three 000035481 endotoxin ref associated with certain Gram negative bacteria . An endotoxin is a toxin ... The prototypical examples of endotoxin are lipopolysaccharide LPS or lipooligosaccharide LOS , found ... RW, Stephens DS title Endotoxin of Neisseria meningitidis composed only of intact lipid A inactivation ... with endotoxin, owing to its historical discovery. In the 1800s it became understood ... endotoxin came from the discovery that portions of Gram negative bacteria themselves can cause toxicity , hence the name endotoxin. Studies of endotoxin over the next 50 years revealed that the effects of endotoxin were, in fact, due to lipopolysaccharide. LPS consists of a polysaccharide sugar ... amount of endotoxin in human volunteers has been shown to produce fever, a decrease in blood ... other than LPS The delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis makes crystal like inclusion bodies next ... an endotoxin like substance. ref name pmid110684 cite journal author Wexler H, Oppenheim JD title Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin like material from the gram positive ... ref However, a subsequent study failed to confirm that this Gram positive species produces an endotoxin ... endotoxin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. cite web url http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi ... for bacterial endotoxin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. format work accessdate 2008 ... other pathways which may contribute to the overall endotoxic effect.. Endotoxin contamination Endotoxins ... on animal physiology. In pharmaceutical production, it is necessary to remove all traces of endotoxin from drug product containers as even small amounts of endotoxin will cause illness in humans. A depyrogenation ... down this substance. A defined endotoxin reduction rate is a correlation between time and temperature ... time of 30 minutes is typical to achieve a reduction of endotoxin levels by a factor of 1000. A very sensitive assay for detecting presence of endotoxin is the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay, utilizing ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Endotoxin M Name delta endotoxin image PDB 1dlc EBI.jpg width caption Structure of insecticidal delta endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis. ref name pmid1658659 cite journal author Li JD, Carroll J, Ellar DJ title Crystal structure of insecticidal delta endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis at 2.5 A resolution journal Nature volume 353 issue 6347 pages 815 21 year 1991 month October pmid 1658659 doi 10.1038 353815a0 url ref Pfam PF00555 InterPro IPR015790 SMART Prosite SCOP 1dlc TCDB 1.C.2 OPM family 95 OPM protein 1w99 PDB PDB3 1ciy 259 460 PDB3 1dlc 295 499 PDB3 1ji6 A 296 502 PDB3 1w99 A 283 470 Delta endotoxins endotoxins , also called Cry and Cyt toxins are pore forming toxin s produced by Bacillus thuringiensis species of bacteria. They are useful for their insecticidal action. During spore formation the bacteria produce crystals of this protein. When an insect ingests these proteins, they are activated by proteolytic cleavage. The N terminus is cleaved in all of the proteins and a C terminal extension is cleaved in some members. Once activated, the endotoxin binds to the gut epithelium and causes cell lysis by the formation of cation selective channels, which leads to death. The activated region of the delta toxin is composed of three distinct structural domains an N terminal helical bundle domain InterPro IPR005639 involved in membrane insertion and pore formation a beta sheet central domain involved in receptor binding and a C terminal beta sandwich domain InterPro IPR005638 that interacts with the N terminal domain to form a channel ref name PUB00015089 cite journal author Cygler M, Borisova S, Grochulski P, Masson L, Pusztai carey M, Schwartz JL, Brousseau R title Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA a insecticidal toxin crystal structure and channel formation journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 254 issue 3 pages 447 464 year 1995 pmid 7490762 doi 10.1006 ... DEFAULTSORT Delta Endotoxin Category Protein domains Category Peripheral membrane proteins Category ... more details
is defined as any substance that can cause a fever. A pyrogen can either be an endotoxin or an exotoxin ... oxide, which leads to septic shock. Maximum acceptable endotoxin levels Because endotoxin molecular weight can vary a great deal 10,000 to 1,000,000 Da , endotoxin levels are measured in endotoxin ..., and low urine output and even small doses of endotoxin in the blood stream are often fatal. The FDA has set the following maximum permissible endotoxin levels for drugs distributed in the United States ... Sterile water 0.25 0.5 EU ml depends on intended use Pyrogen detection Rabbit Test Early endotoxin ... temperature. Rabbits have similar endotoxin tolerance to humans, and were thus an ideal choice .... But perhaps the biggest drawback of this test was its inability to quantify the endotoxin level. LAL Test Currently, the method of choice for endotoxin detection is the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate LAL ... from horseshoe crab blood is mixed with a sample suspected of endotoxin contamination, and a reaction ... negatively