of water through chemical or physical means desiccation the chemical reaction dehydration reaction food preservation by dehydration drying food Distinguish overhydration Infobox disease Name Dehydration ... solution to improve dehydration he acquired from cholera . ICD10 ICD10 E 86 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 276.5 Dehydration hypohydration is defined as the excessive loss of body fluid . It is literally the removal ... a deficiency of fluid within an organism. There are three types of dehydration hypotonic or hyponatremic ... http www.thefreedictionary.com dehydration TheFreeDictionary.com dehydration Citing The American ... seen type of dehydration by far is isotonic isonatraemic dehydration which effectively equates with hypovolemia , but the distinction of isotonic from hypotonic or hypertonic dehydration may be important when treating people who become dehydrated. Physiologically, dehydration, despite the name ... equal quantities to how they exist in blood plasma . In hypotonic dehydration, intravascular water shifts .... ref Cite document url http emedicine.medscape.com article 906999 overview title Dehydration author ... hypotension . Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium , unconsciousness , swelling of the tongue and, in extreme cases, death . Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable ... s, elevated body temperatures, and rapid onset of Fatigue medical fatigue . Symptom s of mild dehydration ... . Mild dehydration also has been shown to negatively impact people s moods. Experiments by the USDA s http www.ars.usda.gov main main.htm Agricultural Research Service has shown that dehydration is associated ... is pr 2009 091123.htm top ref Mild dehydration, which includes water losses between 1 and 2 , observed in the experiment are comparable to mild dehydration experienced by people in their everyday lives. In moderate to severe dehydration, there may be no urine output at all. Other symptoms in these states ... senior citizens suffer symptoms of dehydration. Dehydration along with hyperthermia results in old people ... more details
Terminal dehydration is dehydration to the point of death, potentially as a suicide method . Some scholars make a distinction between terminal dehydration and termination by dehydration . ref citation ... do not recognize prisoners as having a right to die by voluntary dehydration, since they view it as suicide ..., there is some evidence that dehydration may actually be more comfortable for these patients than ... cgi reprint 22 3 175.pdf ref Progression During terminal dehydration, the usual symptoms of dehydration , such as headache and leg cramp s, can occur. Dehydration can be hard to bear, ref ... eventually be reached at which, should it be desired to abort the terminal dehydration, rehydration ... such as intravenous therapy . Those who die by terminal dehydration typically lapse into unconsciousness ... title Science, Hospice and Terminal Dehydration author Baumrucker, Steven publisher American Journal .... Patients with edema tend to take longer to die of dehydration because of the excess fluid ... in the Terminally Ill author Lieberson, Alan D. ref Voluntary Terminal dehydration has been ... Dehydration and Physician Assisted Suicide author Miller, Franklin G. and Meier, Diane E. publisher ... title Death by Voluntary Dehydration What the Caregivers Say url http nejm.highwire.org cgi content ... of medicine postscript . ref They also rated fasting and dehydration as causing less suffering ... be a fine line between terminal sedation that results in death by dehydration and euthanasia . ref ... that for terminally ill patients who choose to die, deaths by terminal dehydration are generally ... ref Citation author McAulay D title Dehydration in the terminally ill patient journal Nursing Standard ... ref Citation author Miller FG, Meier DE title Voluntary death a comparison of terminal dehydration ... dehydration, a compassionate treatment journal Archives of Internal Medicine volume 152 issue ... In the Netherlands , debate has broken out about terminal dehydration, which is referred to as versterven ... more details
Glycol dehydration is a liquid desiccant system for the removal of water from natural gas and natural gas liquids NGL . It is the most common and economic means of water removal from these streams. ref name GPSA Databook cite book title Gas Processors Suppliers Association GPSA Handbook edition Tenth Edition ref Glycols typically seen in industry include triethylene glycol TEG , diethylene glycol DEG , ethylene glycol MEG , and tetraethylene glycol TREG . TEG is the most commonly used glycol in industry. ref name GPSA Databook An example process flow diagram for this system is shown below File Basic Dehydration Unit.jpg thumb 605px center Purpose The purpose of a glycol dehydration unit is to remove water from natural gas and natural gas liquids. When produced from a reservoir , natural gas usually contains a large amount of water and is typically completely saturated or at the water dew point . This water can cause several problems for downstream processes and equipment. At low temperatures the water can either freeze in piping or, as is more commonly the case, form hydrates with CO