM part 3 journal Scanning volume 7 pages 26 42 url http ... Design and construction of an environmental SEM part 4 journal Scanning volume 12 pages 23 27 url ... book author Danilatos, G.D. year 1988 title Foundations of EnvironmentalScanning Electron Microscopy ... detection system for an environmentalscanning electron microscope US patent 4823006 filed Feb. 19, 1988 ... MRTDAN1.pdf title Bibliography of environmentalscanning electron microscopy year 1993 last1 ... 1 Gaseous secondary electron detection and cascade amplification in the environmentalscanning electron ... beam loss at the high vacuum high pressure boundary in the environmentalscanning electron microscope ... title EnvironmentalScanning Electron Microscopy. In Situ Microscopy in Materials Research editor PL ... Advantages of environmentalscanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms journal Microsc ... Cathodoluminescence and gaseous scintillation in the environmental SEM journal Scanning volume 8 ... author Danilatos, G.D. year 1994 title Environmentalscanning electron microscopy and microanalysis ... 1993 title Environmentalscanning electron microscope some critical issues journal Scanning Microscopy ... evaporation in the environmentalscanning electron microscope journal Journal of Microscopy volume ... transfer in the environmentalscanning electron microscope journal Journal of Microscopy volume 234 ... of environmentalscanning electron microscopy in studies of microorganisms journal Microsc. Res. Technique ... cite journal author Doehne E and Stulik DC year 1990 title Application of the environmentalscanning ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Mergeto image scanner date November 2009 Document scanning or image scanning is the action or process of converting text and graphic paper document s, photographic film , photographic paper or other files to digital image s. This analog to digital conversion process A D is required for computer users to be able to view electronic files. Email scanning References Category Computing input devices DEFAULTSORT Image Scanning Tech stub ar ... more details
Wikify date September 2009 unreferenced date September 2009 The potential of laser scanning for saving time and money together with its ability to enhance the design process and reduce data collection errors makes it an attractive alternative to traditional data collection techniques. This latest technology offers many great advantages over traditional surveying methods. Applications Surveying Archaeology Robot sensor 3D scanner 3D object scanning data capture reverse engineering DEFAULTSORT Laser Scanning measurement stub Category Surveying instruments Category Laser image acquisition fi Laserkeilaus sv Laserskanning ... more details
Scanning the Movies is a Canadian educational television series which debuted in September 1997, and takes a look at current films to understand and analyze films impact on pop culture . The show was created by host John Pungente for educators in media literacy . The show is produced by Bravo Canada . Scanning the Movies is presented in classrooms as part of the Cable in the Classroom project. External links imdb title id 0475202 http www.bravo.ca events scanningthemovies sjp cv.asp Bravo Canada website http www.media awareness.ca english resources educational recommended web sites scanning movies.cfm Media Awareness Network http www.regiscollege.ca faculty john pungente Regis College biography of John Pungente http www.aml.ca aboutus speakerBios.php?speakerID 284 Association for Media Literacy http interact.uoregon.edu MediaLit JCP Jesuit Communications Project DEFAULTSORT Scanning The Movies Category 1997 Canadian television series debuts Category Canadian documentary television series Canada tv prog stub ... more details
of scanning trucks usually use cobalt 60 or caesium 137 ref name mv cite web title Technical Specifications ... is produced by moving either the truck or the scanning hardware. The cobalt 60 units use gamma photons ... publisher Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory date June 2002 url http www.inl.gov ... Cargo Scanning Category Special nuclear materials Category Commercial item transport and distribution ... more details
