unreferenced date September 2007 Descriptiveknowledge , also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge , is the species of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions. This distinguishes descriptiveknowledge from what is commonly known as know how , or procedural knowledge the knowledge of how, and especially how best, to perform some task , and knowing of , or knowledge by acquaintance the knowledge of something s existence . The difference between knowledge and beliefs is as follows . A belief is an internal thought or memory which exists in one s mind . Most people accept that for a belief to be knowledge it must be, at least ... there are any other requirements before a belief can be accepted as knowledge. The article Knowledge philosophy discusses the view of philosophers on how one can tell which beliefs constitute actual knowledge. Acquiring knowledge People have used many methods to try to gain knowledge. By reason ... experience . By Intuition knowledge intuition . By an appeal to authority argument from authority ... operates without performing any experiments. By acquiring knowledge that is embedded in one s language ... Bohm , Habermas, Freire, on dialogue, learning and knowledge acquisition negotiation http www.infed.org ... or revelation from a divine agency. Types of knowledgeKnowledge can be classified into a priori and a posteriori philosophy a priori knowledge, which is obtained without needing to observe the world, and a posteriori or empirical knowledge , which is only obtained after observing the world or interacting with it in some way. Often knowledge is gained by combining or extending other knowledge ... of giants . Inferential knowledge is based on logic reasoning from facts or from other inferential knowledge such as a theory . Such knowledge may or may not be verification verifiable by observation or Experiment testing . For example, all knowledge of the atom is inferential knowledge fact ... more details
of Science and Technology accessdate 21 October 2010 ref blockquote See also Descriptiveknowledge Normative science Procedural knowledge Sources and notes Reflist Category Philosophy of science philo ...The term descriptive science is used to identify a category of science and distinguish it from other categories of science. The exact demarcation line can vary a bit depending on the purpose of making the distinction, but essentially it refers to those parts of science whose emphasis lies in accurate repeatable descriptions such as X causes A in circumstances B. ref name phil http www.mv.helsinki.fi home praatika Valuefreedom 20of 20science.DOC Heikki J. Koskinen et al. eds. Science A Challenge to Philosophy? Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Man, 2006. article The scope and limits of value freedom in science Panu Raatikainen ref Niiniluoto suggests that the distinction between what he calls descriptive sciences and Design Science design sciences is fundamental. Descriptive sciences primarily aim to describe, explain and understand the reality surrounding us. Design sciences, on the other hand, aim at knowledge that is useful for the activity of design, i.e. aim to enhance human art and skill. ref name phil David A. Grimaldi and Michael S. Engel suggest that descriptive science in biology is currently undervalued and misunderstood. Descriptive in science is a pejorative, almost always preceded by merely, and typically applied to the array of classical ologies and omies anatomy, archaeology, astronomy, embryology, morphology, paleontology, taxonomy, botany, cartography, stratigraphy .... ... Second, descriptive science is not necessarily low tech science, and high tech is not necessarily ... BioScience Volume 57, Issue 8 September 2007 article Why Descriptive Science Still Matters by D.A. ... lens formed by their beliefs, previous experiences, existing knowledge, assumptions about the world and theories about knowledge and how it is accrued. The researcher s conceptual lens acts as a filter ... more details
Descriptive ethics , also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people s beliefs about morality . It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics , which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta ethics , which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to. The following examples of questions that might be considered in each field illustrate the differences between the fields Descriptive ethics What do people think is right? Normative prescriptive ethics How should people act? Applied ethics How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice? Meta ethics What does right even mean? What are descriptive ethics? Descriptive ethics is a form of empirical research into the attitudes of individuals or groups of people. Those working on descriptive ethics aim to uncover people s beliefs about such things as values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous. Research into descriptive ethics may also investigate people s ideal ethics ethical ideal s or what actions societies condemn or punish in law or politics . Because descriptive ethics involves empirical investigation ... , psychology , sociology or anthropology . Information that comes from descriptive ethics is, however, also used in philosophical arguments. Value theory can be either normative or descriptive but is usually descriptive. Lawrence Kohlberg An example of descriptive ethics Lawrence Kohlberg is one example of a psychologist working on descriptive ethics. In one study, for example, Kohlberg questioned ... can be classed as descriptive ethics to the extent that he describes human beings actual moral development ... would have involved prescriptive ethics. Descriptive ethics and relativism Original research date September 2007 Observations by descriptive ethics are often used as arguments for moral relativism a meta ... Ethics Category Ethics fr thique descriptive fi Deskriptiivinen etiikka ... more details
