Infobox Anatomy Name Endolymph Latin endolympha GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1051 Image Cochlea crosssection.png Caption Cross section of cochlea . Endolymph is located in the scala media the light green region ... detail of utricle , ococonia , endolymph, cupula , macula , hair cell filaments, and saccular nerve Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Endolymph MeshNumber A12.207.270.517.324 DorlandsPre e 08 DorlandsSuf 12332247 Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ... the stria vascularis . The high potassium content of the endolymph means that potassium, not sodium ... electric transduction MET current. Endolymph has a high positive charge from 80 120 mV in the cochlea ... gradient from endolymph to hair cell is on the order of 150 mV, which is the largest electrical ... waves occur in the endolymph in the various parts of the membranous labyrinth in response to fluid waves in the perilymph . Cochlear duct fluid waves in the endolymph of the cochlear duct stimulate ... as sound. Semicircular canals angular acceleration of the endolymph in the semicircular canals stimulate the vestibular receptors of the endolymph. The semicircular canas of both inner ears act in concert to coordinate balance. Pathology Disruption of the endolymph due to jerky movements like ... where the volume of the endolymph is greatly enlarged is called endolymphatic hydrops and has been ... Center Cause of M ni re s Disease Bot generated title ref Perilymph versus Endolymph The inner ear ... within the bony labyrinth, and within the membranous labyrinth is a fluid called endolymph. Between .... Perilymph and endolymph have unique ionic compositions suited to their functions in regulating electrochemical impulses of hair cells. The electric potential of endolymph is 80 90 mV more positive ... references External links eMedicineDictionary Endolymph http oto.wustl.edu cochlea res1.htm Longitudinal Flow of Endolymph at wustl.edu Auditory system Category Head and neck Category Ear anatomy stub ... more details
multiple issues confusing June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The endocochlear potential is the main resting potential in the cochlea . It is a positive direct current of 80mV which can be recorded from the endolymph with electrodes. When a sound is presented, the endocochlear potential changes either positive or negative in the endolymph , depending on the stimulus. The change in the potential is called the summating potential . With the movement of the basilar membrane , a shear force is created and a small potential is generated due to a difference in potential between the endolymph scala media 80 mV and the perilymph vestibular and tympanic ducts 70 mV . An acoustic stimulus produces a simultaneous change in conductance at the membrane of the receptor cell. Because there is a steep gradient 150 mV, changes in membrane conductance are accompanied by rapid influx and efflux of ions which in turn produce the receptor potential. This is known as the Battery Hypothesis. The receptor potential for each hair cell causes a release of neurotransmitter at its basal pole, which elicits excitation of the afferent nerve fibres. Category Anatomy ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Cladius Cells are considered as supporting cells within the Organ of Corti in the Cochlea . These cells extend from Hensen s cells to the spiral prominence epithelium, forming the Outer Sulcus. They are in direct contact with the endolymph of the Scala media . These cells are sealed via tight junctions that prevent flow of Endolymph between them. Boettcher cell are located immediately under Claudius cells in the lower turn of the cochlea. ref http books.google.ca books?id giFuKH5u7O0C&pg PA274&lpg PA274&dq claudius cells&source bl&ots x RhALw rF&sig sDqBmtlN9S3ntVCsK VkJhzEw A&hl en&ei 2BsETN6aI8H38AbvquHnDQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 9&ved 0CDcQ6AEwCA v onepage&q claudius 20cells&f false ref References Reflist Category Auditory system ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Cupula Latin cupula ampullaris GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1051 Image Vestibular system s semicircular canal a cross section.jpg Caption Inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal , hair cells , osseous ampullae ampulla , cupula, vestibular nerve , & fluid Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 67 DorlandsSuf 12271717 The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system , providing proprioception . The cupula is located within the osseous ampullae ampullae of each of the three semicircular canal s. As fluid rushes by the cupula, hair cell s within it sense rotational acceleration, and transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula. Effects of alcohol Further reading Short term effects of alcohol vertigo Buoyancy Hypothesis The Buoyancy Hypothesis posits that alcohol causes Vertigo medical vertigo by affecting the neutral buoyancy of the cupula within the surrounding fluid called the endolymph . Linear accelerations such as that of gravity should not in theory effect a movement of the cupula when it is neutrally buoyant. The Buoyancy Hypothesis assumes that alcohol, with a different specific gravity from that of the cupula endolymph, diffuses at different rates into the cupula and the surrounding endolymph. The result is a temporary density gradient between the cupula and endolymph, and a consequent erroneous sensitivity to linear accelerations such as that of gravity by a system normally signalling rotational accelerations. ref http books.google.ca books?id dFevxJ0mJncC&pg PA285&lpg PA285&dq cupula buoyancy hypothesis&source bl&ots Vtd49U7 HZ&sig 3SWuJ2s5JmZrw45BNbXpGdzdQzg&hl en&ei 4o1dTcL6BcP48AaPoMXOCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CBUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q cupula 20buoyancy ... more details
