infarction , ischemia of the myocardium can extend to the endocardium, disrupting the inner lining ... the endocardium. Subendocardial infarction s are much more dangerous than transmural infarction ... is carried from endocardium to epicardium, and during repolarization the impulse moves from epicardium to endocardium. In endocarditis infective endocarditis , the endocardium especially the endocardium ... 06 Heart and AV valve atrial endocardium OklahomaHistology 64 07 Heart and AV valve ventricular endocardium ... Endocardio fr Endocarde io Endokardio it Endocardio la Endocardium hu Endocardium nl Endocard ja ... more details
Carditis is the inflammation of the heart ref DorlandsDict two 000017437 carditis ref or its surroundings. It is usually studied and treated by specifying it as Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart heart muscle Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium Reflux carditis refers to a possible outcome of esophageal reflux also known as Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD Pancarditis inflammation of the entire heart the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium carditis inflammation of the heart References reflist Heart diseases Inflammation disease stub de Karditis it Pancardite fi Syd ntulehdus Category Cardiovascular diseases ... more details
Wikify date January 2011 Refimprove date December 2009 Context date October 2009 In the electrocardiogram , the time of the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection , also referred to as the R wave peak time , is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the peak of the R wave. The intrinsicoid deflection reflects the depolarization vector from the endocardium to the epicardium. Diagnostic significance In the presence of bundle branch block or ventricular hypertrophy, the depolarization impulse takes a longer than normal period of time to reach the recording electrode. This delays the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection. This prolongation or delay is an important criterion for diagnosing bundle branch block and ventricular hypertrophy. Onset of intrinsicoid deflection 0.05 seconds just over one small box is used as a non voltage related criterium to diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy. ref The Complete Guide to ECGs 2009 ref Reflist DEFAULTSORT Intrinsicoid Deflection Category Cardiac electrophysiology Med stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name lamina visceralis pericardii serosi GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray968.png Caption A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and penis. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 02 DorlandsSuf 12476850 Epicardium describes the outer layer of heart tissue from Greek language Greek epi outer, cardium heart . When considered as a part of the pericardium , it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium , continuous with the serous layer. Its largest constituent is connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid , which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium . During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. See also Myocardium The middle muscle layer of the heart Endocardium The innermost layer of the heart External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology cvs heart tube.html UMichAtlas ht pericard2 MRI of chest, lateral view Heart Category Cardiac anatomy circulatory stub az Epikard bs Epikard ca Epicardi de Epikard es Epicardio fr picarde it Epicardio hu Epicardium nl Epicard pl Nasierdzie ro Epicard sk Epikard ... more details
The embryonic heart starts developing from two distinct vasculature vascular tubes of the embryo around day 19 of the embryo s existence, under the signals of genetic expression arrived from the surrounding cardiogenic region the embryonic human cranium cranium , lateral to the neural plate . ref http www.bios.niu.edu hubbard anatomyweb EmbryonicDevelopment.pdf ref Migration with Differentiation For the next 3 days the embryonic folding will push the endocardial tubes from the cardiogenic region to a midline position, inside the future thoracic region. Once the endocardial tubes have reached this midline position they fuse, initiating the development of the future endocardium . A primitive heart tube is formed. Initial Beats This heart attains functionality and starts beating at 22 days after the conception ref http www.drspock.com article 0,1510,9851,00.html ref about 5 weeks after the last menstrual period . It can sometimes be seen as a flickering in the embryonic chest by an ultrasound performed during the fourth week after conception. references Category Embryology Category Cardiovascular system ... more details