sub 2 sub and hydrocarbons mainly methane hydrates . Depending on composition, these hydrates can form at relatively high temperatures plugging equipment and piping. ref name GPSA Databook Glycol dehydration units depress the hydrate formation point of the gas through water removal. Without dehydration, a free water phase liquid water could also drop out of the natural gas as it is either cooled or the pressure is lowered through equipment and piping. This free water phase will contain some portions of acid gas such as H sub 2 sub S and CO sub 2 sub and can cause corrosion . ref name GPSA Databook ... for gas that the water content should not exceed 7 lb MMSCF. ref name GPSA Databook Glycol dehydration ... dehydration adsorption glycol reflux reboiler foaming Practical oil field oriented description of Glycol Dehydration including Operating problems and Glycol care Category Chemical engineering Category ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup June 2009 expert June 2009 wikify December 2010 orphan December 2010 Osmotic dehydration is an operation used for the partial removal of water from plant tissues by immersion in a hyper tonic osmotic solution. Process Water removal is based on the natural and non destructive phenomenon of osmosis across cell membranes. The driving force for the diffusion of water from the tissue into the solution is provided by the higher osmotic pressure of the hyper tonic solution. The diffusion of water is accompanied by the simultaneous counter diffusion of solutes from the osmotic solution into the tissue. Since the cell membrane responsible for osmotic transport is not perfectly selective, solutes present in the cells organic acids, reducing sugars, minerals, flavors and pigment compounds can also be leached into the osmotic solution, which affect the organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of the product. The rate of diffusion of water from any material made up of such tissues depends upon factors such as temperature and concentration of the osmotic solution, the size and geometry of the material, the solution to material mass ratio and, to a certain level, agitation of the solution. ref Rastogi,N.K., K.S.M.S.Raghavarao and K.Niranjan 2005 . Developments in Osmotic Dehydration. Emerging technologies for food processing.ISBN 0 12 676757 2. ref References references Category Chemical processes Category Biology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 unreferenced date October 2006 Chronic cellular dehydration is a term varyingly used in medicine and marketing to describe a state in which an individual s Cell biology cell s are chronic medicine chronic ally Dehydration dehydrated . In the medical literature, the term is rarely used, and when it is used, different causes and symptoms are ascribed from its popular use in marketing, where it is often Sensationalism sensationalized and used to sell various health food products and water ionizer s. In medical literature, chronic cellular dehydration is not used to describe a condition distinct from chronic dehydration , but rather to point out the effects of chronic dehydration on an individual s cells. Thus, at least as it is widely understood, an individual who does not suffer from chronic dehydration is in no danger of suffering from chronic cellular dehydration. On the other hand, in marketing of various health food products, particularly beer marketed as having rehydrating properties, and most pervasively or depending on one s point of view, notoriously water ionizers. Different claims about the causes of chronic cellular dehydration are offered, depending on the marketing goals it is clear, however, that the term is meant to refer to something distinct from chronic dehydration. As an example, consider the claim made by marketers of water ionizers that ionized water is more readily absorbed by the body. The crux of this claim is that even when an individual consumes sufficient water, the body may not absorb enough to combat chronic cellular dehydration. These claims are usually coupled with blaming on chronic cellular dehydration a wide variety of health problems. Category Water ... more details
The Robinson Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms oxazole s by dehydration reaction dehydration of 2 acylamino ketone s. Image Robinson Gabriel Synthesis Scheme.png center 400px The Robinson Gabriel synthesis Historically, the dehydration agent is concentrated sulfuric acid . Recently, phosphorus oxychloride is successful with this reaction also. 2 Acylamino ketones can be synthesized using the Dakin West reaction . References Robinson, R. J. Chem. Soc. 1909 , 95 , 2167. Gabriel, S. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1910 , 43 , 134. Gabriel, S. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1910 , 43 , 1283. Category Intramolecular condensation reactions Category Heterocycle forming reactions reaction stub Category Name reactions nl Robinson Gabriel synthese ja zh ... more details