charged, it will pass through the column before the endotoxin, and an effective separation ... its endotoxin binding strength and further improve the purity of the final product. Typical examples of endotoxin binding ligands include histamine , nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds, and polymyxin ... chromatography to purify albumin Uppsala 2 of the endotoxin does not bind to the column. However, this 2 ... this 2 has washed out. 10 of the endotoxin that does bind to the column 9.8 of the original total ... by stopping collection before this happens. The remaining 90 of the bound endotoxin 88.2 of the original .... In this method, the target binds to the column instead of the endotoxin. The endotoxin then washes ... to perform as a size based separation. Due to the high variability of endotoxin size, it can be difficult ... can be easily purified by boiling and collecting the condensed vapor in an endotoxin free vessel ... heating 250 C for 30 min results in a 3log reduction of endotoxin levels. Due to the high temperature ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced November 2010 context November 2010 Lipooligosaccharide LOS , a potent endotoxin , causes Petechiae , Purpura , Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome , Septic shock Antigen s to LOS can activate the complement pathway , releasing C5a which has a chemotactic effect. health stub Category Membrane active molecules Category Microbiology Category Glycolipids ... more details
marine org images animals Limulus blood bang.html The History of Limulus and Endotoxin , Marine Biological ... for validation of the LAL test as an endotoxin test for such products http www.fda.gov CBER ... inhibition and enhancement One of the most time consuming aspects of endotoxin testing using ... using endotoxin in water. Therefore, unless the sample is water, some components of the solution may interfere with the LAL test such that the recovery of endotoxin is affected. If the product being tested causes the endotoxin recovery to be less than expected, the product is inhibitory ... test for use in the final release testing of injectables and medical devices. Proper endotoxin ... Endotoxin Detection Product http docs.google.com viewer?a v&q cache adwIP8iyqzwJ www.fda.gov downloads ... more details
Mergeto Microbial toxins date April 2010 A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria . ref DorlandsDict eight 000109722 bacterial toxins ref Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection e.g. when the bacteria have died, but have already produced toxin, which becomes ingested It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins. ref name Microbiology348 Page 348 in cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi ref One primary classification used is to distinguish between exotoxin and endotoxin . Exotoxins are generated by the bacteria and actively secreted. Endotoxins are part of the bacteria itself. Usually, endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane , and it is not released until the bacteria is killed by the immune system . The body s response to endotoxin can involve severe inflammation . In general, the inflammation process is usually considered beneficial to the infected host, but if the reaction is severe enough, it can lead to sepsis . Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumor s. ref name urlDefinition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms cite web url http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 45610 title Definition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms format work accessdate 2008 12 13 ref See also Cyanotoxin Microbial toxins References Reflist Toxins Category Toxins Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology sv Bakterietoxin ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 400274569 type mab mab type mab source o target endotoxin CAS number 141410 98 2 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank chemical formula molecular weight bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy AU pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU legal CA legal UK legal US legal status routes of administration Intravenous therapy Intravenous infusion Edobacomab , codenamed E5 , is a mouse monoclonal antibody that was investigated as a possible treatment for sepsis caused by Gram negative bacteria l infections. Further reading cite journal author Greenman RL, Schein RM, Martin MA, et al. title A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram negative sepsis. The XOMA Sepsis Study Group journal JAMA volume 266 issue 8 pages 1097 102 year 1991 month August pmid 1865542 doi 10.1001 jama.266.8.1097 url cite journal author Bone RC, Balk RA, Fein AM, et al. title A second large controlled clinical study of E5, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. The E5 Sepsis Study Group journal Crit. Care Med. volume 23 issue 6 pages 994 1006 year 1995 month June pmid 7774238 doi url http meta.wkhealth.com pt pt core template journal lwwgateway media landingpage.htm?issn 0090 3493&volume 23&issue 6&spage 994 cite journal author Angus DC, Birmingham MC, Balk RA, et al. title E5 murine monoclonal antiendotoxin antibody in gram negative sepsis a randomized controlled trial. E5 Study Investigators journal JAMA volume 283 issue 13 pages 1723 30 year 2000 month April pmid 10755499 doi 10.1001 jama.283.13.1723 url http jama.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10755499 Monoclonals for infectious disease and toxins monoclonal antibody stub it Edobacomab ... more details