Descriptive statistics describe the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. ref Mann PS 1995 Introductory Statistics, 2nd Edition , Wiley. ISBN 0 471 31009 3 ref Descriptive statistics are distinguished from statistical inference inferential statistics or inductive statistics , in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a data set, rather than use the data to learn about the statistical population population that the data are thought to represent. This generally means that descriptive statistics, unlike inferential statistics, are not developed on the basis of probability theory ... when a data analysis draws its main conclusions using inferential statistics, descriptive statistics ... comorbidity comorbidities . Use in statistical analyses Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries ... analysis of data. Citation needed date September 2010 Descriptive statistics summarize data. For example, the shooting percentage in basketball is a descriptive statistic that summarizes ... last Trochim first William M. K. title Descriptive statistics url http www.socialresearchmethods.net kb statdesc.php work Research Methods Knowledge Base accessdate 14 March 2011 year 2006 ref Describing .... Despite these limitations, descriptive statistics provide a powerful summary that may enable comparisons .... Examples of descriptive statistics Most statistics can be used either as a descriptive statistic, or in an inductive ... in each classroom in a school, to give a descriptive sense of the typical scores and their variation ... rather than descriptive analysis. Some statistical summaries are especially common in descriptive ... links Descriptive Statistics Lecture University of Pittsburgh Supercourse http www.pitt.edu super1 lecture lec0421 index.htm Statistics descriptive DEFAULTSORT Descriptive Statistics Category Summary ... eu Estatistika deskribatzaile fa fr Statistique descriptive ko id Statistika deskriptif ... simple Descriptive statistics sr su Statistik deskriptif th ... more details
Context date October 2009 Unreferenced date January 2008 A descriptive marker is a grammar grammatic feature of certain languages. It is defined linguistics linguistically as a free morpheme that indicates the grammatical function marking description. Function The descriptive marker generally signals the beginning of a descriptive or modifying phrase. The marker assumes descriptive characteristics from the modifier, such as Adjective Adjectival or Adverb ial Differentiation Intensity Agreement Grammatical case case , Grammatical gender gender , Grammatical number number Usage The Descriptive Marker is an important feature of the Indo European languages Indo European language Toytonic . It is also found in other synthetic language s. In Toytonic, the descriptive marker is a key component of the descriptive phrase and determines what the phrase will modify and to what intensity. Descriptive markers in Toytonic class wikitable Marker Intensity a least u less i neutral e more o most See also Morphology linguistics Category Linguistic morphology ... more details
Psychology sidebar Descriptive Psychology DP is primarily a conceptual framework for the science of psychology ... in the mid 1960s, ref name OssorioPersons Ossorio, P.G. 1995 . Persons . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive ... . The Behavior of Persons . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive Psychology Press. ref it has subsequently .... ref artificial intelligence , ref Jeffrey, J. 1990 . Knowledge engineering Theory and practice. In A. Putman & K. Davis Eds. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 5, pp. 105 122 . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive Psychology Press. ref ref Putman, A. 1990 . Artificial persons. In A. Putman & K. Davis Eds. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 5, pp. 81 104 . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive ... & K. Davis Eds. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 5, pp. 11 46 . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive Psychology Press. ref spirituality , ref Shideler, M. 1990 . Spirituality The Descriptive Psychology approach. In A. Putman & K. Davis Eds. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 5, pp. 199 214 . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive Psychology Press. ref research methodology , ref Ossorio, P.G. 1981 . Representation, evaluation, and research. In K. Davis Ed. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology ... . Explanation, falsifiability, and rule following. In K. Davis Ed. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 1, pp. 37 56 . Greenwich, CT JAI Press. ref The nature of Descriptive Psychology A conceptual ... Eds. , Advances in Descriptive Psychology Vol. 8, pp. 69 80 . Ann Arbor, Michigan Descriptive Psychology .... Some core concepts of Descriptive Psychology DP comprises a vast network of concepts, and it will not be possible ... abilities, knowledge, values , dispositions traits, attitudes, interests, styles or derivatives capacities ..., or everyday interactional, persons make descriptive commitments to those parameters which serve their purposes ... system for a science of psychology is to provide descriptive access to all facts and possible .... It must also provide descriptive resources for describing individual persons . Psychologists, historians ... more details