NatB acetyltransferase is an enzyme in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae that functions to catalyze the dehydration synthesis of the addition of an acetyl group onto a nascent polypeptide. A list of 18 proteins are known to be acetylated by this enzyme. The subclasses of proteins with abundances of the amino acids Aspartic acid , Methionine specifically are acetylated. enzyme stub Acyltransferases Category Saccharomycetes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In organic chemistry a methylthiomethyl MTM ether is a protective group for Hydroxide hydroxyl groups . Hydroxyl groups are present in many chemical compounds and they must be protected during oxidation , acylation , halogenation , Dehydration reaction dehydration and other reactions to which they are susceptible. Many kinds of protective group s for hydroxyl groups have been developed and used in organic chemistry, but the number of protective groups for tertiary hydroxyl groups, which are susceptible to acid catalyzed dehydration , is still small because of their poor reactiveness. But they can be easily protected with MTM ether s and recovered in good yield. To introduce an MTM ether to a hydroxyl group, two methods are mainly used. One is a typical Williamson ether synthesis using an MTM halide as an MTM resource and sodium hydride NaH as a base. The other is a special method, in which dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO and acetic anhydride Ac sub 2 sub O are used. In this case, the reaction proceeds with Pummerer rearrangement MTM ether s have another advantage. They are removed by neutral but toxic mercuric chloride , to which most other ethers are stable. As a result, the selective deprotection of polyfunctional molecules becomes possible using MTM ether s as the protective group s for their hydroxyl groups. DEFAULTSORT Methylthiomethyl Ether Category Thioethers Category Protecting groups ... more details
Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the Epidermis skin epidermis , which may be involved in keratinization , and in Hassall corpuscles in the thymus . ref Wheater s Functional Histology, 5th ed. Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath. ref In H&E stain ed sections, they are large deeply stained granules found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cell s in keratinized oral mucosa . Keratohyalin is associated with eleidin , the intermediate between keratohyalin and keratin histological location is in the stratum lucidum, thick skin. In the stratum granulosum , the grainy third layer of the human Epidermis skin epidermis , the protein Keratohyalin forms dense cytoplasmic granules that promote dehydration of the Cell biology cell as well as aggregation and cross linking of the keratin fibers. The cell nucleus nuclei and other organelles then disintegrate, and the cells die. Further dehydration creates a tightly interlocked layer of cells that consists of keratin fibers surrounded by keratohyalin. med stub reflist de Keratohyalin Category Keratins ... more details
vva Hyponatraemia Causes.svg Summary Created by me from my physiology notes. Hyponatraemia Dehydrated Dehydration Natriuresis Urinary Na Oedematous Renal sodium loss Addison s Renal failure Diuretic excess Osmolar diuresis Diarrhoea vomiting Fistulae burns Small bowel obstruction trauma CF Nefrotic syndrome Cardiac failure Cirrhosis Renal failure ADH Water overload Severe Hyperthyroidism Glucocorticoid insufficiency Licensing PD self date January 2007 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Discolysis is an ambulatory procedure by which an herniated disc is treated by injecting an O sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub ozone solution in the intervertebral disk . The procedure requires fluoroscopic guidance of the needles and local anesthesia . The effect of the ozone is to accelerate the dehydration of the degenerated nucleus pulposus . External links http www.trejos.com Trejos Discolysis.stm http www.ozonepedia.com applications medical therapy ozone discolysis Ozone Discolysis Category Medical treatments ... more details
merge to Second cholera pandemic date February 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Second cholera pandemic The Cholera epidemic of 1831 was an epidemic of the disease cholera in the United Kingdom , an episode in the larger Second cholera pandemic that affected most of the Eastern Hemisphere . Often then called Indian Cholera or Cholera Morbus , the outbreak of Cholera in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear Sunderland on 23 October 1831 was the first occurrence of the disease in the United Kingdom . The local authorities failure to control the disease, and their initial attempts to deny its existence contributed to the demands for responsible government and the uniting of the three parishes in the Borough of Sunderland in 1836. Symptoms and death The symptoms of people infected with cholera were muscle cramps, diarrhea, dehydration and a fever. The patient would most likely be killed by dehydration. Doctors at the time Doctors during the outbreak had many theories of how cholera spread, some thought that cholera was spread by filth and stagnant water whereas others thought that cholera was transmitted by touch or someone s clothes or by bad air the miasma theory . DEFAULTSORT Cholera Epidemic Of 1831 Category 1831 in the United Kingdom Category Health in England Category Cholera outbreaks Category Health in Tyne and Wear UK hist stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 