Counter scanning CS ref cite journal author R. V. Lapshin date year 2007 month day title Automatic drift elimination in probe microscope images based on techniques of counter scanning and topography feature recognition trans title journal Measurement Science and Technology volume 18 issue 3 pages 907 927 publisher location UK issn 0957 0233 pmid pmc doi 10.1088 0957 0233 18 3 046 bibcode oclc id url http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin publications.htm automatic2007 language format PDF accessdate 12 2009 laysummary laysource laydate quote ref is a method for measuring surface topography with a Scanning probe microscopy scanning probe microscope enabling correction of raster distortions resulted from drift of the microscope probe relative to the surface being measured. Two surface scans, viz. direct scan and counter one, are obtained during CS. The counter scan starts in the point where the direct scan ends. This point is called the coincidence point CP . With the counter scan, the probe movement along the raster line and the probe movement from one raster line to the other raster line are carried out along the directions that are opposite to the movements in the direct scan. The obtained pair of images is called the counter scanned images CSIs . See also Feature oriented scanning References references External links http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin research.htm drift2005 Drift elimination based on counter scanned images , Research section at Lapshin s Personal Page on SPM & Nanotechnology Scanning probe microscopy Category Microscopes Category Scanning atomic force microscope Category Scanning probe microscope Category Nanotechnology nano tech stub ru ... more details
Duplex scanning is a feature of Image scanner computer scanner s and Multifunction printer multifunction printers MFPs that allows the automatic scanning of a sheet of paper on both sides. Devices without this capability can only scan a single side of a sheet of paper at a time. In general, duplex scanning is achieved on Multifunction printer multifunction printers using a Automatic Document Feeder Reversing Automatic Document Feeder RADF . Duplex scanning is achieved on computer scanners by either RADF or by single pass duplex scanning using two cameras one for the front side of the document and one for the back side of the document. On Multifunction printer MFPs , it is common to find duplex scanning on devices that also have duplex printing capabilities. Typical duplex scanners The following table compares features for a number of popular duplex scanners br class wikitable align center product dimensions mm dpi pages per minute color max page size interface align center Fujitsu fi 6130 A4 Series Scanner ref http www.fujitsu.com downloads AU scanner fi 6130 spec.pdf Fujitsu fi 6130 A4 Series Scanner Product Specifications ref 301 x 160 x 158 600 30 A4 USB 2.0 align center Plustek MobileOffice D28 Corporate ref http www.plustek.com product d28 corp.asp Plustek MobileOffice D28 Corporate Product Specifications ref 303 x 94 x 60 600 28 A4 USB 2.0 align center Xerox Travel Scanner 100 ref http www.xeroxscanners.com en us products TS100 Xerox Travel Scanner 100 Product Specifications ref 289 x 51 x 38 600 4 A4 USB 2.0 align center ScanShell 3000DN ref http www.scanshell store.com portable duplex scanner.htm ScanShell 3000DN Product Specifications ref 300 x 50 x 45 600 3 A4 USB 2.0 align center Canon imageFORMULA P 150 ref http www.microwarehouse.co.uk catalogue item A0537640 Canon imageFORMULA P 150 Product Specifications ref 280 x 95 x 40 600 10 216mm x 356mm USB 2.0 align ... Duplex Scanning Category Computing input devices computer stub ... more details
In molecular biology , alanine scanning is a technique used to determine the contribution of specific residues to a protein s function by mutating the residues to alanine. Alanine is often used because of its small and mostly inert methyl functional group, though sometimes Valine and Leucine are used when conservation of the size of mutated residues is needed. Scanning refers to the fact that many mutations are sometimes indiscriminately performed along the whole protein. The idea is to determine whether a specific side chain group of a specific residue plays an important role in bioactivity . This is usually performed specifically by site directed mutagenesis or randomly by creating a PCR library. Furthermore, there has also been development of computational methods to calculate thermodynamic parameters based on a theoretical alanine substitutions. References Refbegin Genetic techniques for biological research a case study approach, By Corinne V. Anthony Michels Refend Category Molecular biology techniques ... more details