Scarpa is an Italian surname and may refer to People Carlo Scarpa , an Italian architect 1906 1978 Antonio Scarpa Joe Scarpa Lawrence Scarpa Romano Scarpa Daniele Scarpa Anthony Scarpa Moni Scarpa Renato Scarpa Fernando Scarpa David Scarpa Marc Scarpa Gregory Scarpa, Sr. Roque Esteban Scarpa Other Fascia of Scarpa Scarpa s ganglion Foramina of Scarpa Endolymph Scarpa is an Italian Sicilian word for shoe, and an Italian footwear company specialising in outdoor activities uses it as a tradename. surname Scarpa de Scarpa fr Scarpa it Scarpa disambigua ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 62 DorlandsSuf 12266540 File Semicircular canal ampulla.png thumb Semicircular canal ampulla at medium magnification with a hemotoxylin & eosin stain Unreferenced date December 2006 The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear . The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. Background The inner ear comprises two specialized regions of the membranous labyrinth the saccule and the utricle . The saccule gives rise to the cochlear duct , which is involved in the special sense Hearing sense hearing . The utricle gives rise to the semicircular canals, which is involved in Equilibrioception equilibrium balance . The Semicircular canals are filled with endolymph, and also contain an inner membranous sleeve that forms a semicircular duct. The semicircular duct is filled with endolymph, and contains the crista ampullaris. The receptor cells located in the semicircular canal are innervated by the eighth cranial nerve, aka vestibulocochlear nerve more specifically the vestibular portion . The crista ampullaris itself is a cone shaped structure, covered in receptor cells called hair cells . Covering the crista ampullaris is a gelatinous mass called the cupula. Upon angular acceleration rotation , the endolymph within the semicircular duct deflects the cupula against the hair cells of the crista ampullaris. The hair cells respond by stimulating neurons that innervate them. External links http faculty.une.edu com abell histo CristaAmp.jpg http www.kumc.edu instruction medicine anatomy histoweb eye ear ear04.htm http www.anatomyatlases.org MicroscopicAnatomy Section16 Plate16314.shtml http www.med.uiuc.edu histo small atlas objects 1296.htm http education.vetmed.vt.edu Curriculum VM8054 Labs Lab11 Ear EXAMPLES Excrista.h ... more details
Cochlear , the adjective form of cochlea , may refer to Cochlear implant , a sensory aid for the deaf Cochlear nuclei , the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal or lateral cochlear nucleus Vestibular cochlear or Vestibulocochlear nerve , the eighth cranial nerve Cochlear nerve , a division of the eighth cranial nerve Cochlear aqueduct, or aqueduct of cochlea , a communication between the perilymphatic space and the subarachnoid space Cochlear artery, a division of the internal auditory artery GrayPage 1059 Cochlea , part of the Labyrinth inner ear Cochlear duct, also known as the scala media , the endolymph filled part of the cochlea Cochlear, an alternate term for the spoon liturgy used in the Eastern Orthodox Church in serving the sacramental wine, sometimes with a particle of the sacramental bread The spoon like tip of the scape found on the epigyne of some female spiders Cochlear Limited , manufacturer of Nucleus Cochlear Implant disambig la Cochlear ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin paries vestibularis ductus cochlearis GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1054 Image Gray928.png Caption Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea. label is vestibular membrane Width 300 Image2 Cochlea crosssection.png Caption2 Cross section of the cochlea. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 06 DorlandsSuf 12615626 Reissner s membrane vestibular membrane , vestibular wall is a diaphragm acoustics membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear . It separates scala media from scala vestibuli . Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph , which is important for the function of the organ of Corti . It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth . Histologically , the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium , separated by a basal lamina . Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes . Is this true? A source would be nice. Neurogeek. Reissner s membrane is named after German anatomist Ernst Reissner 1824 1878 . Additional images gallery Image Gray903.png Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat. Image Gray929.png Floor of ductus cochlearis. Image Gray930.png Limbus lamin spiralis and membrana basilaris. gallery External links eMedicineDictionary vestibular membrane KansasHistology eye ear ear03 UIUCHistologySubject 76 http www.neurophys.wisc.edu h&b textbook chap 6.html Obj1 Overview at University of Wisconsin Madison http faculty.une.edu com abell histo cochleaw.jpg Image at University of New England, Maine Auditory system Category Auditory system Category Ear gl Membrana de Reissner id Membran Reissner ... more details