Image Peter Ludvig Panum.jpg thumb Peter Ludvig Panum Peter Ludvig Panum 19 December 1820 &ndash 2 May 1885 was a Danish physiologist and pathologist born in R nne . The Panum Institute in Copenhagen is named in his honor. In 1846 he was chosen by the government to undertake research of a measles epidemic in the Faroe Islands . As a result of his investigations he published a classic treatise titled Observations Made During the Epidemic of Measles on the Faroe Islands in the Year 1846 . Later he studied with Rudolf Virchow at the University of W rzburg 1851 , and with Claude Bernard in Paris 1852 53 . From 1855 to 1864 he was a professor at the University of Kiel , afterwards relocating to the University of Copenhagen as professor of physiology, where he spent the remainder of his career. Panum is acknowledged as being the first person to perform systematic and comprehensive studies of endotoxin , ref http books.google.com books?id oWhqhK1cE gC&pg PA5&lpg PA5&dq Panum endotoxin&source bl&ots 7f70aeohjX&sig NG5Ki70Thz 1kJzK3iUHyqhE04M&hl en&ei uyBUStTUIpXAMNPR4fMI&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 7 Endotoxin in health and disease by Helmut Brade ref which he referred to at the time as putrid poison . He believed that this substance was responsible for signs and symptoms observed in patients with sepsis . In his studies of binocular vision , the eponymous Panum s fusional area is derived. This term is defined as the area on the retina of one human eye eye over which a point sized image can range, while still being able to provide a single image with a specific point of stimulus on the retina of the other eye. Therefore, the region in visual space that we perceive single vision is Panum s fusional area, and objects in front and behind this region exist in physiological diplopia double vision . References http www.danmedbul.dk Dmb 2006 0406 0406 artikler DMB3843.htm Danish Medical Bulletin No. 4. November 2006 Essay on Panum s Research of Endotoxin http books.google ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 An amebocyte or amoebocyte uh me buh sit is a mobile biological cell cell moving like an amoeba in the body of invertebrate s such as echinoderm s, mollusk s or sponge s. They move by pseudopod ia. Similarly to some of the white blood cell s of vertebrate s, in many species amebocytes are found in the blood or body fluid and play a role in the defense of the organism against pathogen s. Depending on the species, it may also digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types. Also known as explosive cells. Limulus amebocyte lysate , an aequous extract of amebocytes from the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus , is commonly used in a test to detect bacteria l endotoxin s. In sponges, amebocytes or archaeocyte s are cells found in the mesohyl that can transform into any of the animal s more specialized cell types. In old literature, the term amebocyte is sometimes used as a synonym of phagocyte . invertebrate stub Category Animal physiology ... more details
drugbox type mab image mab type mab source u target endotoxin CAS number 138661 01 5 ATC prefix J06 ATC suffix BC01 PubChem DrugBank KEGG D05126 chemical formula molecular weight bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy AU pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU legal CA legal UK legal US legal status routes of administration Nebacumab is a human monoclonal antibody developed for the treatment of sepsis . ref pmid 10825037 ref It has been withdrawn in 1993 because it failed to reduce mortality in clinical trial s. ref http apps.who.int medicinedocs en d Js4902e 4.1.262.html Js4902e.4.1.262 WHO Consolidated List of Products ref References reflist Monoclonals for infectious disease and toxins Immune sera and immunoglobulins antiinfective drug stub monoclonal antibody stub Category Monoclonal antibodies ... more details
Cry3Bb1 is a protein toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis . ref name Galitsky 2001 cite journal last1 Galitsky first1 Nikolai last2 Cody first2 Vivian last3 Wojtczak first3 Andrzej last4 Ghosh first4 Debashis last5 Luft first5 Joseph R. last6 Pangborn first6 Walter last7 English first7 Leigh title Structure of the insecticidal bacterial endotoxin Cry3Bb1 ofBacillus thuringiensis journal Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography volume 57 issue Pt 8 pages 1101 9 year 2001 pmid 11468393 doi 10.1107 S0907444901008186 ref Uses Cry3Bb1 is utilized as an insecticide. See also MON 863 References reflist External links http www.epa.gov oppbppd1 biopesticides ingredients factsheets factsheet 006484.htm Cry3Bb1 at the United States Environmental Protection Agency Category Proteins agriculture stub ... more details
