CriminTheo Deterrence is a theory from behavioral psychology about preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or Retributive justice retribution . This theory of criminology is shaping the criminal justice system of the United States and various other countries. Deterrence can be divided into two separate categories. General deterrence manifests itself in policy whereby examples are made of deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. This is also demonstrated in the Islamic Crime & Punishment system Hoodoo , applied 1400 years ago, where the punishment for crimes is performed in public, and is highly deterring mainly aiming at general social deterrence. Specific deterrence focuses on the individual deviant and attempts to correct his or her behavior. Punishment is meant to discourage the individual from recidivating. Both forms of deterrence assume rationality on the part of deviants and criminals, and that crime can ultimately be prevented through altering the cost benefit ratios of such behavior. At the military level, the principle is expressed in deterrence theory . There is some debate over whether deterrence is achieved through the higher probability of arrest and conviction, and or, severity of punishment .... History of Deterrence The history of punishment in reaction to crime began in biblical times with the an eye ..., Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham , formulated the deterrence theory as both an explanation of crime ...?scid 12&did 167 Deterrence and the Death Penalty Statistical information and studies References ... to deterrence, see Mendes, M. & McDonald, M. D., 2001 Putting Severity of Punishment Back in the Deterrence ... The Ethics of Punishment . To read more about the argument concerning who deterrence is aimed at see ... deterrence Category Criminology de Abschreckung fr Dissuasion ... more details
wiktionary deterrence deterrant Deterrence may refer to Deterrence theory , a theory of war, especially regarding nuclear weapons Deterrence legal , a theory of justice Deterrencepsychological , a psychological theory Deterrence film Deterrence , a 1999 drama starring Kevin Pollak, depicting fictional events about nuclear brinkmanship See also Deter disambiguation disambig he ... more details
Nuclear deterrence is the application of deterrence theory to nuclear weapon s, and can refer to a number of nuclear strategy nuclear strategies such as Minimal deterrence a limited form of deterrence Massive retaliation deterrence based on retaliating with greater force than originally used Mutual assured destruction an unlimited form of deterrence See also Nuclear strategy Nuclear blackmail Nuclear terrorism Second strike Nuclear triad Disambiguation ... more details
In nuclear strategy , minimal deterrence also called minimum deterrence is an application of deterrence theory in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an adversary from attacking. ref Kristensen, Norris and Oelrich 2009, 21 ref Pure minimal deterrence is a doctrine of no first use , holding that the only mission of nuclear weapons is to deter a nuclear adversary by making the cost of a first strike unacceptably high. ref Kristensen, Norris and Oelrich 2009, 21 ref To present a credible deterrent, there must be the assurance that any attack would trigger a retaliatory strike. ref Lieber and Press 2006, 37 ref In other words, minimal deterrence requires rejecting ... nuclear deterrence. Assuming that decision makers make cost benefit analyses when deciding to use ... they term Minimum Credible Deterrence . ref Feickert and Kronstadt 2003, 9 ref Minimal deterrence .... For example, the United States nuclear force exceeds the requirements of minimal deterrence, and is structured ... deterrence is that it requires an accurate understanding of the level of damage an adversary finds ... is no longer credible. ref Stout 2010 ref A minimal deterrence strategy must also account for the nuclear .... ref Freedman 2003, 195 ref Additionally, a minimal deterrence capability may embolden a state when ... States. ref McVadon 2005, 6 ref Finally, while pursuing minimal deterrence during arms negotiations ... once minimal deterrence is reached because they will increase a state s vulnerability and provide ... Deterrence A New Nuclear Policy on the Path Toward Eliminating Nuclear Weapons . http www.fas.org ... Nalebuff, Barry . Minimal Nuclear Deterrence. Journal of Conflict Resolution 32, no. 3 September 1988 411 425. Robert S. Ross Ross, Robert S . Navigating the Taiwan Strait Deterrence, Escalation Dominance ... www.au.af.mil au aunews archive 2010 0507 Articles0507 Stout0507.htm Minimal Deterrence Makes Minimal ... 1, 2010. DEFAULTSORT Minimal Deterrence Category Nuclear strategies ... more details