wikify date July 2009 Infobox disease Name Enlarged vestibular aqueduct Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 600791 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID image Gray921.png right thumb Interior of right osseous labyrinth Large vestibular aqueduct , also known as enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome , is a syndrome syndromic form of hearing loss , caused by enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct , in the inner ear . It is one of the most common inner ear deformities which results in hearing loss during childhood. Pathology The vestibular aqueduct acts as a canal between the inner ear and the cranial cavity. Running through it is a tube called the endolymphatic duct , which normally carries a fluid called endolymph from the inner ear to the endolymphatic sac in the cranial cavity. When the endolymphatic duct and sac are larger than normal, however, as is the case in large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, endolymph is allowed to travel back from the endolympathic sac into the inner ear. This often results from abnormal or delayed development of the inner ear during childhood. Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome is often comorbid with other inner ear development problems, such as cochlea r deformities. Studies show that genetic defects are related to large vestibular aqueduct syndrome, and have connected the disorder specifically to a defect on chromosome 7q31. Hearing loss caused by large vestibular aqueduct syndrome is not inevitable, although people with the syndrome are at a much higher risk of developing hearing loss than the general population. Image Gray923.png right thumb The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above. Aqueductus vestibuli labeled at bottom right External links http www.hearinglosshelp.com articles lvas.htm www.hearinglosshelp.com Category Vestibular system medicine stub Transcription factor coregulator deficiencies ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin canalis semicircularis GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1049 Image Balance Disorder Illustration A.png Caption Exterior of labyrinth. Image2 Vestibular system s semicircular canal a cross section.jpg Caption2 Inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal, hair cells , ampulla , cupula , vestibular nerve , & fluid System Artery stylomastoid artery MeshName Semicircular Canals MeshNumber A09.246.631.663 The semicircular canals are three half circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear . The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal also known as the lateral semicircular canal , superior semicircular canal also known as the anterior semicircular canal , and the posterior semicircular canal . The canals are aligned approximately orthogonal ly to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and posterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. ref name Della Santina et al. http www.springerlink.com content v556675q4prk17g0 Orientation of Human Semicircular Canals Measured by Three Dimensional Multiplanar CT Reconstruction , Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 6 3 , 2005. ref Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements such as when doing a pirouette , while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs cilia whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the Ampullary cupula cupula . As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the bony labyrinth . Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin ductus cochlearis GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1054 Image Gray928.png Caption Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea. visible at far right under latin name ductus cochlearis Width 500px Image2 Caption2 System MeshName Cochlear Duct MeshNumber A09.246.631.246.292 DorlandsPre d 29 DorlandsSuf 12314784 Refimprove date January 2009 The cochlear duct or scala media is an endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea , located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli , separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner s membrane the vestibular membrane respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti . Additional images gallery Image Gray903.png Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat. Image Gray924.png The membranous labyrinth. Image Gray929.png Floor of ductus cochlearis. Image Cochlea crosssection.png Cross section of the cochlea. gallery External links eMedicineDictionary cochlear duct http www.vcu.edu anatomy OB Ear sld015.htm Presentation at Virginia Commonwealth University http www.avatar.com.au courses PPofM hearing hearing3.html Cross