A myocardiocyte also known as cardiomyocyte ref name K hnel2003 cite book author Wolfgang K hnel title Color atlas of cytology, histology, and microscopic anatomy url http books.google.com ?id wUFAGmVN aMC&pg PA172 accessdate 18 April 2010 date 1 January 2003 publisher Thieme isbn 9783135624044 pages 172 ref or cardiac myocyte ref name SeifterRatner2005 cite book author1 Julian Seifter author2 Austin Ratner author3 David Sloane title Concepts in medical physiology url http books.google.com ?id A8H 9S4E0I4C&pg PA201 accessdate 18 April 2010 date 1 October 2005 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781744898 pages 201 ref is the myocyte specific to the myocardium the heart muscle . Each myocardial cell contains myofibrils , which are long chains of sarcomeres, the contractile units of the cell. Myocardiocytes show similar patterns to skeletal muscle cells, but unlike multinucleated skeletal cells, myocardiocytes contain only one or two nuclei. Myocardiocytes can contain vimentin and desmin . ref name pmid16940012 cite journal author Sampayo Reyes A, Narro Ju rez A, Sa d Fern ndez S, et al. title Effect of clofibric acid on desmin and vimentin contents in rat myocardiocytes journal Int. J. Toxicol. volume 25 issue 5 pages 403 8 year 2006 pmid 16940012 doi 10.1080 10915810600846989 url http www.informaworld.com openurl?genre article&doi 10.1080 10915810600846989&magic pubmed& 124 & 124 1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0 ref See also Endocardium Epicardium Pericardium References reflist Human cell types Category Cardiac anatomy Category Human cells cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox Vein Name PAGENAME Latin venae cardiacae minimae venae cordis minimae GraySubject 166 GrayPage 643 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom DrainsTo Artery MeshName MeshNumber The smallest cardiac veins or Thebesian veins are minute valveless vein s in the walls of all four heart chambers. They are most abundant in the right atrium and least in the left ventricle . They drain the myocardium ref name AgurDalley2009 cite book author1 A. M. R. Agur author2 Arthur F. Dalley title Grant s atlas of anatomy url http books.google.com books?id H20V4pCpACYC&pg PA53 accessdate 31 October 2010 year 2009 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781770552 pages 53 ref and pass through the endocardium endocardial layer to empty directly into the right atrium. The openings of the chambers are called the foramina venarum minimarum . The Thebesian venous network is considered an alternative secondary pathway of venous drainage of the myocardium . It is named after German anatomist Adam Christian Thebesius , who described them in a 1708 treatise called Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde . ref WhoNamedIt synd 4013 ref ref A. C. Thebesius. Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden, 1708. ref References reflist External links http www.gpnotebook.co.uk simplepage.cfm?ID 107347908 GPnotebook venae cordis minimae http www.medscape.com viewarticle 550354 2 Medscape Today Coronary Venous System Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Category Cardiac anatomy Cardiology stub pl y y najmniejsze serca ... more details
In cardiology , an Austin Flint murmur is a mid diastolic Fact date January 2009 or presystolic murmur ref DorlandsDict five 000068086 Austin Flint murmur ref low pitched rumbling Heart murmur murmur which is best heard at the cardiac Apex of the heart apex . ref cite journal author Flint A year 1862 title On cardiac murmurs journal American Journal of the Medical Sciences volume 44 pages 29 54 pmid doi ref It is associated with severe aortic regurgitation , although the role of this sign in clinical practice has been questioned. ref name pmid12729428 cite journal author Babu AN, Kymes SM, Carpenter Fryer SM year 2003 title Eponyms and the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation what says the evidence? journal Annals of Internal Medicine volume 138 issue 9 pages 736 742 pmid 12729428 doi ref Mechanism Echocardiography , conventional and colour flow doppler ultrasound , and cine nuclear magnetic resonance cine NMR imaging suggest the murmur is the result of aortic regurgitant flow impingement on the inner surface of the heart, i.e. the endocardium . ref cite journal author Landzberg JS, Pflugfelder PW, Cassidy MM, Schiller NB, Higgins CB, Cheitlin MD year 1992 title Etiology of the Austin Flint murmur journal Journal of the American College of Cardiology volume 20 issue 2 pages 408 413 pmid 1634679 doi 10.1016 0735 1097 92 90110 9 ref ref name pmid18768939 cite journal author Weir RA, Dargie HJ year 2008 title Austin Flint Murmur url http content.nejm.org cgi content full 359 10 e11 journal New England Journal of Medicine volume 359 issue 10 pages e11 pmid 18768939 doi 10.1056 NEJMicm072437 ref Classical description Classically, it is described as being the result of mitral valve leaftlet displacement and turbulent mixing of antegrade mitral valve mitral flow and retrograde aortic valve aortic flow ref GPnotebook 167378943 Austin Flint murmur Accessed on June 4, 2007. ref Displacement The blood jets from the aortic regurgitation strike the anterior leaflet of the mitral va ... more details
muscle and the endocardium and it was given various names such as idiopathic hypertrophy of the heart ... 