inline date February 2010 Book scanning is the process of converting physical book s into digital media ... pressed against the page to flatten it. After scanning, software adjusts the document images by lining ... proofreaders usually check the output for errors. Scanning at nowrap 118 dots centimeter nowrap 300 ... is much more cost effective. Book scanning by organizations on a large scale Projects like Project ... on outsourcing, scanning in house using commercial book scanners, and scanning in house using robotic scanning solutions. As for outsourcing, books are often shipped to be scanned by low cost sources ... camera based scanning solutions which are substantially faster, and is a method employed ... and scanning the pages in a image scanner scanner with automatic page feeding capability, with rebinding ... manually or via OCR, another major cost of the book scanning projects. Due to copyright issues, most ... still protected under copyright unless the publisher specifically excludes them. Destructive scanning For book scanning on a low budget, the least expensive method to scan a book or magazine is to cut ... then be loaded into a standard automatic document feeder and scanned using inexpensive and common scanning ..., it is a useful tool for book and magazine scanning where the book is not an expensive collector s item ..., first with the cutting and second with the scanning. Cutting One method of cutting a stack ... interior pages need be cut. Scanning Once the paper is liberated from the spine, it can be scanned one ... pages can lead to improper scanning. The riffled edges or curved edge can be guillotined off to render ... this slipping. Magazines can pose a bulk scanning challenge due to small nonuniform sheets ..., or are simply left out of the scan process. Non destructive scanning In recent years, software driven ... short period of time. Some high end scanning systems employ vacuum and air and static ... article on the future of book scanning and the publishing industry http www.wired.com wired archive ... more details
orphan date August 2010 Strain scanning refers to several diffraction based techniques using X rays and neutrons where the crystalline lattice of a material is, in effect, used as a form of strain gauge . The various methods are derived from powder diffraction but look for the small shifts in the diffraction spectrum that indicate a change a lattice parameter instead of trying to derive unknown structural information. By comparing the lattice parameter to a known reference value it is possible to determine the Strain materials science strain . If sufficient measurements are made in different directions it is possible to derive the strain tensor and hence the Stress physics stress tensor. Principles At its most basic level strain scanning uses shifts in Bragg diffraction peaks to determine the strain. Strain is defined as the change in length shift in lattice parameter, d divided by the original length unstrained lattice parameter, d sub 0 sub . In diffraction based strain scanning this becomes the change in peak position divided by the original position. The precise equation is presented in terms of diffraction angle, energy, or for relatively slow moving neutrons time of flight math epsilon frac Delta d d 0 frac Delta theta theta 0 frac Delta E E 0 frac Delta t t 0 , math Methods The details of the technique are heavily influenced by the type of radiation used since lab X rays, synchrotron X rays and neutrons have very different properties. Nevertheless, there is considerable overlap between the various methods. References reflist unreferenced date December 2007 DEFAULTSORT Strain Scanning Category Physics physics stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Scanning The Greenhouse Type Compilation Album Artist The Flower Kings Cover Flower kings scanning the greenhouse.jpg Released June 23, 1998 Recorded 1994 1998 Genre Progressive rock Length 73 20 Label Outer Music , Avalon Records Producer Roine Stolt , Don Azzaro Reviews Allmusic Rating 4 5 Allmusic class album id r365922 pure url yes link Last album Stardust We Are br 1997 This album Scanning The Greenhouse br 1998 Next album Flower Power album Flower Power br 1999 Scanning The Greenhouse is the first compilation album by Sweden Swedish progressive rock band The Flower Kings . This album features songs from their first four studio albums including Roine Stolt s solo album The Flower King and focuses more in long tracks, almost all of them with more than 10 minutes. It was released at the time The Flower Kings was visiting USA for the first time. The album was also released in Japan through Avalon Records and features a cover of Genesis band Genesis song The Cinema Show , the band s original contribution to the Genesis tribute album The Fox Lies Down , in place of the song Compassion. Track listing All songs by Roine Stolt except where noted. In The Eyes Of The World 10 38 World Of Adventures 13 37 Pipes Of Peace Tomas Bodin , Stolt 1 19 The Flower King 1998 re recorded version 11 40 There Is More To This World 10 15 Stardust We Are, Part 3 1998 re recorded version 9 56 Retropolis 11 10 Compassion 4 45 Personnel Roine Stolt vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards, percussion Tomas Bodin keyboards, vocals Hasse Fr berg vocals, guitars Michael Stolt bass, vocals Jaime Salazar drums Hasse Bruniusson drums, percussion Dexter Frank, Jr. engineer The Flower Kings Category 1998 compilation albums Category The Flower Kings albums ... more details