section at avatar.com.au Auditory system Category Ear Category Auditory system ca Conducte coclear de Ductus cochlearis gl Scala media ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Medicine date November 2008 The otolithic membrane is a gelatinous biological membrane membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear , and plays an essential role in the brain s interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane, thus providing the common name of the otoliths to the utricle and saccule . The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otolith otoliths . When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane. Category Vestibular system DEFAULTSORT Otolithic Membrane Med stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Membranous labyrinth Latin labyrinthus membranaceus GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1051 Image Gray924.png Caption The membranous labyrinth. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery labyrinthine artery Vein Nerve Lymph System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 01 DorlandsSuf 12474331 The receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing are housed within a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers known as the membranous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth and has the same general form it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph . In certain places, it is fixed to the walls of the cavity. The membranous labyrinth contains fluid, the endolymph , and on its walls the ramifications of the acoustic nerve are distributed. Within the osseous vestibule , the membranous labyrinth does not quite preserve the form of the bony cavity, but consists of two membranous sacs, the utricle ear utricle , and the saccule . The membranous labyrinth is also the location for the receptor cells found in the inner ear. Gray s Auditory system Category Ear Category Auditory system anatomy stub pl B dnik b oniasty ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Stria vascularis of cochlear duct Latin stria vascularis ductus cochlearis GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1055 Image Cochlea crosssection.png Caption Cross section of the cochlea. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName Stria Vascularis MeshNumber A09.246.631.246.292.876 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels , and is termed the stria vascularis . It produces endolymph for the scala media , one of the three fluid filled compartments of the cochlea . The stria is a somewhat stratified epithelium containing primarily three cell types marginal, intermediate, and basal cells and intraepithelial capillaries. The stria vascularis also contains pericyte , melanocyte , and endothelial cell s. ref cite book url http famona.tripod.com ent cummings cumm140.pdf title Stria vascularis page 3 chapter Chapter 140 Cochlear Anatomy and Central Auditory Pathways work Textbook of Otolaryngology last Cummings year 2001 accessdate 14 February 2011 ref References reflist External links http faculty.une.edu com abell histo cochleaw.jpg Image at University of New England, Maine UIUCHistologySubject 81 http anatomy.iupui.edu courses histo D502 D502f04 lecture.f04 Earf04 cochlea.jpg Diagram at IUPUI Gray s Auditory and vestibular systems Category Ear anatomy stub It is the only ephithelial that is not avascular. de Stria vascularis ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre k 03 DorlandsSuf 12471150 A kinocilium is a special type of cilium on the apex of hair cell s located in the sensory epithelium of the vertebrate inner ear . Anatomy in humans Kinocilia on hair cells in the human ear are involved in the senses of movement and hearing . In the auditory system , each hair cell has a kinocilium that is important in the depolarization or hyperpolarization of the cell. In the vestibular system , movement causes displacement of the stereocilia and kinocilium, resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization of the cell. The depolarization of the hair cells in both instances causes signal transduction via neurotransmitter release. Auditory system In the human ear, each hair cell has a single non motile cilium like structure known as the kinocilium. The movement of other stereocilia on the hair cell towards the kinocilium, as a result of endolymph http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites pubmed flow, will cause potassium channels on the cilia to open due to a pulling force that each stereocilia exerts on its neighboring cell usually from tallest to shortest in a bundle of stereocilia and this leads to the depolarization of the hair cell. This pattern of depolarization should not be confused with the more common depolarization which involves the influx of Na into the cell which K channels stay closed. Endolymph composition resembles that of the intracellular fluid more K and less Na more closely compared to its counterpart, perilymph which resembles the extracellular fluid more Na and less K compared to intracellular matrix . This depolarization will open voltage gated calcium channels. The influx of calcium then triggers the cell to release vesicles containing excitatory neurotransmitters into a synapse. The