Endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seed s of most flowering plant s around the time of fertilization ... contain Vegetable oil oil s and protein . This makes endosperm an important source of nutrition in human diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour , while barley endosperm is the main source for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut meat and coconut water ... popcorn . Some plants, like the orchid , lack endosperm in their seed s. Origin of endosperm Primitive flowering plants have seeds that have small embryos and abundant endosperm, and the evolutionary ... or no endosperm. In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm ... of double fertilization and endosperm an historical perspective journal Sexual Plant Reproduction volume 11 pages 6 doi 10.1007 s004970050114 ref Double fertilization Endosperm is formed when the two ... usually fuses with the two polar nuclei at the center of the embryo sac, forming a primary endosperm ... of double fertilisation double fertilization develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the embryo. About 70 of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid . ref name Olsen2007 citation author Olsen, By Odd Arne year 2007 title Endosperm Developmental and Molecular Biology journal Isbn 3540712348 ... of flowering plant, Nuphar Nuphar polysepala , has endosperm that is diploid, resulting from the fusion ... of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering ... first2 JH issue 2 ref Endosperm formation There are three types of Endosperm development Nuclear endosperm formation where repeated free nuclear divisions take place if a cell wall is formed it will form after free nuclear divisions. Commonly referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut juice is an example ... more details
The scutellum is part of the structure of a barley seed the modified seed leaf. The scutellum from the latin scutella meaning small shield can also refer to the equivalence of a thin cotyledon in monocots especially members of the grass family . It is very thin high surface area , and serves to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during germination. ref Campbell & Reece Biology 7th ed. ref The scutellum is believed to be hold an as of yet unidentified protein transporter that facilitates glycogen movement from the endosperm to the embryo. References Reflist botany stub Category Plant morphology es Escudete ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 Aleurone from Greek language Greek aleuron , flour is a protein found in protein granules of maturing seed s and tuber s. The term is also used for the outermost cell layer of the endosperm , the aleurone layer . Aleurone protein Aleurones can have two different morphological features, homogenous and heterogeneous. The homogenous aleurone consists of similar protein bodies e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris while the heterogeneous aleurone consists of granules of different shapes and types of proteins covered with a membrane e.g. Ricinus communis . Aleurone tissue Image Corncobs.jpg thumb Multicolored corn has some of its pigments in the aleurone layer. The aleurone layer surrounds the endosperm tissue of grass seeds. In most cultivated cereals wheat wheat species , barley , rye , oats , rice and maize it is single layered, whereas barley has a multicellular aleurone layer ref A.L. Winton & K.B. Winton The Structure and Composition of Foods. Volume I Cereals, Starch, Oil Seeds, Nuts, Oils, Forage Plants, 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1932 710 pp. ref ref H. Hahn & I. Michaelsen Mikroskopische Diagnostik pflanzlicher Nahrungs , Genu und Futtermittel, einschlie lich Gew rze. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1996, 174 pp. ref . In cereals with starchy endosperm, the aleurone contains about 30 of the kernel s proteins. In multicolored corn, anthocyanin pigments in the aleurone layer give the kernels a dark, bluish black color.. During seed germination , the plant embryo produces the hormone gibberellin that triggers the aleurone cells to release amylase for the hydrolysis of starch and storage proteins into the endosperm . The breakdown of the starchy endosperm supplies sugars to drive the growth of roots and the acrospire . This effect is inhibited by the plant hormone abscisic acid , which keeps the seed dormant. The gibberellin effect on the aleurone is used in brewing , specifically in the production of barley malt where treatment ... more details
taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Alismatales familia Araceae subfamilia Aroideae tribus Zomicarpeae genus Zomicarpella Zomicarpella is a genus of flowering plants in the Araceae family biology family . It contains only two species both of which are native to Colombia . The two species composing the genus are Zomicarpella maculata and Zomicarpella amazonica . The leaves are hastate or sagittate. The chromosome number for Zomicarpella species is 2n 26. Additionally, the seeds produced by both species have an endosperm . References Bown, Demi 2000 . Aroids Plants of the Arum Family . Timber Press. ISBN 0 88192 485 7. Category Araceae genera Araceae stub es Zomicarpella pl Zomicarpella pt Zomicarpella ... more details
Not to be confused with Gram flour . Graham flour is a type of whole wheat flour named after the American Presbyterian minister Sylvester Graham Rev. Sylvester Graham 1794 1851 , an early advocate for dietary reform. According to the Larousse Gastronomique , Graham despised processed white flour and believed that bran was the cure all for the bad eating habits of his compatriots. Rather than simply grinding the whole grain wheat kernel bran , cereal germ germ , and endosperm , in graham flour the components are ground separately. The endosperm is ground finely, initially creating white flour . The bran and germ are ground coarsely. The two parts are then mixed back together, creating a coarse textured flour that bakes and keeps well. Graham flour is used to make graham cracker s and pie crusts, among other things. Graham flour is not available in all countries. A fully correct substitute for it would be a mix of white flour , wheat bran , and wheat cereal germ germ in the ratio found in whole wheat. Wheat comprises approximately 83 endosperm, 14.5 bran, and 2.5 germ by mass. ref cite web url http www.smallgrains.org WHFACTS kernel.htm title The Kernel of Wheat accessdate 2007 11 11 publisher Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers ref For sifted all purpose white flour, wheat bran, and wheat germ having densities of 125, 50, and 80 grams Cup volume cup , respectively, one cup of graham flour is approximately equivalent to 84 g 2 3 cup white flour, 15 g slightly less than 1 3 cup wheat bran, and 2.5 g 1.5 teaspoons wheat germ. Plain whole wheat flour can also be used as a substitute in recipes, but the resulting baked goods textures will differ from that of examples where graham flour was used. See also Graham cracker Graham cracker crust External links http homecooking.about.com cs specificfood a graham.htm Information on Graham Flour and recipes References references Category Flour ingredient stub no Grahamsmel fi Grahamjauho sv Grahamsmj l pl M ka Grahama ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A coenocyte is a multinucleate cell biology cell . It can result from multiple nuclear divisions without accompanying cell division s, or from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membrane s inside the mass. Coenocytes are found in fungi and some protist s, such as algae and slime mold . Some plant structures, such as seed endosperm , are coenocytic as well. Fungal mycelium mycelia in which hypha e lack septum septa are known as aseptate or coenocytic . See also Portal Fungi Syncytium Dikaryon temporary cohabitation in one cell of two different nuclei from distinct organisms Category Cells Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Cell biology stub Fungus stub eo Cenocito ja pt Cen cito ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Wheatberries.jpg thumb left Uncooked wheatberries File Wheatberries sauteed with spring onion.jpg thumb right Wheatberries cooking soaked then sauteed with spring onion The term wheatberry or wheat berry refers to the entire wheat kernel except for the husk hull , comprising the bran , Cereal germ germ , and endosperm . Wheatberries have a tan to reddish brown color and are available as either a hard or soft processed grain. They are often added to salad s or baked into bread to add a crunchy texture as a whole grain, they also provide nutritional benefits since they are an excellent source of dietary fiber . Wheatberries are the primary ingredient in an Eastern European Christmas porridge called kutya . Wheat Category Wheat ingredient stub sv Matvete ... more details