Percoll was first formulated by Pertoft et al. as a tool for more efficient density separation ref H. Pertoft, T.C. Laurent, T. Laas and L. Kagedal. Anal. Biochem. 88 1978 , pp. 271 282 http dx.doi.org 10.1016 0003 2697 78 90419 0 ref . It is used for the isolation of Cell biology cell s, organelle s, and or virus es by density centrifugation . Percoll consists of colloidal silica particles of 15 30 nm diameter 23 w w in water which have been coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP . Percoll is well suited for density gradient experiments because it possesses a low viscosity compared to alternatives, a low osmolarity and no toxicity towards cells and their constituents. Percoll is a registered trademark of GE Healthcare . Past use in artificial reproduction Percoll was previously used in assisted reproductive technology ART to select sperm from semen by density gradient centrifugation, for use in techniques such as in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination. However, in 1996, Pharmacia sent out a letter to laboratories stating that Percoll should be used for research purposes only, not clinical. In fairness to Pharmacia, they had not marketed it as a sperm preparation product it had been repackaged and sold as such by third party manufacturers. The FDA Warning Letter was due to concerns that PVP might cause damage to sperm an unknown issue , and also that some batches of Percoll contained high levels of endotoxin a known issue . The latter concern also applies to the use of Percoll with any other cells that might be injected back into a patient, since endotoxin can cause severe inflammation and fever. Since then it has been replaced with other colloids in the ART industry. ref Cite journal last Mortimer first D authorlink coauthors title Sperm preparation methods. journal Journal of Andrology volume 21 issue 3 pages 357 66 publisher location date 2000 May Jun url http www.andrologyjournal.org cgi reprint 21 3 357 issn doi pmid 10819443 accessdate 05 May 2 ... more details
LPS can stand for more than one thing Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin Liters per second Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamp s Littlest Pet Shop Leases per second, a speed measure for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP servers Leica Photogrammetry Suite , official name was changed to LPS in 2008 Liberal Party of Switzerland Lincoln Public Schools Livonia Public Schools Lanterman Petris Short Act Large Polyp Scleractinia Stony corals Lines per second Lostprophets an alternative metal band from Pontypridd, Wales, UK Lender Processing Services, Inc. Local Pet Store Local productive system Local production system Local Population Studies Local Positioning Systems Lexus Personalized Settings LutPreparatory School Lucknow Public School Label Switched Path Linux Powered System Littlest Pet Shop Long playing records Limit of Positive Stability Surf Amtrak station , Lompoc, California , United States Amtrak station code LPS. Leucocytic Plasmacytic Stomatitis veterinary disease Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Lowest price of the season Leighton Park School Plattenbau Large Panel System disambig cs LPS de LPS it LPS lt LPS ja LPS ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 31433 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D012790 Shwartzman phenomenon , also known as Shwartzman reaction, is a rare reaction of a body to particular types of toxins , called endotoxins , which cause thrombosis in the affected Biological tissue tissue . A clearing of the thrombosis results in a reticuloendothelial blockade , which prevents re clearing of the thrombosis caused by a repeat introduction of the toxin. That will cause tissue necrosis . Shwartzman phenomenon is usually observed during delivery or abortion, when foreign bodies are introduced into the tissues of the female reproductive system . The Shwartzman phenomenon is named for Gregory Shwartzman , the doctor at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City who was the first to develop the concept of immune system hypersensitivity in the 1920s. This reaction was experimented using Neisseria meningitis endotoxin. ref http www.mountsinai.org Education School 20of 20Medicine Faculty 20Practice 20Associates Practices Allergy 20and 20Clinical 20Immunology 20FPA About 20Us Firsts 20in 20Clinical 20Immunology Mount Sinai Hospital Firsts in Clinical Immunology ref References reflist Category Toxicology ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Byssinosis Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 66 0 j 60 ICD9 ICD9 504 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002095 Byssinosis , also called brown lung disease or Metal fume fever Monday fever , is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments. ref name Hollander cite journal last Hollander first AG title Byssinosis journal Chest volume 24 issue 6 pages 674 678 publisher American College of Chest Physicians date December 1953 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi reprint 24 6 674 pmid 13107566 accessdate 2008 01 31 doi 10.1378 chest.24.6.674 doi brokendate 2010 06 23 ref Byssinosis commonly occurs in workers who are employed in yarn and Textile fabric manufacture industries. It is not thought that the cotton dust directly causes the disease and some believe that the causative agents are endotoxin s that come from the cell walls of gram negative bacteria that grow on the cotton. Although bacterial endotoxin is a likely cause, the absence of similar symptoms in workers in other industries exposed to endotoxins makes this uncertain. ref cite web url http www.merck.com mmpe sec05 ch057 ch057f.html title Byssinosis last Newman first Lee S. date June 2008 work Merck Manuals online medical dictionary publisher Merck & Co. accessdate 2009 06 15 ref Of the 81 byssinosis related fatalities reported in the United States between 1990 and 1999, 48 included an occupation in the yarn, thread, and fabric industry on the victim s death certificate. ref The Work Related Lung Disease Surveillance Report, 2002 . http www.cdc.gov niosh docs 2003 111 2003 111.html Section 4. Byssinosis and Related Exposures . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed March 17, 2009. ref This disease often occurred in the times of the industrial revolution. Most commonly young girls working in mills or other textile factories would be afflicted with this disease. The term brown l ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 An enterotoxin not to be confused with endotoxin is a protein toxin released by a microorganism in the intestine . ref DorlandsDict three 000035767 enterotoxin ref Clarify date June 2010 Enterotoxins are chromosomally encoded exotoxin s that are produced and secreted from several bacterial organisms. They are often heat stable, and are of low molecular weight and water soluble. Enterotoxins are frequently cytotoxic and kill cells by altering the apical membrane Semipermeable membrane permeability of the mucosal epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. They are mostly pore forming toxin s mostly chloride pores , secreted by bacteria, that assemble to form pores in cell membranes . This causes the cells to die. Clinical significance Has a particularly marked effect upon the gastrointestinal tract, causing vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. The action of enterotoxins leads to increased chloride ion permeability of the apical membrane of intestinal mucosal cells. These membrane pores are activated either by increased cAMP or by increased calcium ion concentration intracellularly. The pore formation has a direct effect on the osmolarity of the luminal contents of the intestines. Increased chloride permeability leads to leakage into the lumen followed by sodium and water movement. This leads to a secretory diarrhea within a few hours of ingesting enterotoxin. Several microbial organisms contain the necessary enterotoxin to create such an effect, such as i Staphylococcus aureus i and i E. coli i . Organisms secreting enterotoxins Examples of organisms secreting enterotoxins are Bacterial Escherichia coli O157 H7 Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin ref name pmid9334247 cite journal author Katahira J, Sugiyama H, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N title Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizes two structurally ... Mesh Viral Rotavirus NSP4 rotavirus NSP4 See also Endotoxin Exotoxin References Reflist Toxins Category ... more details
for the American poet Lia Purpura Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Vasculitis.JPG Caption Petechia and purpura on the low limb due to medication induced vasculitis DiseasesDB 25619 ICD10 ICD10 D 69 d 65 ICD9 ICD9 287 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D011693 Purpura from lang la purpura , meaning purple is the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are caused by bleeding underneath the skin. Purpura measure 0.3 1 cm 3 10 mm , whereas petechia e measure less than 3 mm, and Ecchymosis ecchymoses greater than 1 cm. ref name Robbins cite book author Mitchell RS Kumar V Robbins SL Abbas AK Fausto N title Robbins basic pathology 8th ed. publisher Elsevier Saunders Elsevier location year 2007 pages 10 11 isbn 1 4160 2973 7 oclc doi accessdate ref This is common with typhus and can be present with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis or Sepsis septicaemia . In particular, meningococcus, a Gram negative diplococci organism, releases endotoxin when it lyses. Endotoxin activates the Hageman factor clotting factor XII , which causes disseminated intravascular coagulation. The Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC is what appears as a rash on the affected individual. Classification Purpura is a common and nonspecific medical sign however, the underlying mechanism commonly involves one of the following Platelet Platelet disorders Thrombocytopenic purpura idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Primary thrombocytopenic purpura Secondary thrombocytopenic purpura Post transfusion purpura Vascular disorders Nonthrombocytopenic purpura Microvascular injury, as seen in senile old age purpura, when blood vessels are more easily damaged Hypertensive states Deficient vascular support Vasculitis , as in the case of Henoch Sch nlein purpura Coagulopathy Coagulation disorders Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC Scurvy vitamin C deficiency defect ... more details