multiple issues expert June 2009 unreferenced June 2009 Leaky scanning is technique commonly employed by viruses to express multiple proteins from a single sequence of RNA . The nucleotides surrounding the stop codon can disturb the ribosome causing it to shift reading frames and continue to translate past the stop codon. This technique can also be used to control the level of gene expression as the genes on the alternate open reading frame are translated less frequently. Category Virology Molecular biology stub ... more details
Inappropriate tone article date August 2008 Weasel date March 2009 Image lasers audience scanning in rimini.jpg ... in 2002. Audience scanning sometimes called crowd scanning occurs when a laser beam is directed ... to the eyes of audience members. Laser effects involving audience scanning are created by scanning the beam .... Should the scanning mechanism fail, however, it is possible to expose people to laser light at levels ... of audience scanning varies greatly. The biggest point of contention is the method of calculating ... conservative in their estimations of the amount of light received by the eye. Audience scanning ... scanning injuries at any time during the then 20 years of laser light shows. As reported in a 1997 ... claimed injuries and two incidents potential injury . ref Is Deliberate Audience Scanning Unsafe ... more dangerous than the continuous wave lasers used for audience scanning displays. Because of the danger, they should never be used for audience scanning, or where there is a danger of the beam ... could be seen in 50 of typical human eyes. Thus, if audience scanning is done at a level of 10 times ..., the beam power may be much reduced for farther back audience members Audience scanning calculations In making safety calculations for audience scanning, there are two steps. The first is to determine ... case . The second step is to calculate the effect of scanning this fixed beam. As the beam passes one ... scanning calculations and measurements. ref http www.lobo.de html products measure.htm ref ref ... Scanning Guidelines In November 1998, a panel of safety experts and laser operators, convened by the International Laser Display Association , issued a joint statement regarding audience scanning. It included ... scanning the audience. You should use accepted instruments and practices to check the questionable ... of each pulse. It requires exacting calculations to even consider scanning an audience with pulsed ... pulse accumulation. Don t rely on faster scanning. In general, you will not increase safety ... more details
Parallax scanning depth enhancing imaging methods rely on discrete parallax differences between depth planes in a scene. The differences are caused by a parallax scan. When properly balanced tuned and displayed, the discrete parallax differences are perceived by the brain as depth. A continuously moving parallax scan records a pattern of sequential parallax views on a single strip of film or video tape. The lens s optical axis sweeps in the plane of the nominal X and Y axes around the nominal optical Z axis, pivoting on the optical convergence point out along the Z axis , so that it passes through positions having parallax in relation to the optical convergence point. The circular scanning of the lens s optical axis traces out a coaxial cone pattern with the convergence point as its apex. Early tests revealed that the brain will translate parallax scanned information into depth information at scanning frequencies of between 3 6 Hz, and that the ideal frequency is 4.31 Hz. Human Visual Perception In his 1995 book, Foundations of Vision, Brian Wandell states, Perception is an interpretation of the retinal image, not a description. Information in the retinal image may be interpreted .... The parallax scanning lens technology creates autostereoscopic moving images with enhanced ... by the lens using parallax scanning technology. sup 2 sup Psycho physical Research It is known that the act ... CIT to fund a research project to study the perceptual aspects of parallax scanning on the human visual ... Perceived depth is enhanced with parallax scanning, was the first independent study of the parallax scanning technologies. Dr. Dennis Proffitt and Tom Banton s work confirm that parallax scanning enhances ... depth in the scene, the more parallax scanning enhances its perception by a viewer on a standard television ..., D. et al. Perceived depth is enhanced with parallax scanning. University of Virginia Cognitive Science Department, March 1999. http www.inv3.com UVA.pdf UVA Report DEFAULTSORT Parallax Scanning ... more details