otheruses Phaseolin disambiguation Phaseolin is the main reserve globulin in seeds of the French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. . ref http www.plantphysiol.org cgi reprint 109 3 777 The Bean Seed Storage Protein nowiki beta nowiki Phaseolin Is Synthesized, Processed, and Accumulated in the Vacuolar Type II Protein Bodies of Transgenic Rice Endosperm. Z. Zheng, K. Sumi, K. Tanaka and N. Murai, Plant Physiology, Vol 109, Issue 3 777 786 ref ref Physicochemical and structural studies of phaseolin from French bean seed. R. J. Blagrove, P. M. Colman, G. G. Lilley, A. Van Donkelaar and E. Suzuki, Plant Foods For Human Nutrition formely Qualitas Plantarum , Volume 33, Numbers 2 3, 227 229, doi 10.1007 BF01091313 ref References reflist Category Seed storage proteins Protein stub ... more details
. The balance are intermediate particles of endosperm otherwise known as product middling or farina ... rolls, and is again sieved after each pass to maximize extraction of white flour from the endosperm ... . These finer bran and germ fractions are then reintroduced to the endosperm white flour to produce ... more details
maize breeding programs. In 1922 a researcher found that the endosperm of waxy maize contained only ... maize has a defect in metabolism precluding the synthesis of amylose in the endosperm . It is coded ... variety with those of larger and more productive types. ref Collins, G. N. 1914 . Inheritance of Endosperm ... Collins found such a distinct difference in the appearance of normal and waxy maize endosperm, he ... Sprague, G. F., B. Brimhall, et al. 1943 . Some affects of the waxy gene in corn on properties of the endosperm starch. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 35 817 822. ref confirmed that endosperm starch of waxy maize ... of crossing into various genetic stocks. Only the unique endosperm had been retained. At this time, waxy ... One of the main things he noted was the composition of the endosperm of the maize Seed kernels . He wrote The texture of the endosperm is one of the unique features of this maize. Cut in any direction ... to wax the term cereous or waxy endosperm is suggested. The moisture content of the kernel must ... or amylopectin is very costly. Waxy endosperm is inherently a defect in metabolism, and its low frequency ... example of genetic drift in maize is the occurrence in parts of Asia of varieties with waxy endosperm ... discovered in non waxy varieties in a New England flint maize ref Mangelsdorf, P. C. 1924 . Waxy endosperm ... endosperm in Argentine maize. J. Hered. 19 111. ref The fact that waxy maize occurs so commonly in a part ... for waxy endosperm. But the fact that waxy endosperm came to their attention in the first place is probably due to genetic drift. The gene for waxy endosperm, which has a low frequency in American maize ... endosperm of the kernel Wx codes for endosperm with normal starch . ref name Neuffer, M. G. 1997 ... . Inheritance of waxy endosperm in maize. USDA Bull. 754. ref The structure of the wildtype waxy wx ... . Waxy endosperm is the counterpart in maize of the glutinous character in rice. ref Mangelsdorf, P ... . Mutations for waxy and sugary endosperm in inbred lines lines of dent corn. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 36 ... more details
Dablink This article is about sweet corn. For roasted ears of field corn see field corn roasting ears roast field corn . Image Truckbed of Corn.jpg thumb Freshly picked ears of sweet corn. File CookedCornOnTheCob.JPG thumb Cooked corn on the cob with serving sticks. Image Corn handles.jpg thumb Skewers for eating corn on the cob. Unreferenced date October 2008 Corn on the cob known regionally as pole corn , cornstick , sweet pole , butter pop or long maize is a culinary term used for a cooked ear of freshly picked maize from a cultivar of sweet corn . The ear is picked while the endosperm is in the milk stage so that the caryopsis kernels are still tender. Ears of corn are steamed or boiled, usually without their green husks, or roasted with them. The husk leaves are in any case removed before serving. Corn on the cob is normally eaten while still warm. It is boiled or grilled. It is then often seasoned with salt and butter ed before serving. Some diners use specialized skewers, thrust into the ends of the cob, to hold the ear while eating without touching the hot and sticky kernels. See also Elote Maize Sweet corn br agriculture stub Category Maize ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Cassia gum is a food additive made from the endosperm of Senna obtusifolia also called Cassia obtusifolia or Cassia tora . It is used as a thickener and gelling agent, and has E number E499. In June 2008 specialty firm Lubrizol Advanced Material filed a petition to the Food and Drug Administration United States U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA proposing that food regulations be amended to provide for the safe use of cassia gum as a stabilizer in frozen dairy desserts. Cassia gum is currently mid 2009 being used mainly in pet food applications. There is, however, a strong push to obtain human food approval in the US and EU. Approval has already been obtained in France, Belgium and Austria for human food applications. Full EU approval is expected by end 2009. Approval in the US is still pending with no clear indication of when it may be obtained. fact date July 2009 ingredient stub Category Edible thickening agents fr Gomme de casse ... more details
