higher than the metabolism of its structural isomer isoflurane . Enflurane also lowers ... known to cause malignant hyperthermia . It relaxes the uterus in pregnant women. Enflurane and methoxyflurane ... Enfluran de Enfluran fa fr Enflurane it Enflurano nl Enfluraan ja pt Enflurano ru ... more details
Summary Information Description Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane and desflurane, the most common fluorinated ether flurane inhalation anesthetics. Fluranes are color coded sevoflurane is marked yellow, isoflurane purple, enflurane orange anc desflurane blue. Note the valve cap on the desflurane bottle at 23.5 C the boiling point of this compound is near room temperature. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date Author User Diesel 50 Diesel 50 User talk Diesel 50 talk other versions Licensing PD self date July 2008 ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub ClF sub 5 sub O The molecular formula C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub ClF sub 5 sub O may refer to enflurane Isoflurane MolFormDisambig fr C3H2ClF5O ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride , commonly due to metabolism of fluoride containing drugs, such as methoxyflurane , releasing inorganic fluoride inside the body. ref Cousins MJ, Skowronski G, Plummer JL. Anaesthesia and the kidney. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983 Nov 11 4 292 320. ref ref Baden JM, Rice SA, Mazze RI. Deuterated methoxyflurane anesthesia and renal function in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1982 Mar 56 3 203 6. ref ref Mazze RI. Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Jun 15 111 9. ref The kidney injury is characterised by failure to concentrate urine , leading to polyuria , and subsequent dehydration with hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation , leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine. Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is dose dependent, typically requiring serum fluoride levels exceeding 50 micromoles per liter to cause clinically significant renal dysfunction, ref Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effect of enflurane in men. Anesthesiology 1976 44 44 53. ref which is likely when the dose of methoxyfluorane exceeds 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration MAC hours. ref VanDyke R. Biotransformation of volatile anesthetics with special emphasis on the role of metabolism in the toxicity of anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1973 20 21 33. ref ref White AE, Stevens WC, Eger EI II, Mazze RI, Hitt BA. Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and subanesthetic concentrations. Anesth Analg 1979 58 221 4 ref Note MAC hour is the multiple of the minimum alveolar concentration MAC of the anesthetic used times the number of hours the drug is adm ... more details
led to halogenated ether s such as enflurane and isoflurane . The incidence of hepatic reactions with these agents is lower. The exact degree of hepatotoxic potential of enflurane is debated, although ... in the use of halothane for adults. It was replaced in the 1980s by enflurane and isoflurane . By the year ... more details
File Fluranebottles.jpg thumb Bottles of sevoflurane , isoflurane , enflurane , and desflurane , the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which Boiling point boils near Standard conditions for temperature and pressure ambient conditions . An inhalational anaesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anaesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. They are administered by anaesthetists a term which includes anesthesiologist s, nurse anesthetist s, and Anesthesia Anesthesiologist assistants anesthesiologist assistants through an anaesthesia mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to some type of anaesthetic vaporiser and an anaesthetic machine anaesthetic delivery system . Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include Volatility chemistry volatile anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane , sevoflurane and desflurane , as well as certain anaesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon . List of inhalational anaesthetic agents Currently used agents isoflurane desflurane nitrous oxide sevoflurane Previously used agents Although some of these are still used in clinical practice and in research, the following anaesthetic agents are primarily of historical interest in Developed country developed countries aliflurane chloroform cyclopropane diethyl ether enflurane ethylene halothane methoxyflurane methoxypropane roflurane teflurane trichloroethylene vinyl ether Future agents xenon Volatile anaesthetics Volatile anaesthetic agents share the property of being liquid at room temperature, but evaporating easily for administration by inhalation. All of these agents share the property of being quite Hydrophobe hydrophobic i.e., as liquids, they are not freely Miscibility miscible with water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water . The ideal volatile anaesthetic agent offers smooth and reliable induction ... more details