Vascularity , in bodybuilding , is the condition of having prominent, visible vein s. File Veins.jpg Veins Vascularity is enhanced by extremely low body fat Usually below 5 , low retained water, high blood pressure and muscle engorgement . Genetics will affect vascularity as well as ambient temperature. Some bodybuilders use topical vasodilator s to increase blood flow to the surface skin as well. Vascularity is a highly sought after aesthetic for many male bodybuilders, but less so for female bodybuilding female bodybuilders where the target aesthetic is relatively more towards aesthetic symmetry than extreme development. Bodybuilders or athletes sometimes dehydrate themselves, a few days before a competition or show, to achieve this look. Self dehydration is not recommended by medical professionals as the negative health effects of dehydration are well documented and established. Notable Vascular Bodybuilders Ronnie Coleman Frank Wrath McGrath Simon Chan Eugene Sandow Tony Greco Tarek El Attar Mike Markovich Category Bodybuilding Bodybuilding stub ... more details
Osmotherapy is a medical treatment, using intravenous injection or oral administration of an agent to induce dehydration . The goal of dehydration is to reduce the amount of accumulated fluid in the brain. ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Osmotherapy Medical dictionary ref The earliest description in medical literature dates back to 1919. ref Wolf AL, Levi L, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Muizelaar PJ, Choi S, et al Effect of THAM upon outcome in severe head injury a randomized prospective clinical trial. J Neurosurg 78 54 59, 1993 ref Etymology The word comes from combining the words osmosis , and therapy . Treatment Osmotherapy can be used to treat cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral edema . This can include the use of mannitol to maintain the brain s homeostasis . ref http www.medscape.com viewarticle 559004 5 Medical Management of Cerebral Edema Osmotherapy Use ref External links http www.neurologyindia.com article.asp?issn 0028 3886 year 2003 volume 51 issue 1 spage 104 epage 109 aulast Kalita A rather technical, but informative article References Reflist Category Cerebrum Category Medical treatments Category Neurology Category Therapy treatment stub ru ... more details
chembox ImageFile Neurine.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName Trimethylvinylammonium hydroxide OtherNames Vitaloid N,N,N Trimethylethenaminium hydroxide Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 463 88 7 PubChem 10042 SMILES C C N C C C. O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 13 sub NO MolarMass 103.16 Appearance Syrupy liquid Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Soluble Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Neurine is an alkaloid found in egg yolk, brain, bile and in cadavers. It is formed during putrefaction of biological tissues by the dehydration reaction dehydration of choline . It is a poisonous, syrupy liquid with a fishy odor. Neurine is a quaternary ammonium cation quaternary ammonium salt with three methyl groups and one vinyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. Synthetically, neurine can be prepared by the reaction of acetylene with trimethylamine . Neurine is unstable and decomposes readily to form trimethylamine. References Merck Index , 11th Edition, 6393 . Category Alkaloids Category Quaternary ammonium compounds de Neurin ... more details
orphan date July 2010 Cardiovascular drift CVD, CV sub drift sub is the phenomenon where some Circulatory system cardiovascular responses begin a time dependent change, or drift after around 10 minutes of exercise in a warm or neutral environment. It is characterised by decreases in mean Blood pressure arterial pressure and stroke volume and a parallel increase in heart rate . It is influenced by many factors, most notably the ambient temperature, Dehydration Avoiding dehydration hydration and the amount of muscle tissue activated during exercise. To promote cooling, blood flow to the skin is increased, resulting in a shift in fluids from blood plasma to the skin tissue. This results in a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and reduced stroke volume in the heart. To maintain cardiac output at reduced pressure, the heart rate must be increased. References McArdle W., Katch F., Katch V., Exercise physiology energy, nutrition, and human performance, Edition 6 , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007 Cerny F., Burton H., Exercise physiology for health care professionals , Human Kinetics, 2001 Kounalakis S., Nassis G., Koskolou M., Geladas N., The role of active muscle mass on exercise induced cardiovascular drift , Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Sept, 2008 DEFAULTSORT Cardiovascular Drift Category Cardiovascular diseases medicine stub ar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Tissue hydration is the process of absorbing and retaining water in Tissue biology biological tissues . Plants Land plants maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of an outer waterproof layer. In soft or green tissues, this is usually a waxy plant cuticle cuticle over the outer epidermis