Fraud deterrence has gained public recognition and spotlight since the 2002 inception of the Sarbanes ... confidence. This same concept is applied in the discussion of fraud deterrence. Until recently, fraud deterrence has not been specifically identified under one common definition. While it has ... Analysts Certified Fraud Deterrence Analyst CFD designation recently merged into the Certified Forensic Financial Analyst CFFA designation , an actual definition of the term fraud deterrence has been difficult to find. Definition Fraud deterrence is the proactive identification and removal of the causal and enabling factors of fraud. Fraud deterrence is based on the premise that fraud is not a random occurrence fraud occurs where the conditions are right for it to occur. Fraud deterrence attacks ... or eliminate the causal factors of fraud is the single best defense against fraud. Fraud deterrence involves both short term procedural and long term cultural initiatives. Fraud deterrence is not earlier ... transactions to identify indicators of a non conforming transaction. Deterrence involves an analysis .... Deterrence is a preventive measure reducing input factors Cendrowski, Martin, Petro, The Handbook of Fraud Deterrence . Analogy Deterrence is distinct from remediation and detection. An analogy can ... s that deter unhealthy weight gain is the key to understanding fraud deterrence in this analogy ... has already been gained Removal of Causal Factors Deterrence Removal of unhealthy food in diet ... health classes in primary education Deterrence vs. Prevention Deterrence involves eliminating factors ... the Fraud Triangle is the key to fraud deterrence. Breaking the Fraud Triangle implies that an organization ... of internal controls and generally provides the most actionable route to deterrence of fraud Cendrowski, Martin, Petro, The Handbook of Fraud Deterrence . SAS 99 Statement on Auditing Standards ... Implementation Guide . The SAS 99 Practice Aid discusses fraud deterrence in addition to its primary ... more details
CriminTheo Deterrence is the use of punishment as a threat to deter people from committing a crime. Deterrence is often contrasted with retributivism , which holds that punishment is a necessary consequence of a crime and should be calculated based on the gravity of the wrong done. Categories Deterrence can be divided into three separate categories. Specific deterrence focuses on the individual in question. The aim of these punishments is to discourage the criminal from future criminal acts by instilling an understanding of the consequences. General or indirect deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. The argument that deterrence, rather than retribution, is the main justification for punishment is a hallmark of the Rational choice theory criminology rational choice theory and can be traced to Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria Cesare Beccaria whose well known treatise Dei delitti e delle pene On Crimes and Punishments 1764 , condemned torture and the death penalty and Jeremy Bentham who made two distinct attempts during his life to critique the Capital punishment death penalty . ref name deathpenalty cite web url http www.jstor.org pss 1143143 title JSTOR The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1973 Vol. 74, No. 3 Autumn, 1983 , pp. 1033 1065 publisher ... Incapacitation is considered by some to be a subset of specific deterrence. Incapacitation aims ... to engage in crime. Not all crime deterrence is caused by the criminal justice system. Evidence ... volume 35 number 1 date Feb., 1988 pages 1 21 ref Criticism It has been argued that deterrence is ineffective at achieving its ultimate goal. Critics of specific deterrence argue that offenders do ... systems were introduced. Citation needed date November 2009 General deterrence has also been ... more details
This article refers to deterrent theories of punishment. For the legal theory of justice, see Deterrence legal . Deterrence theory is a military strategy developed during the Cold War . It is especially .... Philosophically, such a strategy would be the opposite of appeasement . Strategy Deterrence is a strategy ... International Nuclear Order. International Affairs 83 3, 549 574 ref Deterrence by denial ... United States policy of deterrence during the Cold War underwent significant variations. The early ... nuclear deterrence characterized relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during ... technology to other nations beyond the United States and Russia, the concept of deterrence took on a broader multinational dimension. The US policy on post Cold War deterrence was outlined in 1995 in a document called Essentials of Post Cold War Deterrence . ref http www.nautilus.org archives nukestrat ... the traditional characteristics of Mutual Nuclear Deterrence, due to both nations continuing MAD, US policy of deterrence towards nations with minor nuclear capabilities should ensure through threats ... of deterrence. Criticism Deterrence theory is criticized for its assumptions about opponent rationales ... of deterrence. Second, if Country X were to launch nuclear weapons at Country Y , managing to destroy ... undesirable measures. See The Garrison State Garrison State . Psychology and deterrence A new ... criticisms of traditional deterrence theory emerged. One was that deterrence theory assumed that both ... in, ref Psychology and Deterrence , Ed. Robert Jervis, ISBN 0 8018 3842 8, The Johns Hopkins ... with clear objectives, and its deterrence failed. Another observation is that crisis situations can ... truly rational end behavior in deterrence situations. See also div style column count 3 moz column count 3 webkit column count 3 Essentials of Post Cold War Deterrence Balance of terror Chainstore ... References reflist 2 U.S. Department of Defense s Deterrence Operations Joint Operating Concept at http ... more details