72 page 299 ref . In their pathology laboratory they noted that usually the endocardium was pearly ... it no longer necessary to see the endocardium at autopsy. EFE can now be found non invasively by the recording ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 No footnotes date April 2009 Image Ruperto Carola 500 09.jpg right thumb University of Heidelberg physicians, Dusch at upper right. Theodor von Dusch September 17, 1824 1890 was a German physician who was the native of Karlsruhe . He was the son of Baden statesman Alexander von Dusch 1789 1876 . He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg , where he had as instructors Jacob Henle 1809 1895 , Karl von Pfeufer 1806 1869 and Maximilian Joseph von Chelius 1794 1876 . He earned his doctorate in 1847, and was habilitated for medicine in 1854. In 1870 he became professor and director of the policlinic at Heidelberg . In the 1850s, with Heinrich Schr der 1810 1885 , he demonstrated that a filter made of cotton wool was effective in removing microbe s such as bacteria from air. Dusch was the author of influential works involving thrombosis of cerebral sinus es ber Hirnsinusthrombose , heart disease Lehrbuch der Herzkrankheiten and diseases of the endocardium and myocardium Krankheiten des Endo u. Myocardium . The latter work was included in Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt Carl Gerhardt s Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten Textbook of Childhood Diseases . References http translate.google.com translate?hl en&sl de&u http www.zeno.org Pagel 1901 A Dutrieux, 2BPierre Joseph&sa X&oi translate&resnum 4&ct result&prev search 3Fq 3D 2522Dusch 2BTheodor 2522 26start 3D30 26hl 3Den 26sa 3DN Biographical Dictionary of Notable Physicians, translated from German http books.google.com books?id G7F20VzerbgC&pg PA76&lpg PA76&dq 22Theodor von Dusch 22 Schroder&source web&ots zvBdF0sWU1&sig 1xjKKY7Q OZBkrGdSMJ7tu343Xs&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 7&ct result A Chronology of Microbiology in Historical Context http books.google.com books?id QAFXuuujZwYC&pg PA5&lpg PA5&dq Dusch Schroder cotton&source web&ots PSdcWxePlA&sig R eWaFPMKKKz0 xGmZjm46DBYA8&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 7&ct result Bacteriology by Stelle D. Buchanan Persondata Metadata see Wiki ... more details
SFHAM single fibre based heart activity model is a physical model describing the electric activity of the left ventricle of the heart during its depolarisation . It facilitates a precise analysis of electric potential s of different parts of the ventricle ref http www.medengphys.com article S1350 4533 09 00182 9 abstract Janicki JS, W. Leo ski W, Jagielski J. Partial potentials of selected cardiac muscle regions and heart activity model based on single fibres , Medical Engineering & Physics ref . Main principles of the model The SFHAM model is based on the following principles Each part of the cardiac muscle interventricular septum , Anterior wall of heart anterior wall , Diaphragmatic surface of heart inferior wall , lateral wall, posterior wall is the source of independent instantaneous potential. Electric potential coming from a particular part of the myocardium is the result of variation in electric charge density including endocardium , myocardium M cells and epicardium . QRS unit is the result of the sum of all instantaneous potentials generated during depolarization of particular parts of myocardium. The value of instantaneous potential depends on he quality and activity of particular parts of the ventricle walls. Time changes in the value of the potentials distribution occurring on the surface of the chest depend on physiological and pathological factors. Electrical activity of each part of the myocardium of a healthy individual forms a constant contribution expressed in percentage into the entire activity of the myocardium. The model constitutes a theoretical basis for SATRO ECG being a system to Non invasive medical non invasive diagnosing facilitating early detection coronary heart disease ischemic changes in the heart . References Reflist Bibliography Janicki JS, Leo ski W, Jagielski J. Partial potentials of selected cardiac muscle regions and heart activity model based on single fibres. Medical Engineering & Physics, 31 2009 1276 1282 http www.medengphy ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Purkinje fibers Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png Caption Isolated Heart conduction system showing purkinje fibers Image2 ECG Principle fast.gif Caption2 The QRS complex is the large peak in the diagram at the bottom. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 05 DorlandsSuf 12361434 For the nervous cells, see Purkinje cell Purkinje fibers Purkyne tissue or Subendocardial branches are located in the inner Ventricle heart ventricular walls of the heart , just beneath the endocardium . These fibers are specialized myocardium myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus physiology stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion. Histology Purkinje fibers are a unique end organ cardiac extension of the Autonomic Nervous System . Further histologic examination reveals that these fibers are split into left and right trees as well as atrial and ventricular contributions. The electrical origin of atrial Purkinje fibers arrives from the Sinoatrial Node . The following electrical origin of the ventricular Purkinje fibers arrives from the AV node Atrioventricular Node . Given no aberrant channels, the atrial and ventricular Purkinje trees are distinctly shielded from each other by collagen or the cardiac skeleton . The Purkinje fibers are uniquely dedicated to sympathetic electrical depolarization of the right and left atria and ventricles. The Purkinje fibers are further specialized to rapidly conduct impulses numerous sodium ion channel s and mitochondria , fewer myofibril s than the surrounding muscle tissue . Purkinje fibers take up stain differently than the surrounding muscle cells, and, on a slide, they often appear lighter and larger than their neighbours. They are binucleated. Function Heart rate is governed by many influences from the Autonomic Nervous System . The Purkinje Fibers do not have any known role in setting heart rate, but are influenced by Sympathetic ... more details