Conical scanning is a system used in early radar units to improve their accuracy, as well as making it easier to steer the Antenna radio antenna properly to point at a target. Conical scanning is similar in concept to the earlier lobe switching concept used on some of the earliest radars, and many examples of lobe switching sets were modified in the field to conical scanning during World War II , notably the German W rzburg radar . With simple electronics, antenna guidance can be made entirely automatic, although potential failure modes and susceptibility to deception jamming led to the replacement of conical scan systems with monopulse radar sets. Concept A basic radar antenna commonly has a beam width of a few degrees. While this is fine for locating the target in the early warning role, it is not nearly accurate enough for gun laying , which demands accuracies on the order of 0.1 degrees. It is possible to improve the beam width through the use of larger antennas, but this is often impractical. In order to monitor the direction of a designated target, it is only necessary to keep the aerial pointing directly at the target. Knowledge of the pointing direction of the aerial then naturally gives knowledge of the target direction. In order to keep a single target tracker staring at the designated target automatically, it is necessary to have a control system that keeps the aerial ... as target motion. Conical Scanning Image Conical scan.jpg frame right Conical scanning ... moved to follow the target. Conical scanning addresses this problem by moving the radar beam slightly ... a beam of 2 degrees width &ndash fairly typical &ndash a conical scanning radar might move the beam ..., with conical scanning much smaller movements can be detected, and accuracies under 0.1 degree were .... Since the lobe is being rotated around the midline of the antenna, conical scanning is only really ... small dipole antenna s arranged in front of a passive reflector. To arrange conical scanning on such a system ... more details
1980 ref . It is most commonly carried out for neuroimaging using dynamic sequential scanning ... typical of Alzheimer s disease. sup 99m sup Tc exametazime SPECT scanning competes with fludeoxyglucose FDG Positron emission tomography PET scanning of the brain, which works to assess regional ... technology is longer lasting and far less expensive in SPECT, and the gamma scanning equipment is less ... technetium 99m generator s which are delivered to hospitals and scanning centers weekly, to supply ... directly to scanning sites, with delivery fraction for each trip handicapped by its natural short ... more details
Scanning helium microscope may refer to Scanning Helium Ion Microscope Atomic nanoscope , which was proposed and discussed in the literature, but is not yet competitive with optical microscope, electron microscope, Scanning Helium Ion Microscope and various scanning probe microscopes disambig ... more details
kV . Environmental SEM Main Environmentalscanning electron microscope Conventional SEM requires samples ... first G,D year 1988 title Foundations of environmentalscanning electron microscopy journal ... system for an environmentalscanning electron microscope inventor Gerasimos D Danilatos, George ... sample chamber File ScanningMicroscopeJLM.jpg thumb right Analog type scanning electron microscope A scanning electron microscope SEM is a type of electron microscope that images a sample by scanning .... Scanning process and image formation File Schema MEB en .svg thumb left Schematic diagram of an SEM ... nm in diameter. The beam passes through pairs of scanning coils or pairs of deflector plates in the electron ... scanning of the CRT display is synchronised with that of the beam on the specimen in the microscope ... resolution. In a SEM, as in scanning probe microscopy , magnification results from the ratio of the dimensions ..., y scanning coils, or the voltage supplied to the x, y deflector plates, and not by objective lens ... been prepared for viewing with a scanning electron