Descriptive research , also known as statistics statistical research , describes data and characteristics about the statistical population population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who , what , where , when and how ... Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, Descriptive research cannot be used to create a Causality causal relationship , where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity . The description is used for frequency disambiguation frequencies , average s and other statistical calculations. Often the best approach, prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the findings are. In short descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied. But there are always restrictions to that. Your research must have an impact to the lives of the people around you. For example, finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life. Social ... of social science research. Descriptive research classifies phenomena. ref Babbie, Earl.1989. The Practice of Social Research. 5th edition. Belmont CA Wadsworth ref Descriptive research generally ..., the conceptualizing of Descriptive research categorization or taxonomy precedes the hypotheses ... of Exploratory research , Descriptive research and explanatory research fit together ... ResearchMethods RM 2 05.html Descriptive Research from BYU linguistics department DEFAULTSORT Descriptive Research Category Scientific method Category Research methods Category Statistical methods ... more details
The Descriptive Fallacy was suggested by J.L. Austin in 1955 in the lectures now known as How to Do Things With Words . It is applied to reasoning which treats a speech act as if it were a logical proposition . logic stub Category Logical fallacies ... more details
See also Interpretation logic According to Rudolf Carnap , in logic , an interpretation is a descriptive interpretation also called a factual interpretation if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, a descriptive sign i.e., the name of single objects, or observable properties . ref name itslaia Rudolf Carnap Carnap, Rudolf , Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications ref In his Introduction to Semantics Harvard Uni. Press, 1942 he makes a distinction between formal interpretations which are logical interpretation s also called mathematical interpretation or logico mathematical interpretation and descriptive interpretations a formal interpretation is a descriptive interpretation if it is not a logical interpretation . ref name itslaia Attempts to Axiomatic system axiomatize the empirical science s, Carnap said, use a descriptive interpretation to model reality. ref name itslaia the aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. ref name tcarotmim The Concept and the Role of the Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences ref the world is an interpretation or model of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true. ref name tcarotmim Any non empty set may be chosen as the domain of a descriptive interpretation, and all n ary relations among the elements of the domain are candidates for assignment to any predicate of degree n. ref cite book last Mates first Benson title Elementary Logic, Second Edition publisher Oxford University Press year 1972 location New York pages 56 isbn 019501491X ref Examples A sentence is either true or false under an interpretation which assigns values to the logical variables. We might for example make the following assignments Individual constants a Socrates b Plato c Aristotle Predicates F is sleeping G hates .... Sources reflist DEFAULTSORT Descriptive Interpretation Category Semantics Category Formal languages ... more details
Cleanup date November 2007 Citations missing date February 2011 Descriptive geometry is the branch of geometry which allows the representation of three dimensional objects in two dimensions, by using a specific set of procedures. The resulting techniques are important for engineering , architecture , design ... then, descriptive geometry is the grammar of this language. The theoretical basis for descriptive ... considered the father of descriptive geometry . He first developed his techniques to solve ... are represented on a two dimensional surface. Descriptive geometry uses the image creating technique ... Rear , descriptive geometry strives to yield four basic solution views the true length of a line ... geometry principles. Heuristics There is heuristic value to studying descriptive geometry. It promotes ..., stepping protocol of Descriptive Geometry obsolete. However, since descriptive geometry is the science ... solutions are a class of solutions within descriptive geometry that contain all possible solutions ... a solution does