botany epidermis . In older, wood y tissues, waterproofing chemicals are present in the secondary cell wall that limit or inhibit the from of water. Vascular plant s also possess an internal vascular system that distributes fluid throughout the plant. Some xerophyte s, such as Cactus cacti and other desert plants, have mucilage in their tissues. This is a sticky substance that holds water within the plant, reducing the rate of dehydration. Some seed s and spore s remain dormant until adequate moisture is present, at which time the seed or spore begins to germinate. Animals Animals maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of 1 an outer skin , Exoskeleton shell , or cuticle 2 a fluid filled coelom cavity and 3 a circulatory system . In humans, a significant drop in tissue hydration can lead to the medical condition of dehydration . This may result from loss of water itself, loss of electrolytes, or a loss of blood plasma. Some invertebrates are able to survive extreme desiccation of their tissues by entering a state of cryptobiosis . See also Osmoregulation Category Plant physiology Category Animal physiology biology stub ... more details
wiktionary hydration Hydration may refer to Hydration reaction , a chemical addition reaction where a hydroxyl group and proton are added to a compound Mineral hydration , an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral Solvation , the clustering of solvent water molecules around a solute particle Tissue hydration , the supply and retention of adequate water in biological tissues See also Dehydration Hydrate Osmoregulation Rehydration Drinking water Vascular tissue disambig de Hydratisierung et H dratatsioon es Hidrataci n eo Hidratigo ko pl Hydratacja ru sr zh ... more details
Dehydratase is an enzyme that catalyze s the removal of oxygen and hydrogen from organic compound s in the form of water. This process is also known as dehydration . There are four classes of dehydratases 1. Dehydratases acting on 3 hydroxyacyl CoA esters no cofactors 2. Dehydratases acting on 2 hydroxyacyl CoA esters radical reaction, 4Fe 4S cluster containing 3. Dehydratases acting on 4 hydroxyacyl CoA esters 4Fe 4S and FAD containing 4. Dehydratases containing an 4Fe 4S cluster as active site aconitase, fumarase, serine dehydratase External links MeshName Dehydratases Category Hydrogen biology enzyme stub Carbon oxygen lyases ... more details
italic title Unreferenced date January 2007 orphan date November 2009 Taxobox color khaki name Eimeria meleagrimitis regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida ordo Eucoccidiorida familia Eimeriidae genus Eimeria species E. meleagrimitis Eimeria meleagrimitis is a species of Eimeria that causes congestion or petechia from the duodenum to the ileum with dilation of the jejunum and mucosal cast in the small intestines of turkeys . This moderate to severe pathogen is confirmed on necropsy followed by scrappings to view the oocysts under a microscope. Infection is more common in poults causing birds to appear unthrifty, suffer dehydration, weight loss and leading to morbidity or mortality. DEFAULTSORT Eimeria Meleagridis Category Apicomplexa Protist stub Med stub ... more details
orphan date November 2010 Neutral fats are produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acid s with an alcohol like glycerol . Many types of neutral fats are possible both because of the number and variety of fatty acids that could form part of it and because of the different chemical bond bonding locations for the fatty acids. An example is a glyceride monoglyceride that has one fatty acid combined with glycerol, a diglyceride has two, and a triglyceride has three. Neutral fats are usually found in the thigh and torso area of the body as padding and insulation to keep warm. Sources Biology 12 a student resource , R. Prior. Category Tissues biochem stub ja ... more details
taxobox name Ramonda serbica image Ramonda serbica1.jpg regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Gesneriaceae genus Ramonda species R. serbica binomial Ramonda serbica Ramonda serbica , commonly known as Serbian phoenix flower , is a species in the Gesneriaceae family. References Mike F. Quartacci, Olivera Glisic, Branka Stevanovic , and Flavia Navari Izzo. Plasma membrane lipids in the resurrection plant Ramonda serbica following dehydration and rehydration.J.Exp.Bot 2001.53 2159 2166. Category Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae stub de Serbischer Felsenteller sr Ramonda serbica ... more details
Other uses Dry disambiguation Dry Dryness is a medical condition in which there is local or more generalized decrease in normal lubrication of the Human skin skin or mucous membrane s. Examples of local dryness include xerostomia dry mouth , dry eyes, Xeroderma dry skin and vaginal dryness . These often have specific causes and treatments. It is possible to have dry eyes without any other signs or symptoms, but this usually causes a syndrome of eye symptoms called keratoconjunctivitis sicca . More generalized dryness can be caused by e.g. dehydration , anticholinergic drugs and Sj gren syndrome . References reflist Uncategorized date January 2011 medicine stub ... more details
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