microscope. All samples must also be of an appropriate ... scanned by the electron beam, and especially in secondary electron imaging mode, this causes scanning ... E. year 2002 title High resolution scanning electron microscopy of immunogold labelled cells by the use ... title Modified Thiocarbohydrazide Procedure for Scanning Electron Microscopy Routine use for Normal ... SEM instrumentation such as the Environmental SEM ESEM or field emission gun FEG SEMs operated at low voltage. Environmental SEM instruments place the specimen in a relatively high pressure ... cite journal last Russell first S. D. coauthors Daghlian, C. P. year 1985 title Scanning electron ... with a cold stage for cryo microscopy, cryofixation may be used and low temperature scanning electron ... Ambient and Low temperature scanning electron microscopy title Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells last ... pmid 18667640 issue 6 pmc 2483367 ref Low temperature scanning electron microscopy is also ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Microsoft Office Document Scanning MODS is a scanning and Optical character recognition OCR application included with Microsoft Office introduced first in Office XP. The OCR engine is based upon Nuance s OmniPage. Microsoft Office Document Scanning is suited for creating archival copies of documents. Microsoft Office Document Scanning is closely tied with Microsoft Office Document Imaging , the application that manipulates Microsoft Document Imaging Format MDI Microsoft Document Image files. The application can also create TIFF files. Notably, this application can also embed OCR data into both MDI and TIFF files. This enables some sort of automated text searchability on the files, which is integrated into the Windows shell Search function. Microsoft Office Document Scanning, like Office Document Imaging is no longer available in Office 2010 . Category Microsoft Office Document Scanning Category Optical character recognition Category Discontinued Microsoft software Document Scanning Microsoft Office Windows software stub ko ... more details
Scanning Hall probe microscope SHPM is a variety of a scanning probe microscope which incorporates accurate sample approach and positioning of the scanning tunnelling microscope with a semiconductor Hall sensor . This combination allows to map the magnetic induction associated with a sample. Current state of the art SHPM systems utilize 2D electron gas materials e.g. gallium arsenide GaAs AlGaAs to provide high spatial resolution 300 nm imaging with high magnetic field sensitivity. Unlike the magnetic force microscope the SHPM provides direct quantitative information on the magnetic state of a material. The SHPM can also image magnetic induction under applied fields up to 1 Tesla unit tesla and over a wide range of temperatures millikelvins to 300 K . ref cite journal doi 10.1063 1.108334 author A. M. Chang, H.D. Hallen, L. Harriot, H.F. Hess, H. L. Los, J. Kao, R.E. Miller and T.Y. Chang journal Appl. Phys. Lett. volume 61 page 1974 year 1992 ref References reflist See also Scanning probe microscope Scanning tunneling microscope SPM2 Category Scanning probe microscopy ... more details
Feature oriented scanning FOS ref cite journal author R. V. Lapshin year 2004 title Feature oriented scanning methodology for probe microscopy and nanotechnology journal Nanotechnology volume 15 issue 9 pages 1135 1151 publisher IOP location UK issn 0957 4484 doi 10.1088 0957 4484 15 9 006 url http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin publications.htm feature2004 format PDF ref ref cite journal author R. V. Lapshin year 2007 title Automatic drift elimination in probe microscope images based on techniques of counter scanning and topography feature recognition journal Measurement Science and Technology volume 18 issue 3 pages 907 927 publisher IOP location UK issn 0957 0233 doi 10.1088 0957 0233 18 3 046 url http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin publications.htm automatic2007 format PDF ref ref cite journal author R. V. Lapshin year 2009 title Availability of feature oriented scanning probe microscopy for remote controlled measurements on board a space laboratory or planet exploration rover journal Astrobiology volume 9 issue 5 pages 437 442 publisher Mary Ann Liebert location USA issn 1531 1074 doi 10.1089 ast.2007.0173 url http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin publications.htm availability2009 format PDF pmid 19566423 ref is a method intended for high precision measurement of nanotopography as well as other surface properties and characteristics on a Scanning probe microscopy scanning probe microscope SPM using features objects of the surface as reference points of the microscope ... to use another name for the method object oriented scanning OOS . See also Counter scanning Feature oriented positioning References references External links http www.nanoworld.org homepages lapshin research.htm fos1996 Feature oriented scanning , Research section at Lapshin s Personal Page on SPM & Nanotechnology Scanning probe microscopy Category Microscopes Category Scanning atomic force microscope Category Scanning probe microscope Category Nanotechnology nano tech stub ru ... more details