Infobox Film name Deterrence image DeterrenceDVDCover.jpg caption DVD Cover alt director Rod Lurie producer Marc Frydman br James Spies br Maurice Leblond writer Rod Lurie starring Kevin Pollak br Timothy Hutton br Sean Astin music Larry Group cinematography Frank Perl editing Alan Roberts distributor Paramount Classics released Film date 2000 3 10 United States runtime 104 minutes country filmFrance br filmUS language English budget 800,000 gross 145,071 Deterrence is a 1999 Cinema of France French Cinema of the United States American drama film written and directed by Rod Lurie , depicting fictional events about nuclear brinksmanship . It marks the feature directorial debut of Lurie, who was previously a film critic for the New York Daily News , Premiere Magazine , Entertainment Weekly and Movieline , among others. Kevin Pollak , Timothy Hutton and Sean Astin star. The entire story takes place in a single location, a diner. ref imdb title 0158583 Deterrence ref Plot Set in 2008, President Walter Emerson, formerly Vice President and elevated by the death of the previous unseen commander in chief, is crossing the country on a campaign tour when a freak snowstorm traps him in a remote Colorado diner with members of his staff plus a group of ordinary citizens. Suddenly, word arrives ... a movie like Deterrence, Rod Lurie s clunky political thriller about nuclear brinksmanship in the near ... football? , Deterrence manufactures real suspense and considers real issues...Kevin Pollak makes a curiously ... s 800,000 budget, the film merely made 145,071, making Deterrence a box office flop . The film ... Deterrence 2000 Box Office Mojo ref References Reflist External links imdb title 0158583 Deterrence Amg movie 180079 Deterrence mojo title deterrenceDeterrence rotten tomatoes deterrenceDeterrence metacritic film deterrenceDeterrence Rod Lurie DEFAULTSORT Deterrence Film Category 1999 films ... Category Films which are set within one day Category Political thriller films de Deterrence ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Psychological hedonism is the theory that all human choice is motivated by a desire for pleasure or an aversion to pain . This theory of human motivation cannot rule out altruism without being contradicted by evidence. Rather, it claims that when sane people choose to help others, it is because of the pleasure they themselves obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so . Psychological hedonism is a special case of psychological egoism , in which the concept of self interest is equated with pleasure. All the arguments and counter arguments presented in the article on psychological egoism also apply to psychological hedonism. See also Hedonism Psych stub DEFAULTSORT Psychological Hedonism Category Motivational theories Category Hedonism ... more details
http peripatus.blogspot.com 2005 07 psychological determinism.html Dr. Daniel Bader discusses two forms of psychological determinism Orectic psychological determinism is the view that we must always act upon our greatest drive. This is often called psychological hedonism , and if the drive is specified for self interest psychological egoism . Rational psychological determinism claims that we must always act according to our strongest or best reason. See also Amoralism Determinism Empathy Free will Moral skepticism External links http www.utilitarianism.com psychohed.htm DEFAULTSORT Psychological Determinism Category Motivational theories psych stub ... more details
expert subject Psychology date August 2009 Psychological torture is a type of torture that relies primarily on psychological effects, and only secondarily on any physical harm inflicted. Although not all psychological torture involves the use of physical violence, there is a continuum between psychological ... psychological effects, and many forms of psychological torture involving some form of pain or coercion. Many forms of psychological torture methods attempt to destroy the subject s normal self image ... , psychological regression and depersonalization . Other techniques include enforced nudity ... real pain induces vicarious suffering in the targeted psychological victim, who is thus loaded with guilt but spared physical harm that might endanger his ability to comply. While psychological torture ... psychological rather than physical torture it can result in similar levels of permanent mental damage to its victims. ref cite web url http www.newscientist.com article dn11313 psychological torture as bad as physical torture.html title Psychological torture as bad as physical torture author Roxanne Khamsi publisher New Scientist date 5 March 2007 ref It has been alleged that some psychological ... web url http www.mindhacks.com blog 2008 02 psychological tortur.html title Psychological torture ... extensive use of psychological torture techniques at Guantanamo Bay and other sites subsequent ... title The US psychological torture system is finally on trial author Naomi Klein publisher ... mccoy title The CIA s secret history of psychological torture publisher Salon.com author Alfred W. McCoy date June 11, 2009 ref Many other countries have been accused of using psychological torture ... government guilty of using psychological torture on IRA political detainees in Northern Ireland. See also White torture Psychology of torture KUBARK References reflist DEFAULTSORT Psychological Torture Category Torture Category Psychological abuse ... more details