For the fictional technology from the Dune universe , see Suspensor Dune Fungi Suspensors are filamentous structural formations employed by Fungi in holding a zygospore between two Strain biology strains of hyphae . Plants Suspensors are also found in plant zygote s in angiosperm s in connecting the endosperm to an embryo . During embryo development in angiosperm seeds, normal development involves asymmetrical division of the unicellular embryo, inducing polarity. The smaller terminal cell divides to become the proembryo while the larger basal cell divides laterally to form the suspensor. The suspensor is analogous to a placental mammalian s umbilical cord . References C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4 sup th sup ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004 ISBN 0 471 52229 5 Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Biology, Seventh Edition Bejamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA 94111 ISBN 0 8053 6777 2 Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Category Plant reproduction Category Plant anatomy fungus stub developmental biology stub botany stub ... more details
taxobox regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots unranked ordo Commelinids ordo Arecales familia Arecaceae genus Astrocaryum species A. chambira binomial Astrocaryum chambira binomial authority Max Burret Burret Astrocaryum chambira Chambira palm is a Arecaceae palm native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , and Venezuela . This plant which has edible endosperm and fruit . It has a commercial value because it has excellent Fiber crop fiber s which may be used for bags, hammock s, ropes, string instrument s, and many crafts. In addition, it is also used as a medicinal plant . External links Caldasia27 89. http www.palmbase.org FMPro? DB SciNames.fp5& Format sciname detail.htm& Lay allFields&RecID 172& Find Palm base Astrocaryum chambira http www.rainforestconservation.org data sheets agroforestry Astrocaryum chambira.html Rainforest Conservation Fund Astrocaryum chambira Category Astrocaryum chambira Category Trees of South America Category Fruit Cocoeae stub fruit tree stub ... more details
Albumen or Albumin may refer to Biochemistry Albumin with an i refers to a major class of several hundred proteins almost all non globulin s , especially blood , but also in animal connective tissues Serum albumin , a solubility water soluble protein Human serum albumin the human variant Bovine serum albumin the cow variant The egg white albumen of almost any animal, which consists of water 60 95 and any of a class of several dozen proteins called Albumin , predominantly ovalbumin . Archaic and some technical use of Albumen can refer to the non germ bulk of certain grains which serve the same structural and metabolic purposes. Miscellaneous Albumen print s, the first commercial photographic prints on paper. http www.albumen.org.uk Albumen Records is a UK based record label. Operation Albumen , a series of sabotages against airfields on occupied Crete in 1942 See also Endosperm , tissue produced in the seeds of most flowering plants Albumen print , method of producing a print on a paper base from a negative using egg white. Albumen Egg White disambiguation title Albumen ... more details
Corozo may refer to Places A village in Bluefields municipality, Nicaragua A village in San Jos de los Remates municipality, Nicaragua A river in the Dominican Republic Several villages in Ocozocoautla de Espinosa municipality, Mexico Plants Acrocomia media , a grugru palm Aiphanes horrida , a ruffle palm Attalea genus Attalea , the American oil palm genus Maranthes panamensis , a Chrysobalanaceae shrub The endosperm of Phytelephas palm seeds vegetable ivory People Dennis Corozo , Ecuadorean footballer playing for Centro Deportivo Olmedo Felipe Salvador Caicedo Corozo , Ecuadorean footballer playing for Manchester City F.C. Franklin Corozo , Ecuadorean footballer playing for Sociedad Deportivo Quito Luis Corozo , Peruvian footballer playing for Melgar FBC Rixon Javier Corozo Hurtado , Ecuadorean Footballer playing for Club Deportivo El Nacional Walter Orlando Ayov Corozo , Ecuadorean footballer playing for Club Deportivo El Nacional Yason Corozo , Ecuadorean footballer playing for Club Social y Deportivo Macar See also Corozal, Puerto Rico Laguna Los Corozos , a lagoon near San Juan, Puerto Rico dab ... more details