not exist. The examples below are annotated to show the descriptive geometric principles used in the solutions. TL True Length EV Edge View. Figs. 1 3 below demonstrate 1 Descriptive ... Descriptive geometry skew lines appearing perpendicular.png Figure 1 Descriptive geometry skew lines appearing perpendicular br Figure 1 Descriptive geometry skew lines appearing perpendicular div div class left Image Descriptive geometry skew lines appear equal length.png Figure 2 Descriptive geometry skew lines appear equal length br Figure 2 Descriptive geometry skew lines appear equal length div div class left Image Descriptive geometry skew lines appear in specified length ratio.png Figure 3 Descriptive geometry skew lines appear in specified length ratio br Figure 3 Descriptive geometry ... cat Descriptive geometry reflist visualization Category Descriptive geometry ar bg ... es Geometr a descriptiva fr G om trie descriptive gl Xeometr a descritiva hi ... more details
Descriptive psychiatry is based on the study of observable symptoms and behavioral phenomena rather than underlying psychodynamic processes. In descriptive psychiatry, the clinical psychiatrist focuses on empirically observable behaviors and conditions, such as words spoken or actions taken. Modern works sometimes refer to it as biological psychiatry . ref name isbn0 415 11972 3 cite book author Evans, F. J. title Harry Stack Sullivan interpersonal theory and psychotherapy publisher Routledge location New York year 1996 pages 56 isbn 0 415 11972 3 ref It was championed by Emil Kraepelin in the early 20th century and is sometimes called Kraepelinian psychiatry. ref name isbn0 415 11972 3 One major work of descriptive psychiatry is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . ref name isbn0 415 11972 3 Its focus on observable symptoms contrasts with dynamic psychiatry s emphasis on emotional processes and the mental mechanisms underlying them. The relative popularity of these two basic approaches to psychiatry changes over time. ref name titleAnnals of Medicine The Dictionary of Disorder The New Yorker cite web url http www.newyorker.com archive 2005 01 03 050103fa fact?currentPage 2 title Annals of Medicine The Dictionary of Disorder The New Yorker accessdate 2008 03 23 ref Descriptive psychiatry was seen at its low points as narrow, bloodless, and without real significance. ref name titleAnnals of Medicine The Dictionary of Disorder The New Yorker At its high points, it is considered orderly, systematic, and scientific. Most modern psychiatrists believe that it is most helpful to combine the two complementary approaches in a biopsychosocial model . ref name isbn0 415 25670 4 cite book author Williams, Gavin De Kadt, Emanuel Jehuda title Sociology and development publisher Routledge location New York year 2001 pages 152 isbn 0 415 25670 4 ref References reflist Category Psychopathology Category Psychiatric classification systems psychology stub ... more details
for general context Poetry Descriptive poetry is the name given to a class of literature that may be defined as belonging mainly to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in Europe . From the earliest times, all poetry not subjectively lyrical was apt to indulge in ornament which might be named descriptive ... in practice has been called descriptive poetry. Descriptive poetry is poetry in which it is not imaginative ... and not its central subject, descriptive poetry. The landscape or still life must fill the canvas ... called descriptive poetry because it is not the strait between Sestos and Abydos and it is not the flora ... to a topographical progress through Great Britain Britain , are strictly descriptive. Edmund Gosse ... ahead of all purely descriptive poetry is that it will lack intensity, that it will be frigid ... until the 18th century that in English literature appears what is properly known as descriptive ... importance. The classic of descriptive poetry, in fact, the specimen that the literature of the world ... poet and it is an indisputable fact that, at its very best, descriptive poetry fails to awaken ... many colored woods of autumn may be taken as an example of the highest art to which purely descriptive ... Village , 1770 . No better example of the more pedestrian class of descriptive poetry could ... 1745 1794 who wrote Les Mois in 1779, a descriptive poem famous in its day. The Abb Jacques Delille 1738 1813 , perhaps the most ambitious descriptive poet who has ever lived, was treated as a Virgil ... , which French critics have called the masterpiece of this whole school of descriptive poetry. Delille ... severity, revived descriptive poetry in a form that owed more than Wordsworth realized to the model ... Coleridge Coleridge . Future Since their day, however, purely descriptive poetry has gone more ... in French. It is almost impossible in descriptive verse to obtain those vivid and impassioned appeals to the imagination that form the essence of genuine poetry, and it is unlikely that descriptive poetry ... more details