Infobox Journal title Psychological Review cover File Psychological Review.gif editors Keith Rayner discipline Psychology abbreviation Psychol. Rev. publisher American Psychological Association country United States frequency Quarterly history 1894 present openaccess impact 9.082 impact year 2009 website http www.apa.org journals rev RSS http content.apa.org journals rev.rss JSTOR OCLC 1318836 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0033 295X eISSN Psychological Review is a scientific journal that publishes articles on psychology psychological theory . It was founded by Princeton psychologist James Mark Baldwin and Columbia psychologist James McKeen Cattell in 1894 as a publication vehicle for psychologists not connected with the Clark University Clark laboratory of G. Stanley Hall who often published in Hall s American Journal of Psychology . Psychological Review soon became the most prominent and influential psychology journal in North America, publishing important articles by William James , John Dewey , James Rowland Angell , and many others. In the early years of the 20th century, Baldwin purchased Cattell s interest in the journal, but was forced to sell the journal to Howard Warren in 1908 when scandal forced him out of his professorship at Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins where he had moved in 1903 . Editorship of the journal fell to Baldwin s newly hired young colleague John B. Watson , who used the journal to advance his school of behaviorism . Psychological Review was eventually sold by Warren to the American Psychological Association who has owned it ever since. Psychological Review .... With the rise of a wide variety of other psychology journals, it gradually came to focus on psychological theory. According to its website, blockquote Psychological Review publishes articles that make ... Psychological Review Full texts available online List of free Psychological Review articles available ... English language journals Category Quarterly journals Category American Psychological Association ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Psychological nominalism is the view advanced in Wilfrid Sellars paper Empiricism and Philosophy of Mind EPM that explains psychological concepts in terms of public language use. Sellars describes psychological nominalism as the view that all awareness of sorts, resemblances, facts, etc., in short, all awareness is a linguistic affair. Judging solely from the mention in EPM, Psychological Nominalism would seem to be a form of Verbal Behaviorism, which holds that ascriptions of psychological states are definitionally equivalent to predictions about behavior. For example, the verbal behavior Verbal Behaviorist holds that a statement like John is scared of thunderstorms is meaningful only insofar as it can be parsed into predictions concerning the sorts of things John is likely to say and or do in the event of a thunderstom i.e. John will say, or have a propensity to say, I am scared when he hears thunder or John will hide, or have a propensity to hide, his face when he sees lightning . Psychological Nominalism extends the Verbal Behaviorist s explanation of psychological states like fear, love, desire, thinking etc. to cognitive states being aware, knowing, etc. while denying the premise that falsifiability criteria can give statements their meaning. The Psychological Nominalist concedes that survival of mental terminology in natural language can be explained in terms of the practical utility of mental state ascriptions, but denies that this constitutes an analysis of the meaning of any particular mental state ascription because the Psychological Nominalist contends that the meaning of any term, mental or otherwise, is irreducibly bound with its usage. Thus, the Verbal Behaviorist fails to give a completely philosophically satisfying account of psychological statements because he fails to recognize that the linguistic statements are themselves meaningful in light of the kinds of behavior associated with them. Category Epistemological theories ... more details