Pathogen associated molecular patterns , or PAMP s, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens , that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll like receptor s TLRs and other pattern recognition receptor s PRRs in both plants and animals. They activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved non self molecules. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide LPS , an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of a bacterium, is considered to be the prototypical PAMP. LPS is specifically recognised by TLR 4 , a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin , lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan , and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double stranded RNA dsRNA or unmethylated CpG motifs. Although the term PAMP is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an endotoxin receptor are found in much of the older literature. The term PAMP has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected the term microbe associated molecular pattern ref cite journal author Ausubel title Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? journal Nature Immunology pmid 16177805 year 2005 doi 10.1038 ni1253 volume 6 issue 10 pages 973 9 ref , or MAMP ref cite journal author Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard J title Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system journal Cell Mol Life Sci year 2006 pmid 15971103 doi 10.1007 s00018 005 5032 4 volume 62 issue 12 pages 1285 7 ref , has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has bee ... more details
Binds and inactivates endotoxin ref name pmid17201926 cite journal author Cardoso LS, Araujo MI, G es ... B has been used to clear endotoxin contamination in reagents. References reflist Cell wall disruptive ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae image Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 01.png image width 240px image caption Blood agar plate culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes order Erysipelotrichi ordo Erysipelotrichales familia Erysipelotrichidae genus Erysipelothrix species E. rhusiopathiae binomial Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae binomial authority Walter Migula Migula , 1900 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a gram positive , catalase negative, rod shaped bacterium . It grows aerobically and anaerobically and does not contain endotoxin. Distributed worldwide, E. rhusiopathiae is primarily considered an animal pathogen , causing a disease known as erysipelas in animals and erysipeloid in humans &ndash see below . Turkey bird Turkey s and pig s are most commonly affected, but cases have been reported in other bird s, sheep , fish , and reptile s. ref name Brooke 1999 cite journal author Brooke C, Riley T title Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of an occupational pathogen journal J Med Microbiol volume 48 issue 9 pages 789 99 year 1999 pmid 10482289 doi 10.1099 00222615 48 9 789 ref In pigs, the disease is known as diamond skin disease. The human disease called erysipelas is not caused by E. rhusiopathiae , but by various members of the genus Streptococcus . It is most frequently associated as an occupational disease of butchers. In humans, E. rhusiopathiae infections most commonly present in a mild cutaneous form known as erysipeloid . ref name Brooke 1999 It is typically susceptible to penicillin. References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the ref & ref tags and the Reflist template Reflist Category Mollicutes bacteria stub Gram positive bacterial diseases bs Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae es Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae fr Erysipelothrix rhusiopathia ... more details
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone Polyvinyl Polypyrrolidone , PVPP , crospovidone , crospolividone or E1202 is a highly cross link ed modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP . The cross link ed form of PVP is used as a disintegrant see also excipient s in pharmaceutical tablets. ref http www.pharma solutions.basf.com pdf Statements Technical 20Informations Pharma 20Solutions MEMP 20030730e Soluble 20Kollidon 20grades.pdf Kollidon Accessed November 26, 2007 ref ref http www.ispcorp.com products pharma content brochure polycros polycros.pdf Polyplasdone Accessed January 25, 2007 ref . Basically, PVPP is a highly cross linked version of PVP, which makes it insoluble in water but it still absorbs water and swells very rapidly and generate a swelling force. That is why it can be used as a disintegrant in tablet s. PVPP can be used as a drug, taken as a tablet or suspension chemistry suspension to absorb compounds so called endotoxin s causing diarrhoea . Cf. bone char , charcoal . It is also used to bind impurities to remove them from solutions. It is also used as a fining to extract impurities via agglomeration followed by filtration . It is used in winemaking . Using the same principle it is used to remove polyphenols in beer production and thus clear beers with stable foam are produced. ref http www.sls.hw.ac.uk components staffDocs G 2005 0718 294.pdf Microsoft Word G0294.doc Bot generated title ref One such commercial product is called Polyclar . PVPP formed bonds similar to peptidic bond s in protein especially, like proline residues and that is why it can precipitate tannin s the same way as proteins do ref http online1.ispcorp.com en US Media Articles A 20Novel 20Stabilization 20of 20Beer 20with 20Polyclar 20Brewbrite.pdf A Novel Stabilization of Beer with Polyclar Brewbrite . Mustafa Rehmanji, Chandra Gopal, and Andrew Mola, MBAA TQ vol. 39, no. 1, 2002, pp. 24 28 ref . PVPP has E number code E1202 and is used as a stabiliser food stabiliser . Notes Reflist Category Vin ... more details