File Fruchtknoten Polygonum Strasburger 1900 new.png thumb Diagram of a plant ovary. Pollen tubes are marked with ps . The pollen tube of most seed plants acts as a conduit to transport sperm cells from the pollen grain , either from the stigma in flowering plants or angiosperms to the ovules at the base of the pistil , or directly through ovule tissue in some gymnosperms conifers and gnetophytes . In other gymnosperms Ginkgo and cycads the pollen tube is involved only in nutrient uptake from ovule tissue by the pollen grain, and does not convey sperm cells to the egg. Like ferns, other basal land plants, and many algae, these gymnosperms have flagellate sperm, which swim through a watery fluid to fertilize the egg cells. In angiosperms the pollen tube germinates from the pollen grain and grows the entire length through the stigma botany stigma , style botany style , ovary botany ovary and ovules to reach the eggs. In maize , this single cell can grow longer than 12 inches to traverse the length of the pistil. The sperm cells by themselves are not motile and are carried within the tube. As the tip of the tube reaches a synergid, it bursts and releases two sperm cells leading to a double fertilization. One sperm unites with the egg cell to produce the embryo of a new plant, while a second sperm unites with the central cell polar nuclei to produce the endosperm of the seed. The endosperm is rich in starch, proteins and oils and is a major source of human food e.g., wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn Lipid s at the surface of the stigma stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen. Plants that are self sterile inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes. The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants. The number of pollen grains needed for pollination syngamy is equivalent to the number of ovules. One can look at a cut watermelon to identify the mature seeds that result ... more details
Locust bean gum LBG , also known as carob gum , carob bean gum , carobin , E number E410 is a galactomannan vegetable gum botany gum extraction chemistry extracted from the seed seeds of the Carob tree , mostly found in the Mediterranean. The long pods that grow on the tree are used to make this gum. The pods are kibbled to separate the seed from the pulp. The seeds have their skins removed by an acid treatment. The deskinned seed is then split and gently milled. This causes the brittle germ to break up while not affecting the more robust endosperm. The two are separated by sieving. The separated endosperm can then be milled by a roller operation to produce the final Locust Bean Gum powder. ref CyberColloids http www.cybercolloids.net library carob carob and locust bean gum production Locus bean gum production , CyberColloids, Hydrocolloids research and development webpage. ref Locust Bean Gum occurs as a white to yellow white powder. It consists chiefly of high molecular weight hydrocolloidal polysaccharide , composed of galactose and mannose units combined through glycosidic bond glycosidic linkages , which may be described chemically as galactomannan. It is dispersible in either hot or cold water, forming a Sol colloid sol having a pH between 5.4 and 7.0, which may be converted to a gel by the addition of small amounts of sodium borate . Locust Bean Gum is used as a thickening agent and gelling agent in food technology . The bean, when made into powder, is sweet with a flavor similar to chocolate and is used to sweeten foods and as a chocolate substitute. It is also used in non edible products such as pet foods, mining products, paper making, and to thicken textiles. It is used in cosmetics and to enhance the flavor of cigarettes. Shoe polish and insecticides also have locust bean gum powder as an additive. ref Locust Bean Gum Powder http www.glyconutritionforlife.org Science of Glyconutrients Locust Bean Gum Powder.php ref It is soluble in hot water. ref Martin ... more details
in which the endosperm is fertilized but the embryo is not see Pseudogamous apomixis, below . A better ... apomixis require fertilization to produce the endosperm of the seed ref name Nygren ref ... that pollination with compatible pollen can be required even in some species where endosperm development ... more details