Refimprove date June 2008 Expert subject psychology date May 2009 A psychological evaluation or mental examination is an examination into a person s mental health by a mental health professional such as a psychologist . A psychological evaluation may result in a diagnosis Dubious date May 2009 of a mental illness . It is the mind mental equivalent of physical examination . Methodology Expand section date June 2008 Psychological assessment may come in two forms formal and informal. Formal assessment involves the use of tools such as questionnaires, checklists and rating scales, while in informal assessment the interview evaluation usually lacks such structure or organization. ref Barker, P. ed ... evaluated, but not always. In psychological evaluations the administration of standardized psychological ... of the evaluation. Situations requiring psychological evaluations Job applicant Applicants to sensitive ... state secrets , may be required to submit to a psychological evaluation before they can be employed ... . An insanity defense will also usually require the defendant to undergo a psychological evaluation ... authorlink2 Susana Urbina title Psychological Testing edition Seventh location Upper Saddle River ... educator product Psychological Testing 7E 9780023030857.page laydate 28 July 2010 ref harv Cite book title Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment Volume I Intellectual and Neurological ... 23 November 2010 ref harv Cite book title Psychological Testing History, Principles, and Applications ... 978 0 205 78214 7 page pages laysummary http www.pearsonhighered.com bookseller product Psychological ... Cite book title Handbook of Psychological Assessment last Groth Marnat first Gary year 2009 publisher ... Psychological Testing A Practical Introduction last Hogan first Thomas P. authorlink coauthors Brooke ... 2010 ref harv References reflist Use dmy dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Psychological Evaluation Category Psychiatric assessment Category Psychological testing psych stub ca Avaluaci psicol gica ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Psychological Bulletin abbreviation Psychol. Bull. cover editor Stephen P. Hinshaw discipline Psychology publisher American Psychological Association country United States frequency Bimonthly history 1904 present openaccess license impact 12.854 impact year 2009 website http www.apa.org pubs journals bul index.aspx ISSN 0033 2909 OCLC 1681351 RSS http content.apa.org journals bul.rss Psychological Bulletin is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal specializing in literature reviews. It was founded by Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins psychologist James Mark Baldwin in 1904. immediately after he had bought out James McKeen Cattell s share of Psychological Review , which the two had founded ten years earlier. Baldwin gave the editorship of both journals to John B. Watson when scandal forced him to resign his position at Johns Hopkins in 1909. Ownership of the Bulletin passed to Howard C. Warren , who eventually donated it to the American Psychological Association which continues to own it to the present day. Psychology Category Psychology journals Category Publications established in 1904 Category Bimonthly journals Category English language journals Category American Psychological Association academic journals psych stub zh ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2007 essay August 2008 context August 2008 Psychological numbness is a mental self defense mechanism used to prevent psychological trauma , in which a mental entity chooses to ignore thoughts or emotions relating to a specific body of knowledge, emotions , or ideas. This is often induced by social conditioning . Psychological numbness is an important component of sanity in an individual whose basic moral principles or ideology would be rendered inapplicable by comprehending the full implications of an action or occurrence. A well recognized situation of psychological numbing is that associated with homicide killing another person . By being numb, the person refuses to recognize the implications of having killed the person, allowing their psyche psychology psyche , as it existed before, to continue as it was. See also Dissociation Category Defence mechanism psych stub ... more details
In the APA Dictionary of Psychology, psychological dependence is defined as dependence on a psychoactive substance for the reinforcement it provides. ref VandenBos, Gary R. APA Dictionary of Psychology. 1st ed. Washington, DC American Psychological Association, 2007. Print. ref Most times psychological dependence is classified under addiction . They are similar in that addiction is a physiological craving for something and psychological dependence is a need for a particular substance because it causes enjoyable mental affects. A person becomes dependent on something, usually drugs, to help alleviate specific emotions. ref name APA Dictionary Myers, David G. Psychology . 9th ed. New York Worth, 2010. Print. ref Psychological dependence begins after the first trial which a person then becomes satisfied and the satisfaction increases with each use. This constant feeling leads to psychological reinforcement which eventually leads to dependence. ref Hanson, Glen, Peter J. Venturelli, and Annette E. Fleckenstein. Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Print. ref Of the various things that a person can be psychologically dependent on, opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, and nicotine are among the top substances people become dependent on. Along with substances, people can also become dependent on activities as well such as shopping, pornography, self harm, and many more. While a psychologically dependent person attempts to recover, there are many withdrawal symptoms that one can experience throughout the process. ref Defining Addiction, Physical and Psychological Dependence to Drugs, Alcohol and Other Related Addictions. Drug Rehabilitation Alcohol and Drug Rehab Clinic. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. http www.treatment now.com resources addiction . ref When trying to over come psychological dependence on a drug, one can go to a substance abuse program. ref ... www.casacolumbia.org templates publications reports.aspx?keywords psychological dependence ref Notes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A psychological punishment is a type of punishment that relies not or only in secondary order on the actual harm inflicted such as corporal punishment s or fines but on psychological effects, mainly emotions, such as fear, shame and guilt. This can occasionally cause severe cardiac harm, even death, but those are not strictly intended, and in the case of torture accidental death would even defeat the purpose. Citation needed date February 2007 Psychological punishments that are particularly cruel or severe may be considered psychological torture . Very common is the use of shame through private or, especially, public humiliation . For example, publicly shaving a woman s head may not only humiliate her in front of those who witness her shearing, it may also deprive her of her hair for as long as it takes to grow back, thus serving as a continual reminder of her punishment and her humiliation. See also Punishment Psychology Parading on donkey Sluggishly progressing schizophrenia DEFAULTSORT Psychological Punishment Category Punishments psych stub tr Psikolojik i kence ... more details
italictitle Psychological Abstracts ISSN 0033 2887 was an Abstract summary abstract and index periodical and the print counterpart of the PsycINFO database. It was published by the American Psychological Association and was produced for 80 years, ceasing publication at the end of 2006. ref name retirement cite web url http www.apa.org publications releases psycabstracts.html title APA announces retirement of the print index Psychological Abstracts accessdate 2009 02 25 last first date work publisher American Psychological Association ref It was produced monthly and contained summaries abstracts, bibliographic information, and indexing of English language journal articles, technical reports, book chapters, and books in the field of psychology . In its latter years it contained much less content than PsycINFO, ref name retirement although it did contain some records for technical reports that are not in PsycINFO. ref cite web url http www.apa.org psycinfo questions.html 9 title PsycINFO frequently asked questions accessdate 2009 02 25 last first date work publisher American Psychological Association ref It was organized by subject area according to the PsycINFO Classification Codes . See also Databases for psychologists References Reflist Category Bibliographic indexes psych stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2008 A psychological novel , also called psychological realism , is a work of prose fiction which places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization , and on the Motivation motive s, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological novel is not content to state what happens but goes on to explain the motivation of this action. In this type of writing Fictional character character and characterization are more than usually important, and they often delve deeper into the mind of a character than novels of other genres. The psychological novel can be called a novel of the inner man, so to say. In some cases, the Stream of consciousness writing stream of consciousness technique, as well as interior monologues, may be employed to better illustrate the inner workings of the human mind at work. Flashbacks may also be featured. While these three textual techniques are also prevalent in modernism, there is no deliberate effort to fragment the prose or compel the reader to interpret the text. The Tale of Genji , written in 11th century Japan, has often been considered the first psychological ... s work is what one would quite precisely call a psychological novel. ... I dare to recommend ... is called The Tale of Genji . ref In the west, the origins of the psychological novel can be traced ... was coined. The first rise of the psychological novel as a genre is said to have started with the sentimental ... literature, Stendhal s The Red and the Black is often called Fact date March 2007 an early psychological ... century, is also considered Fact date March 2007 an early precursor of the psychological novel. Knut Hamsun s debut novel Hunger novel Hunger is widely recognized as the most significant psychological ... Miller , and Edith Wharton are considered major contributor s to the practice of psychological realism ... York W.W. Norton Co. 2008, p. 1697 ref References reflist Category Psychological novels Category ... more details