Image Gram negative cell wall.svg thumb 350px Structure of gram negative cell envelope The bacterial outer membrane is found in Gram negative bacteria . Its composition is distinct from that of the cytoplasmic membrane among other things, the outer leaflet of the membrane includes a complex lipopolysaccharide whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin and it is linked to the cell s peptidoglycan by Braun s lipoprotein . Porin s can be found in this layer. ref name pmid1652557 cite journal author van der Ley P, Heckels JE, Virji M, Hoogerhout P, Poolman JT title Topology of outer membrane porins in pathogenic Neisseria spp journal Infection and immunity volume 59 issue 9 pages 2963 71 year 1991 month September pmid 1652557 pmc 258120 doi url http iai.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1652557 ref Clinical significance If lipid A , part of the LPS, enters the circulatory system it causes a toxic reaction by activating TLR 4 . Lipid A is very immunogenic and causes an aggressive response by the immune system. The sufferer will have a high temperature and respiration rate and a low blood pressure. This may lead to toxic shock endotoxic shock , which may be fatal. See also Outer mitochondrial membrane References reflist Bacteria Category Membrane biology ca Membrana bacteriana externa de u ere Membran uk es Membrana externa ... more details
enzyme Name acyloxyacyl hydrolase EC number 3.1.1.77 CAS number IUBMB EC number 3 1 1 77 GO code 0050528 image width caption In enzymology , an acyloxyacyl hydrolase EC number 3.1.1.77 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 acyloxy acyl group of bacterial lipopolysaccharide lipid A moiety math rightleftharpoons math 3 hydroxyacyl group of bacterial lipopolysaccharide a fatty acid Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , the 3 acyloxy acyl groups of bacterial lipopolysaccharides , and two product chemistry products , partially deacylated lipopolysaccharide and fatty acid . The enzyme removes from lipid A the secondary acyl chains that are needed for lipopolysaccharides to be recognized by the MD 2 TLR4 receptor on animal cells. This reaction inactivates the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin . Acyloxyacyl hydrolase is produced by monocyte macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and renal cortical epithelial cells. It is a protein of Mr 60,000 that has two disulfide linked subunits. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is . References reflist 1 cite journal author Erwin AL, Munford RS date 1990 title Deacylation of structurally diverse lipopolysaccharides by human acyloxyacyl hydrolase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 265 pages 16444&ndash 9 pmid 2398058 issue 27 cite journal author Hagen, F., O Hara PJ, Munford RS date 1991 title Expression and characterization of recombinant human acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a leukocyte enzyme that deacylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides journal Biochemistry. volume 30 pages 8415&ndash 23 pmid 1883828 doi 10.1021 bi00098a020 issue 34 cite journal author Munford RS, Hunter JP date 1992 title Acyloxyacyl hydrolase, a leukocyte enzyme that deacylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides, has phospholipase, lysophospholipase, diacylglycerollipase, and acyltransferase activities in vitro journal J. Biol. C ... more details
enzyme Name acyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine O acyltransferase EC number 2.3.1.129 CAS number 105843 69 4 IUBMB EC number 2 3 1 129 GO code 0008780 image width caption In enzymology , an acyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine O acyltransferase EC number 2.3.1.129 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine math rightleftharpoons math acyl carrier protein UDP 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl N acetylglucosamine Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein and UDP N acetylglucosamine , whereas its two product chemistry products are acyl carrier protein and UDP 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl N acetylglucosamine . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those acyltransferase s transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is R 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl acyl carrier protein UDP N acetylglucosamine 3 O 3 hydroxytetradecanoyl transferase . Other names in common use include UDP N acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine acyltransferase . This enzyme participates in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis . Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1J2Z , PDB link 1LXA , PDB link 2AQ9 , PDB link 2JF2 , PDB link 2JF3 , PDB link 2QIA , and PDB link 2QIV . References reflist 1 cite journal author Anderson MS, Bulawa CE, Raetz CR date 1985 title The biosynthesis of gram negative endotoxin. Formation of lipid A precursors from UDP GlcNAc in extracts of Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 260 pages 15536&ndash 41 pmid 3905795 issue 29 transferase stub Category EC 2.3.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
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