Books Epistemology div col Analytic synthetic distinction Descriptiveknowledge Epistemic logic ...other uses File Efez Celsus Library 5 RB.jpg thumb upright Personification of knowledge Greek language Greek , Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus , Turkey. Knowledge is a detailed familiarity ... be more or less formal or systematic. ref Knowledge. http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en us1261363 m en us1261363 Oxford English Dictionary ref In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology , and the philosopher Plato Plato famously defined knowledge as justified true belief . There is however no single agreed upon definition of knowledge, and there are numerous theories to explain it. Knowledge acquisition involves complex Cognition cognitive processes perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity ... knowledge management , the term is used to mean the confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate. Theories of knowledge File Knowledge Reid Highsmith.jpeg thumb left Robert Reid painter Robert Reid , Knowledge 1896 . Thomas Jefferson Building ... was made possible by the notion that philosophy s core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard ... and the Mirror of Nature blockquote The definition of knowledge is a matter of on going debate among ... three definitions of knowledgeknowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge as a true judgment with an account. Each of these definitions is shown to be unsatisfactory. ref specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge ... of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick s arguments for a requirement that knowledge ... to say that those who meet any of these conditions through a defect, flaw, or failure have knowledge ... more details
unreferenced date February 2011 File MainEntrancePrayerRoomGreatMosqueKairouan.JPG 300px thumb Stereotomy, facade of the Great Mosque of Kairouan , Tunisia Stereotomy Greek solid et cut is the set of geometrical knowledge and techniques of drawing and cutting the blocks of stone and their assembly into complex structures wall , vault , arch , etc.. related to architectural construction. Stereotomy represents the alternative to building techniques based on the use of small pieces of stone or brick, which make up the complex geometry structures and sometimes due to its small size and joints. Category descriptive geometry ar fr St r otomie it Stereotomia pms Stereotom a ... more details
Effective descriptive set theory is the branch of descriptive set theory dealing with Set mathematics sets of real number reals having lightface definitions that is, definitions that do not require an arbitrary real parameter . Thus effective descriptive set theory combines descriptive set theory with recursion theory . References cite book authorlink Yiannis N. Moschovakis author Moschovakis, Yiannis N. title Descriptive Set Theory publisher North Holland year 1980 isbn 0 444 70199 0 http www.math.ucla.edu ynm books.htm Second edition available online Category Effective descriptive set theory settheory stub ... more details
Descriptive military history serves to chronicle conflicts without offering any statements about the Causes of war Historical causes of wars causes , Causes of war Conduct of wars nature of conduct , the Military defeat ending and Causes of war Effects of war effects of a conflict. Much of the early literature is descriptive, such as chronicle s like Froissart s Chronicles or saga s such as Poetic Edda . Category Military history Category Combat treatises ... more details
A self descriptive number is an integer m that in a given radix base b is b digit s long in which each digit d at position n the most significant digit being at position 0 and the least significant at position b 1 counts how many instances of digit n are in m . For example, in base 10, the number 6210001000 is self descriptive because of the following reasons In base 10, the number has 10 digits br It contains 6 at position 0, indicating that there are six 0s br It contains 2 at position 1, indicating that there are two 1s br It contains 1 at position 2, indicating that there is one 2 br It contains 0 at position 3, indicating that there is no 3 br It contains 0 at position 4, indicating that there is no 4 ... or 9s, is not a reason. It doesn t answer why this is a self descriptive number. It only tells you what digit it contains and how many. It doesn t tell you why at all. There are no self descriptive numbers in bases 2, 3 or 6. In bases 7 and above, there is, if nothing else, a self descriptive number ... other digits. The following table lists some self descriptive numbers in a few selected bases class wikitable Base Self descriptive numbers Values in base 10 4 1210, 2020 100 number 100 , 136 number .... 2.14349 × 10 sup 53 sup Sloane s OEIS id A108551 lists a few more self descriptive numbers. From the numbers listed in the table, it would seem that all self descriptive numbers have digit sums ... of self descriptive number. That a self descriptive number in base b must be a multiple of that base or equivalently, that the last digit of the self descriptive number must be 0 can be proven ad absurda as follows assume that there is in fact a self descriptive number m in base b that is b ... descriptive numbers is similar to that of autobiographical numbers or curious numbers, except that there is no digit ... base 10 autobiographical numbers . Self descriptive numbers are like self number s only in that they re ... Self DescriptiveNumber.html Self Descriptive Number From MathWorld A Wolfram Web Resource. Category ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Descriptive botanical names are names that