Infobox Journal cover image Psychological medicine cover.jpg title Psychological Medicine editor Kenneth S. Kendler Robin M. Murray discipline Psychology , Clinical psychology , Psychiatry language English abbreviation Psychol. Med. PSM publisher Cambridge University Press country flag United Kingdom frequency 12 history 1969 present openaccess Yes Optional Hybrid Model impact 5.012 impact year 2009 website http journals.cambridge.org psm link1 link1 name link2 link2 name atom JSTOR ISSN 0033 2917 Psychological Medicine is an academic journal in the fields of psychiatry , and related aspects of psychology and basic sciences. There are twelve issues a year, each featuring original articles reporting key research being undertaken worldwide, together with literature reviews and shorter editorials by distinguished scholars, as well as an important book review section. ref name Camb http journals.cambridge.org psm ref In 2009, with an Impact Factor of 5.012, it ranked 6 sup th sup in psychology, and 13 sup th sup in psychiatry journals included in the Science Citations Index, and 4th in clinical psychology journals included in the Social Science Index. ref http journals.cambridge.org action displayMoreInfo?jid PSM&type if ref Foundation of Psychological Medicine The journal was founded by Michael Shepherd psychiatrist Michael Shepherd in 1969 and he remained its editor until 1993. It is interesting to note that Shepherd favoured the term Psychological Medicine over Psychiatry and he attached great importance to the title which he resurrected from the Journal of Psychological Medicine , first conceived by Forbes Winslow . He defined psychological medicine as including not only psychiatry but also the study of abnormal behaviour from the medical point of view. He aimed to concentrate ... successor, Psychological Medicine was to become perhaps his greatest and most enduring creation set ... Shepherd Founding Editor. Editorial , Psychological Medicine. 24. 1. ref References references Category ... more details
Psychological mindedness PM is a concept which refers to an individual s capacity for self examination ... . Psychological mindedness is distinct from intellectualization s and obsessional rumination about ... psychology resistance . Psychological mindedness bespeaks a capacity to tolerate psychological conflict ... Shill MA, Lumley MA title The Psychological Mindedness Scale factor structure, convergent validity ... SA title Psychological mindedness word, concept and essence journal The International journal of psycho ... of others . ref cite journal author Conte HR, Ratto R, Karusa T year 1996 title The Psychological ... nature of PM. She defined it as reflectivity about psychological processes, relationships and meanings ... and intellectual dimensions ref cite journal author Hall JA title Psychological mindedness a conceptual ... 1543250 doi ref PDM description The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual PDM describes psychological mindedness ... sliding scale between high to low psychological mindedness, or healthy to impaired functioning ... of Psychoanalytic Organizations. p.82 ref Personality correlates Psychological mindedness PM is expected to be related to psychological strength and negatively related to weakness. One study found a correlation ... cite journal last Beitel first M coauthors Cecero JJ year 2003 title Predicting psychological mindedness ... E year 2004 title Psychological mindedness and cognitive style journal Journal of Clinical Psychology ... Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others journal Journal of Clinical Psychology doi ... title Exploring the relationships among early maladaptive schemas, psychological mindedness and self ... schemas psychological mindedness and self reported college adjustme doi 10.1348 147608307X216177 pmid 17588307 ref PM has also been associated negatively with problem oriented psychological constructs ... Taylor1997 cite book author Piper, WB McCallum, M title Psychological mindedness a contemporary ... chapter url Taylor, GJ & Taylor, HL chapterurl Alexithymia ref Psychological Mindedness in Groups ... more details