serotonin have been associated with cardiac failure, due to fibrous deposits on the endocardium ... , fibrotic lesions of the endocardium, particularly on the right side of the heart resulting ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Valve of inferior vena cava Latin valvula venae cavae inferioris GraySubject 139 GrayPage 540 Image Gray493.png Caption Interior of right side of heart . Valve of inf. vena cava labeled at lower left. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre v 02 DorlandsSuf 12844619 The valve of the inferior vena cava Eustachian valve lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle . Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it essentially does not have a specific function. There is a large variability in size, shape, thickness, and texture of the persistent eustachian valve, and in the extent to which it encroaches on neighboring structures such as the atrial septum. At one end of the spectrum, the embryonic eustachian valve disappears completely or is represented only by a thin ridge. Most commonly, it is a crescentic fold of endocar ... more details
The heart is the first functional organ in a vertebrate embryo. There are 5 stages to heart development. Specification of cardiac precursor cells Image Gray19.png center 450px frame The lateral plate mesoderm delaminates to form two layers the dorsal somatic parietal mesoderm and the ventral splanchnic visceral mesoderm. The heart precursor cells come from the two regions of the splanchnic mesoderm called the cardiogenic mesoderm . These cells can differentiate into endocardium which lines the heart chamber and valves and the myocardium which forms the musculature of the ventricles and the atria. The heart cells are specified in anterior mesoderm by proteins such as Dickkopf 1, Nodal, and Cerberus secreted by the anterior endoderm. Whether Dickkopf 1 and Nodal act directly on the cardiac mesoderm is the subject of research, but it seems that at least they act indirectly by stimulating the production of additional factors from the anterior endoderm. These early signals are essential for heart formation such that removal of the anterior endoderm blocks heart formation. Anterior endoderm is also sufficient to stimulate heart differientation since it can induce non cardiogenic mesoderm from more posterior positions in the embryo to form heart. The secretion of Wnt inhibitors such as Cerberus, Dickkopf and Crescent by the anterior endoderm also prevents Wnt3a and Wnt8 secreted by the neural tube from inhibiting heart formation. The notochord secretes BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin to prevent formation of cardiac mesoderm in inappropriate places. Other cardiogenic signals such as BMP and FGF activate the expression of cardiac specific transcription factors such as homeodomain protein Nkx2.5 . Nkx2.5 activates a number of downstream transcription factors such as MEF2 and GATA which activate the expression of cardiac muscle specific proteins. Mutations in Nkx2.5 result in heart development defects and congenital heart malformations. Migration of cardiac precursor cells ... more details
infiltrate involving the endocardium and myocardium H&E stain hematoxylin and eosin stain . Myocarditis ..., generally done in the setting of angiography . A small tissue sample of the endocardium and myocardium ... more details
Infobox disease Name Cardiomyopathy Image Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg Caption Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium. DiseasesDB 2137 ICD10 ICD10 I 42 0 i 30 ICD9 ICD9 425.4 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 001105 eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D009202 Cardiomyopathy , which literally means heart muscle disease, is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium i.e., the actual heart muscle for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both. ref name ref1 cite book last Kasper first Denis L. et al. title Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn publisher McGraw Hill year 2005 isbn 0 07 139140 1 ref Although in theory the term cardiomyopathy could apply to almost any disease affecting the heart, in practice it is usually reserved for severe myocardial disease leading to heart failure . ref name Adelmann2010 cite book author Gabriel A. Adelmann title Cardiology Essentials in Clinical Practice url http books.google.com books?id o3j9bNpQ2poC&pg PA158 accessdate 11 November 2010 date 12 November 2010 publisher Springer isbn 9781849963046 pages 158 ref Classification Cardiomyopathies can be categorized as extrinsic or intrinsic. ref name ref2 cite journal last Richardson first P. et al. title Report of the 1995 World Health Organization International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies journal Circulation volume 93 issue 5 pages 841 2 year 1996 pmid 8598070 last2 McKenna first2 W last3 Bristow first3 M last4 Maisch first4 B last5 Mautner first5 B last6 O Connell first6 J last7 Olsen first7 E last8 Thiene first8 G last9 Goodwin first9 J http circ.ahajournals.org cgi content full 93 5 841 Full text ref An extrinsic cardiomyopathy is a cardiomyopathy where the primary pathology is outside the myocar ... more details
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