are governed by Article 16 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN , which rules that a name above the rank of rank botany family may be either descriptive or formed from the name of an included family. The latter leads to names such as Magnoliophyta and Magnoliopsida. Descriptive plant names are decreasing in importance but many are still in use, such as Plantae, Algae , Musci, Fungi , Embryophyta, Tracheophyta, Spermatophyta , Gymnospermae , Coniferae , Coniferales , Angiospermae, Monocotyledones, Dicotyledones. Such descriptive names have a very long history, often preceding Carl Linnaeus . As Latin was the universal scientific language in those days such names are in good Latin, and usually take the form of nouns in the plural. At the rank of family Article 18 of the ICBN allows a descriptive name ref citation url http www.ibot.sav.sk icbn frameset 0084AppendixIIBNESp.htm title ICBN APPENDIX IIB ref , of long usage, for the following eight families. For each of these families there also exists a name based on the name of an included genus an alternative name that is also allowed, here in parentheses valign top family Compositae composites family Cruciferae cross bearers family Gramineae grasses family Guttiferae latex carriers family Labiatae lipped ones family Leguminosae legumes family Palmae palms family Umbelliferae parasol bearers Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae Clusiaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Arecaceae Apiaceae Special provision has been made for what might be described as one of the subunits in Leguminosae. If this were more universally adopted it would help in avoiding the confusion attending the name Fabaceae which can refer to either of two, quite differently sized, families . This subunit has two special names in both the ranks relevant here valign top family Papilionaceae butterfly like subfamily Papilionoideae Fabaceae Faboideae References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Descriptive ... more details
Descriptive chess notation , or just descriptive notation , is a chess notation notation for recording chess games, and at one time was the most popular notation in English speaking and Spanish speaking countries harvcol Brace 1977 pp 79 80 , harvcol Sunnucks 1970 p 325 . It was used in Europe until it was superseded by algebraic chess notation abbreviated algebraic notation , which was introduced by Philipp Stamma in 1737. Algebraic notation is more concise and requires less effort to avoid ambiguity however much older literature uses descriptive notation. Descriptive notation exists in many language based variants, the most prevalent being English descriptive notation and Spanish descriptive ... 1847 pp 502 3 . FIDE stopped recognizing descriptive notation in 1981 harvcol Golombek 1977 p 216 ... from Kt to N harvcol Lawrence 2009 p 10 . Naming squares on the board Image English Descriptive Chess Notation.svg thumb 360px Names of the chessboard squares in descriptive notation. In descriptive ... are interrupted by commentary then an ellipsis ... is used in its place. In Spanish descriptive ... on move, descriptive notation better reflects the symmetry of the game s starting position ... both Black s perspective as well as White s perspective. English descriptive notation is also particular ... Adolf Anderssen versus Jean Dufresne , 1852 in English descriptive chess notation. pre White G. A. Anderssen ... chess The Game of the Century recorded in descriptive notation Other examples occur in Lewis ... Brace year 1977 title An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess contribution descriptive notation publisher ... title Golombek s Encyclopedia of Chess publisher Batsford contribution notation, descriptive isbn 0 ... descriptive notation publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 280049 3 Citation last Just first ... first Anne authorlink Anne Sunnucks year 1970 title The Encyclopaedia of Chess contribution descriptive ... Notation descriptive it Notazione descrittiva scacchi nl Engelse beschrijvende notatie pt Nota o ... more details
In mathematical logic , descriptive set theory is the study of certain classes of well behaved set mathematics subset s of the real line and other Polish space s. As well as being one of the primary areas of research in set theory , it has applications to other areas of mathematics such as functional analysis , ergodic theory , the study of operator algebras and group actions , and mathematical logic . Polish spaces Descriptive set theory begins with the study of Polish spaces and their Borel set s. A Polish space is a second countable topological space that is metrizable with a complete metric . Equivalently, it is a complete separable metric space whose metric has been forgotten . Examples include the real line math mathbb R math , the Baire space set theory Baire space math mathcal N math ... the convenient property that it is homeomorphic to math mathcal N omega math , many results in descriptive ... math center Regularity properties of Borel sets Classical descriptive set theory includes the study ... of Baire and the perfect set property . Modern descriptive set theory includes the study of the ways ... sets and Wadge degrees Many questions in descriptive set theory ultimately depend upon set theory set .... Borel equivalence relations A contemporary area of research in descriptive set theory studies Borel ... X times X math that is an equivalence relation on X . Effective descriptive set theory The area of effective descriptive set theory combines the methods of descriptive set theory with those of generalized ... analogues of hierarchies of classical descriptive set theory. Thus the hyperarithmetic hierarchy is studied ... authorlink Alexander Kechris author Kechris, Alexander S. title Classical Descriptive Set Theory publisher ... Moschovakis, Yiannis N. title Descriptive Set Theory publisher North Holland year 1980 isbn 0 444 ... marker math512 dst.pdf Descriptive set theory , David Marker, 2002. Lecture notes. Category Descriptive set theory fr Th orie descriptive des ensembles it Teoria descrittiva degli insiemi ... more details