Psychological astrology , Astrological Psychology or Astropsychology is a recent product of the cross fertilisation of the fields of astrology with depth psychology , humanistic psychology , and transpersonal psychology . It uses the horoscope and the archetype s of astrology to inform the psychological understanding of an individual s Psyche psychology psyche . Other significant pioneers include Liz Greene and Howard Sasportas who in 1983 founded the Centre for Psychological Astrology . Bruno Huber & Louise Huber also developed their own method of astrological psychology, referred to as the Huber Method which links to Roberto Assagioli s work with psychosynthesis . When Carl Jung was investigating the symbolic meaning of dreams he would commonly come across mythical figures that have been passed down to us from our ancestors.He then noticed a correlation in the images pictured in ones dreams ... of astrology making its way and influencing some psychological tactics. Psychological ... a psychological astrologer might use a horoscope method to see if the individual possesses specialized abilities based on their mindset. It is difficult to verify the tenets of psychological astrology ... experience to induce how psychological astrology can provide meaningful information about a persons ... and the likelihood of external influences, that scientific evidence would show that the diagnosis of a psychological issue most likely couldn t be made by a horoscope. However, within the psychological ... in whether the correlation even existed. Psychological astrology is then again brought back to connections ... evaluated by a psychological astrologer and is told their prediction of their mental characteristics ... www.aaperry.com index.asp?pgid 20 The Birth of Psychological Astrology By Glenn Perry, Ph.D. 2 http ... The Centre for Psychological Astrology http www.astrologer.com apollon The Journal of Psychological ... for Psychological Astrology pseudoscience Category Astrology by type Category Western astrology ... more details
refimprove date May 2007 Psychological horror is a subgenre of horror fiction that relies on character fears, guilt, beliefs, eerie sound effects, relevant music and emotional instability to build tension and further the plot. ref http www.prattlibrary.org locations fiction index.aspx?id 3076&mark horror Will You Step into My Parlor? A Guide for Horror Lovers ref Psychological horror is different from the type of horror found in splatter films which derive their effects from gore and violence , and from the sub genre of horror of personality , in which the object of horror does not look like a monstrous other, but rather a normal human being, whose horrific identity is often not revealed until well into the work, or even at the very end. Characteristics Psychological horror tends to be subtle compared to traditional horror and typically contains less physical harm, as it works mainly on the factors of mentally affecting the audience rather than the display of graphic imagery seen in the slasher film slasher and splatter film splatter sub genres. It typically plays on archetypal Shadow psychology shadow characteristics embodied by the threat. ref http www.archetypewriting.com articles articles ck other.htm The Other in Fiction Archetype Writing ref It creates discomfort in the viewer by exposing common or universal psychological vulnerabilities and fears, most notably the shadowy ... believe horror serves only to repress it. One could ultimately argue that psychological horror isn t in fact of the horror genre, with it having a greater resemblance to the thriller genre. However, in psychological ... in thrillers. There is also a sub genre known as the psychological thriller , which can be similar to this, but relies on leaving a different impact on the viewer than that of psychological horror. ref name JOAP Another aspect of psychological horror is its use of body horror . The purpose ... Horror fiction DEFAULTSORT Psychological Horror Category Horror Category Psychological horror Category ... more details
about non physical pain physical pain caused by psychological factors Psychogenic pain Psychological pain , also called sometimes psychalgia, ref Psychalgia mental distress. http medical.merriam webster.com medical psychalgia Merriam Webster s Medical Dictionary . But see also psychalgia in the sense of psychogenic pain . ref is any mental, or mind, or non physical suffering . Emotional pain is a particular kind of psychological pain, more closely related to emotion s. In the fields of social psychology and personality psychology , the term social pain is used to denote emotional pain caused by harm or threat to social connection bereavement, embarrassment, shame and hurt feelings are subtypes of social pain. ref cite book last1 MacDonald first1 Geoff editor1 first Philip J. editor1 last Corr editor2 first Gerald editor2 last Matthews title Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology year 2009 publisher Cambridge University Press location Cambridge UK isbn 0521680514, 9780521680516 chapter Social Pain and Hurt Feelings chapterurl http web.psych.utoronto.ca gmacdonald macdonald social pain chapter.pdf ref Another kind of psychological pain that is commonly found is spirit ual or soul pain. Recent research in neuroscience suggests that physical pain and psychological pain may share some underlying neurological mechanisms. ref Eisenberger, Naomi I. and Lieberman, Matthew D. Why rejection hurts a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain . Trends Cogn Sci. 2004 Jul 8 7 294 300. PMID 15242688 http www.scn.ucla.edu pdf WhyRejectionHurts TICS .pdf doi 10.1016 j.tics.2004.05.010 Bot generated title ref See also Psychogenic pain Psychological trauma References references Category Emotion Category Clinical psychology Psych stub ... more details
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