A general anaesthetic or anesthetic , see spelling differences is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness . These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthesia provider to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery . The biological Theories of general anaesthetic action mechanism s of the action of general anaesthetics are not well understood. Mode of administration Drugs given to induce or maintain general anaesthesia are either given as Gases or vapours inhalational anaesthetic s Injections intravenous anaesthetics Most commonly, these two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it, although it is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection. Inhalation Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either Volatility chemistry volatile liquid s or gas es, and are usually delivered using an anaesthesia machine . An anaesthesia machine allows composing a mixture of oxygen, anaesthetics and ambient air, delivering it to the patient and monitoring patient and machine parameters. Liquid anaesthetics are vapourized in the machine. Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use. Desflurane , isoflurane and sevoflurane are the most widely used volatile anaesthetic s today. They are often combined with nitrous oxide . Older, less popular, volatile anaesthetics, include halothane , enflurane , and methoxyflurane . Researchers are also actively exploring the use of xenon as an anaesthetic. Injection Injection anaesthetics are used for induction and maintenance of a state of unconsciousness. Anaesthetists prefer to use intravenous injection s, as they are faster, generally less painful and more reliable than intramuscular injection intramuscular or subcutaneous injection s. Among the most widely used drugs are Propofol Etomidate Barbiturate s such as methohexital and thiopentone thiopental Benzodiazepine such as mi ... more details
PBB geneid 1571 Cytochrome P450 2E1 abbreviated CYP2E1 , EC number 1.14.14.1 , a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotic s in the body. In humans, the CYP2E1 enzyme is encoded by the CYP2E1 gene . ref name pmid8307581 cite journal author K lble K title Regional mapping of short tandem repeats on human chromosome 10 cytochrome P450 gene CYP2E, D10S196, D10S220, and D10S225 journal Genomics volume 18 issue 3 pages 702 4 year 1993 month December pmid 8307581 doi 10.1016 S0888 7543 05 80378 7 url issn ref While it is involved in the oxidative metabolism of a small range of substrates mostly small polar molecules , there are many important drug interactions mediated by CYP2E1. Most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP2E1, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body. Also, many substances are bioactivation bioactivated by CYP2E1 to form their active compounds for examples see table below CYP2E1, as well as alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase , is an important enzyme for the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and to acetate in humans. ref name pmid1778977 cite journal author Hayashi S, Watanabe J, Kawajiri K title Genetic polymorphisms in the 5 flanking region change transcriptional regulation of the human cytochrome P450IIE1 gene journal J. Biochem. volume 110 issue 4 pages 559 65 year 1991 month October pmid 1778977 doi url issn ref CYP2E1 Ligands class wikitable Selected inducers, inhibitors and substrates of CYP2E1 ref name FASS http www.fass.se LIF produktfakta fakta lakare artikel.jsp?articleID 18352 Swedish environmental classification of pharmaceuticals Facts for prescribers Fakta f r f rskrivare ref ref Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class. ref Substrates Inhibitors Inducers style vertical align top anaesthetics halothane isoflurane enflurane other paracetamol analgesic , antipyretic toxication by CYP2E1 dapsone antibiotic theophyllin ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 414042995 IUPAC name 2 chloro 2 difluoromethoxy 1,1,1 trifluoro ethane br OR br 1 chloro 2,2,2 trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether image Isoflurane.svg