Otheruses Kolmogorov complexity Descriptive complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that characterizes complexity class es by the type of logic needed to express the languages in them. For example, PH complexity PH , the union of all complexity classes in the polynomial hierarchy, is precisely the class of languages expressible by statements of second order logic . This connection between complexity and the logic of finite structures allows results to be transferred easily from one area to the other, facilitating new proof methods and providing additional evidence that the main complexity classes are somehow natural and not tied to the specific abstract machine s used to define them. Specifically, each logical system produces a set of query complexity queries expressible in it. The queries when restricted to finite structures correspond to the computational problem s of traditional complexity theory. The first main result of descriptive complexity was Fagin s theorem , shown by Ronald Fagin in 1974. It established that NP complexity NP is precisely the set of languages expressible by sentences of existential second order logic that is, second order logic excluding universal quantification over relations, functions, and subsets. Many other classes were later characterized in such a manner, most of them by Neil Immerman First order logic defines the class FO complexity FO , corresponding to AC0 AC sup 0 sup , the languages recognized by polynomial size circuits of bounded depth, which equals the languages recognized by a concurrent random access machine in constant time. First order logic with a commutative, transitive closure operator added yields SL complexity .... cite book last Immerman first Neil authorlink Neil Immerman title Descriptive Complexity year 1999 ... for undergraduates External links http www.cs.umass.edu immerman descriptive complexity.html Neil Immerman s descriptive complexity page , including a diagram reflist comp sci theory stub Category Descriptive ... more details
In descriptive set theory , a tree on a set math X math is a set of finite sequences of elements of math X math that is closed under initial segments. More formally, it is a subset math T math of math X omega math , such that if math langle x 0,x 1, ldots,x n 1 rangle in T math and math 0 le m n math , then math langle x 0,x 1, ldots,x m 1 rangle in T math . In particular, every nonempty tree contains the empty sequence. A branch through math T math is an infinite sequence math vec x in X omega math of elements of math X math such that, for every natural number math n math , math vec x n in T math , where math vec x n math denotes the sequence of the first math n math elements of math vec x math . The set of all branches through math T math is denoted math T math and called the body of the tree math T math . A tree that has no branches is called wellfounded a tree with at least one branch is illfounded . A node that is, element of math T math is terminal if there is no node of math T math properly extending it that is, math langle x 0,x 1, ldots,x n 1 rangle in T math is terminal if there is no element math x math of math X math such that that math langle x 0,x 1, ldots,x n 1 ,x rangle in T math . A tree with no terminal nodes is called pruned . If we equip math X omega math with the product topology treating X as a discrete space , then every closed subset of math X omega math is of the form math T math for some pruned tree math T math namely, math T vec x n n in omega, x in X math . Conversely, every set math T math is closed. Frequently trees on cartesian product s math X times Y math are considered. In this case, by convention, the set math X times Y omega math is identified in the natural way with a subset of math X omega times Y omega math , and math T math is considered ... Alexander S. Kechris title Classical Descriptive Set Theory others Graduate Texts in Mathematics ... Descriptive Set Theory Category Descriptive set theory Category Trees set theory Category Determinacy ... more details