pathway into rice endosperm, published 2000 in Science magazine Science , ref Xudong Ye ... the Provitamin A beta Carotene Biosynthetic Pathway into Carotenoid Free Rice Endosperm. Science 287 ... free rice endosperm. Science 287 303 305. S. Al Babili, P. Beyer Golden Rice five years on the road ... more details
white. Bran, with a higher water adsorption than endosperm apparently gives a bloated feeling ... and endosperm by means of a plate mill or a hammer mill or preferably a roller mill. 3. Sifting the meal ... more details
Corn starch , cornstarch , cornflour or maize starch is the starch of the corn maize grain obtained from the endosperm of the corn seed kernel . Thomas Kingsford is credited to have been the inventor of corn starch in the 1840, while he was working as the superintendent of a wheat starch factory in Jersey City, New Jersey. Until 1850, corn starch was used primarily for starching laundry and industrial uses. ref http everything2.com title Cornstarch Everything2 Corn starch Bot generated title ref Corn starch is used as a thickening agent in soups and liquid based foods, such as sauces, gravies and custard. It is sometimes preferred over flour because it forms a translucent mixture, rather than an opaque one. As the starch is heated, the molecular chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh, thickening the liquid. It is usually included as an anti caking agent in powdered sugar 10X or confectioner s sugar . For this reason, recipes calling for powdered sugar often call for at least light cooking to remove the raw corn starch taste. Baby powder often uses cornstarch. When using corn starch, first mix it with cold water or another liquid until it forms a smooth paste, and then add it to whatever is being thickened. If it is added directly into the cooking food it will form lumps that are then difficult to mash out for a smooth mixture. ref http everything2.com title Cornstarch Everything2 Corn starch Bot generated title ref An easy way to make certain that all the lumps are gone from the corn starch water mixture is to put the two into a jar with a screw on lid and vigorously shake the sealed jar until the lumps are gone. This also works with a flour water mixture. This method also allows for better portion control when slowly adding it to a soup, sauce, or gravy. Manufacture The corn is Steep technique steeped for 30 to 48 hours, which ferments it slightly. The cereal germ germ is separated from the endosperm and those two component ... more details
taxobox name Ochnaceae image Sauvagesia.jpg image caption Sauvagesia erecta from southern Brazil regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Ochnaceae familia authority A. P. de Candolle DC. subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision See Ochnaceae Subdivisions Subdivisions The family Ochnaceae , or wild plane family , comprises mainly trees or shrubs, and more rarely herbaceous plants. Species of the Ochnaceae are found from subtropical to tropical regions. They are best represented in South America . The family has about 53 genera and 600 species. Members of the Ochnaceae all have evergreen Petiole botany petiolate leaves, which are sometimes leathery found at the genus Ochna . The leaves are most often simple and alternate, but can be racemose , paniculate or more rarely pinnate . Pinnate leaves are typical of Godoya . These species are hermaphrodite . Subdivisions Subfamily Ochnoideae This subfamily is characterized by the absence of endosperm in the seed . Tribe Elvasieae Elvasia also Hostmannia , Trichovaselia or Vaselia Tribe Lophireae sometimes stands alone as family Lophiraceae Lophira Tribe Ochneae Ochna also Diporidium Tribe Ourateeae Ouratea also Kaieteuria Subfamily Luxemburgoideae This subfamily is characterized by the presence of endosperm in the seed. Tribe Euthemideae Euthemis Gomphia also Campylospermum , Idertia , Rhabdophyllum Tribe Luxernburgieae Godoya Luxemburgia also Charidion , Hilairella , Epiblepharis , Periblepharis , Plectanthera Philacra Sauvagesia also Neckia , Leitgebia , Lavradia , Pentaspatella , Roraimanthus , Vausagesia Sauvagesia . This genus is sometimes erected to tribe Sauvagesieae . Schuurmansia Wallacea plant Wallacea Other genera Adenarake Blastemanthus Brackenridgea also Pleuroridgea Cespedesia also Fournieria Fleurydora Froesia formerly recognized in the Quiinaceae Godoya Indosinia also Distephania or Indovethia Lacunaria formerly recognized in the Q ... more details
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