post synaptic neurite then sends an action potential to the spi ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Macula of utricle Latin macula utriculi GraySubject 232 GrayPage 1051 Image bigotolith.jpg Caption illustration of otolith organs showing detail of utricle , otoconia , endolymph , cupula , macula , hair cell filaments, and saccular nerve Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 01 DorlandsSuf 12509297 The portion of the utricle ear utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul de sac , the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle or utricular macula , which receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve . The macula of utricle allows a person to perceive changes in longitudinal acceleration as well as effects of gravity. Layers The macula consists of three layers. The bottom layer is made of sensory hair cells which are embedded in bottom of a gelatinous layer. Each hair cells consists of 40 to 70 steriocilia and a kinocilium, which lies in the middle of the steriocilia and is the most important receptor. On top of this layer lie calcium carbonate crystals called statoconia or otoliths . The otoliths are relatively heavy, providing weight to the membrane as well as inertia. This allows for a greater sense of gravity and motion. The gelatinous layer and the statoconia together are referred to as the otolithic membrane, where the tips of the reocilia and kinocilium are embedded. When the head is tilted such that gravity pulls on the statoconia the gelatinous layer is pulled in the same direction also causing the sensory hairs to bend. Signals Unbent and at rest hairs in the macula have a base rate of depolarization of 90 100 action potentials a second. The brain suppresses this, and we ignore it and know that our body is stabilized. If the head moves or the body accelerates or decelerates, then bending occurs. Depending on the direction of bending, the hair cells will either be excited or inhibited re ... more details
media and terminates at the round window the scala media containing endolymph , which is the membranous ... difference between the perilymph and the endolymph Hair cells ear hair cells , sensory cells in the Organ ... in the scala vestibuli upper chamber of the cochlea . This motion of perilymph in turn vibrates the endolymph ... , due to the stiffness mediated tonotopy. A very strong movement of the endolymph due ... the scala media , or cochlear duct . Its fluid, endolymph , also contains electrolytes and proteins ..., the endolymph is rich in potassium salts, which produces an ionic, electrical potential. The cochlear ... more details
. B r ny theorized that the endolymph was sinking when it was cool and rising when it was warm, and thus the direction of flow of the endolymph was providing the proprioception proprioceptive signal to the vestibular ... more details
Cleanup date November 2007 Expert subject Medicine date November 2008 Unreferenced date November 2009 Drop attacks are sudden spontaneous falls while Standing position standing or walking , followed by a very swift recovery, within seconds or minutes. See also Atonic seizure Causes Drop attacks are typically seen in elderly patients, and the most common cause is carotid sinus hypersensitivity, resulting in either short periods of reversible asystole , or in marked drop in blood pressure in response to carotid sinus stimulation. Other causes include the following vascular transient ischemic attack , cerebrovascular accident , dissection, occlusion, hemorrhage intracranial hematoma posterior circulation infarction , emboli, vasospasm bilateral anterior circulation occlusion migraine accompagnee develop over 1hr with assoc paresthesia , HA basilar artery insuff older pt with no LOC, transient loss of LE tone epilepsy paroxysmal neurally mediated syncope 75 of all causes Myoclonic seizure , astatic seizure , or Absence seizure petit mal syndrome Lennox Gastaut syndrome atonic, myoclonic, GTC typically in neuro abnormal pt Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy fall with myoclonus laugh or cough triggered epilepsy cataplexy associated with narcolepsy periodic paralyses complex partial seizure breath holding spells associate pallor cyanosis , emotional aspect pure autonomic failure Riley Day , long standing DM episodic ataxia Panayiotopoulos syndrome degenerative postural instability with Parkinsons structural chronic odontoid instability spinal cord trauma with transient paraplegia brainstem mass metabolic hypoglycemia , hypocalcemia , Hypomagnesemia toxins , drugs cocaine , sedatives , antihistamine , TCA cardiac prolonged QT, tachycardia , bradycardia , sick sinus syndrome , Cardiac arrhythmia arrhythmia , IHSS. AS hypovolemia psychiatric malingering, conversion, panic , anxiety labirynth idropsy an overflow of endolymph in ear labirynth causes distort ... more details
to the variable viscosity of the blood and the endolymph during the consumption of alcohol. The common ... than in the vestibular system, hence the endolymph is relatively dense. PAN II The alcohol concentration is lower in the blood than in the vestibular system, hence the endolymph is relatively ... more details
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