image2 Isoflurane 3D vdW.png CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3631 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII CYS9AKD70P InChI 1 C3H2ClF5O c4 1 3 7,8 9 10 2 5 6 h1 2H InChIKey PIWKPBJCKXDKJR UHFFFAOYAP ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 1256 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C3H2ClF5O c4 1 3 7,8 9 10 2 5 6 h1 2H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PIWKPBJCKXDKJR UHFFFAOYSA N CAS number 26675 46 7 ATC prefix N01 ATC suffix AB06 ATC supplemental PubChem 3763 DrugBank APRD00212 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D00545 smiles FC F F C Cl OC F F C 3 H 2 Cl 1 F 5 O 1 molecular weight 184.5 g mol bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Isoflurane 2 chloro 2 difluoromethoxy 1,1,1 trifluoro ethane is a halogenated ether used for inhalational anesthesia . Together with enflurane and halothane , it replaced the flammable Diethyl ether ethers used in the pioneer days of surgery . Its name comes from being a structural isomer of enflurane, hence they have the same empirical formula. It is a racemic mixture of R and S optical isomers. Its use in human medicine is now starting to decline, being replaced with sevoflurane , desflurane and the intravenous anaesthetic propofol . Isoflurane is still frequently used for veterinary anaesthesia . Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with air and or pure oxygen . Often nitrous oxide is also used. Although its physical properties imply that anaesthesia can be induced more rapidly than with halothane , its pungency can irritate the respiratory system, negating this theoretical advantage conferred by its physical properties. It is usually used to maintain a state of general anest ... more details
agents Main Inhalational anaesthetic Desflurane Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous ... Sedation year 2004 isbn 0721653685 nopp true ref Partly because of its side effects, enflurane ... more details
, while fluoride formation from other volatile anesthetics such as enflurane and sevoflurane ... such as enflurane, isoflurane , desflurane and sevoflurane, the clinical use of methoxyflurane ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 C sub 3 sub class wikitable sortable Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number C sub 3 sub Al sub 4 sub aluminium carbide 1299 86 1 C sub 3 sub BrF sub 7 sub heptafluoropropyl bromide 422 85 5 C sub 3 sub BrN bromocyanoacetylene 3114 46 3 C sub 3 sub ClF sub 5 sub O chloropentafluoroacetone 79 53 8 C sub 3 sub ClF sub 5 sub O pentafluoropropionyl chloride 422 59 3 C sub 3 sub ClN chlorocyanoacetylene 2003 31 8 C sub 3 sub Cl sub 3 sub NO sub 2 sub trichloroacetyl isocyanate 3019 71 4 C sub 3 sub Cl sub 3 sub N sub 3 sub cyanuric chloride 108 77 0 C sub 3 sub Cl sub 3 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 3 sub trichlorocyanuric acid 87 90 1 C sub 3 sub Cl sub 5 sub FO fluoropentachloroacetone 2378 08 7 C sub 3 sub Cl sub 6 sub hexachlorocyclopropane 2065 35 2 C sub 3 sub CoNO sub 4 sub cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl 14096 82 3 C sub 3 sub Cr sub 7 sub chromium carbide 12075 40 0 C sub 3 sub F sub 4 sub perfluoroallene 461 68 7 C sub 3 sub F sub 6 sub O pentafluoropropionyl fluoride 422 61 7 C sub 3 sub HCl sub 2 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 3 sub dichlorocyanuric acid 2782 57 2 C sub 3 sub HCl sub 3 sub O sub 2 sub trichloroacrylic acid 2257 35 4 C sub 3 sub HF sub 5 sub O sub 2 sub pentafluoropropionic acid 422 64 0 C sub 3 sub HF sub 6 sub N hexafluoroacetone imine 1645 75 6 C sub 3 sub HN isocyanoacetylene 66723 45 3 C sub 3 sub HN propiolonitrile 1070 71 9 C sub 3 sub HNO cyanoketene 4452 08 8 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub cyclopropenylidene 16165 40 5 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub propadienylidene 60731 10 4 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub ClF sub 5 sub O enflurane 13838 16 9 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub ClNO sub 2 sub chloroacetyl isocyanate 4461 30 7 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub malonyl dichloride 1663 67 8 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub F sub 5 sub NO pentafluoropropionamide 354 76 7 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub N sub 2 sub malononitrile 109 77 3 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub O propadienal 61244 93 7 C sub 3 sub H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub propiolic acid 471 25 0 C sub 3 sub H sub 3 ... more details
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