Image Sicm.jpg 400px right The scanning ion conductance microscope SICM consists of an electrically charged glass micro or nanopipette probe filled with electrolyte lowered toward the surface of the sample which is non conducting for ions in an oppositely charged bath of electrolyte. As the tip of the micropipette approaches the sample, the ion conductance and therefore current decreases since the gap through which ions can flow, is reduced in size. Variations in the ion current are measured by an amplifier, and are used as a feedback signal by a scanner control unit to keep the distance between pipette tip and sample constant by applying corresponding voltages to the Z piezo drive during the scanning procedure. Therefore, the path of the tip follows the contours of the surface. The SICM can also sample and map the local ion currents above the surface. This is useful in imaging ion currents through membrane channels. This scanning technique can be used on living tissues, whereas traditional SEM imaging necessitated killing the sample. Biological processes can now be observed whilst in action. SICM is part of the larger family of scanning probe microscopy SPM , and was specially designed for the sub micrometer resolution scanning of soft non conductive materials that are bathed in electrolyte solution. References cite journal doi 10.1126 science.2464851 pmid 2464851 title The scanning ion conductance microscope year 1989 last1 Hansma first1 P. last2 Drake first2 B last3 Marti first3 O last4 Gould first4 S. last5 Prater first5 C. journal Science volume 243 issue 4891 pages 641 3 cite journal pmid 10777763 year 2000 author1 Korchev last2 Raval first2 M last3 Lab first3 MJ last4 Gorelik first4 J last5 Edwards first5 CR last6 Rayment first6 T last7 Klenerman first7 D title Hybrid scanning ion conductance and scanning near field optical microscopy for the study of living cells ... journal SPM2 Category Scanning probe microscopy ... more details
File Typing by Scanning.jpg right thumb 250px The pattern of grope scanning on a Hebrew virtual keyboard ... File Access device.JPG right thumb 250px A wrist switch Switch access scanning is an indirect selection ... a screen , a scanner can only make selections when the scanning indicator or cursor of the electronic device is on the desired choice. ref name b97 Beukelman & Mirenda, 2005, p. 97 ref The scanning indicator moves through items by highlighting each item on the screen i.e., visual scanning , or by announcing each item via voice output i.e., auditory scanning , and then the user activates a switch ... Communication Technical Report ref ref name hedman The speed and pattern of scanning, as well ... for using scanning, the most common is a physical disability resulting in reduced motor control ... ref Communication during scanning is slower and less efficient than direct selection and scanning requires more cognitive skill e.g., attention . ref name asha ref name hedman Scanning using ... for those with only one voluntary movement. ref name asha Scanning Patterns A scanning pattern ... as the scanning is systematic and predictable. ref name b97 Three primary scanning patterns exist In circular scanning , individual items are arranged in a circle like the numbers on a clock face and the scanning indicator moves in a circle to scan one item at a time. Although circular scanning is visually demanding, it is the simplest scanning pattern as it is cognitively easy to master. ref ... year 2001 isbn 9780769300719 pages 150 51 ref In linear scanning , items are usually arranged in a grid and the scanning indicator moves through each item in each row systematically. ref name vinson Although linear scanning is cognitively more demanding than circular scanning, it is relatively straightforward ... item were the 7th item in the 4th row, the scanning indicator would have to scan through 30 undesired items first before reaching the desired item. In group item scanning , items are grouped e.g. ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