In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory , a scale is a certain kind of object defined on a set mathematics set of point mathematics point s in some Polish space for example, a scale might be defined on a set of real number s . Scales were originally isolated as a concept in the theory of uniformization descriptive set theory uniformization ref Kechris and Moschovakis 2008 28 ref , but have found wide applicability in descriptive set theory, with applications such as establishing bounds on the possible lengths of wellordering s of a given complexity, and showing under certain assumptions that there are largest countable set s of certain complexities. Motivation Scales arose from the question of finding a definable uniformization set theory uniformization for a relation mathematics relation of a given complexity. That is, given a relation R , and supposing that for every x there is some y such that xRy , we would like an actual definable function f such that f x picks out a particular value y for which xRy . If a relation &mdash say, between points in the Baire space set theory Baire space which for purposes of descriptive set theory is more or less equivalent to the real numbers &mdash is sufficiently definable , then it will have a so called Suslin representation , a representation in terms of tree descriptive set theory trees . A Suslin representation for a relation R in turn allows giving a definable uniformization for R with the tree as a parameter to the definition given x , it suffices to follow the leftmost branch of the tree of attempts to find a y such that xRy ... on the norms individually and together . Here definability is understood in the usual sense of descriptive ... Notes references References Citation author Moschovakis, Yiannis N. title Descriptive Set Theory publisher ... on the theory of scales isbn 978 0 521 89951 2 DEFAULTSORT Scale Descriptive Set Theory Category Descriptive set theory Settheory stub ... more details
orphan date August 2010 The Descriptive Color Names Dictionary is a dictionary of color terms color names used for mass market clothing and consumer merchandise, such as those in mail order catalogs. It relates each color name to one or more color swatches in the Color Harmony Manual , a color atlas based on the Ostwald color system . The book was edited by Helen Taylor, Lucille Knoche, and Walter Granville, and was published by the Container Corporation of America in 1950 and distributed free to owners of the Color Harmony Manual . The editors decided to use the Color Harmony Manual and the Ostwald system as a basis for their dictionary because it is easy to relate to basic color names, includes the gamut color gamut of most mass market products, and has easily removable double sided one glossy, one matte color chips. Because colorimetry colorimetric coordinates of the Color Harmony Dictionary were published, the names can also be easily related to other color order systems. Choice of names The editors chose the names for the dictionary and their corresponding colors by comparing the chips in the Color Harmony Manual to physical products advertised with color names, and also made reference to a number of already published color dictionaries. Where names referred to natural objects they examined those objects directly. List of Colors forthcoming table References Walter C. Granville and Egbert Jacobson 1944 . Colorimetric Specification of the Color Harmony Manual from Spectrophotometric Measurements . Journal of the Optical Society of America 34 7 . 382 395. Egbert Jacobson 1942 . The Color Harmony Manual . Color Laboratories Division, Container Corporation of America. Chicago. Helen D. Taylor, Lucille Knoche, and Walter C. Granville, eds. 1950 . Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America. Chicago. Category Color color stub ... more details
File William Blake Descriptive Catalogue.jpg thumb The title page of the Descriptive Catalogue The Descriptive Catalogue of 1809 is a description of, and prospectus for, an exhibition by William Blake of a number of his own illustrations for various topics, but most notably including a set of illustrations to Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer s Canterbury Tales , this last being a response to a collapsed contract with dealer Robert Cromek . Having conceived the idea of portraying the characters in Chaucer s The Canterbury Tales Canterbury Pilgrims , Blake approached Cromek with a view to marketing an engraving. Knowing that Blake was too eccentric to produce a popular work, Cromek promptly commissioned Thomas Stothard to execute the concept. When Blake learned that he had been cheated, he broke off contact with Stothard, formerly a friend. He also set up an independent exhibition in his brother s haberdashery shop at 27 Broad Street in the Soho district of London . The exhibition was designed to market his own version of the Chaucer illustration, along with other works. As a result he wrote his Descriptive Catalogue of 1809, which contains what Anthony Blunt has called a brilliant analysis of Chaucer. It is regularly anthologised as a classic of Chaucer criticism. ref Blunt, Anthony, The Art of William Blake , p 77 ref It also contained detailed explanations of his other paintings. The price of the Catalogue was 2s 6d one eighth of a List of British bank notes and coins pound sterling , and of admission to the exhibition 1s one twentieth of a pound sterling the usual price for exhibitions at the period. At the time a minor house servant might be paid ten pounds per year. An Index to the Catalogue was free with admission to the exhibition. The Preface to the Catalogue begins with a diatribe against the Venetian Antonio da Correggio Correggio and Titian . It concludes using the conventional spellings of his day blockquote Colouring does not depend on where the Colours are put, but on where ... more details
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