wikt deform deformation deformity Deformation can refer to Deformation engineering , when an object gets changed due to force introductory Deformation mechanics , where deformation is treated as the displacement of a continuum body Plastic deformation in solids , scientific treatment of an object s internal properties relating to the force needed to cause a permanent change in shape Deformation meteorology , important in the formation of atmospheric fronts Deformation theory , in mathematics Deformity , in medicine, a major difference in the shape of body part or organ compared to the average shape of that part Deformation science , a change in the volume and or shape of the Earth s crust. See also lookfrom deform intitle deform Defamation slander or libel disambig fr D formation ... more details
About deformation in engineering a more rigorous treatment Deformation mechanics Merge to Plastic deformation in solids Deformation mechanics discuss Talk Deformation mechanics Merging articles date September 2008 Merge from Deformation mechanism maps date September 2010 Refimprove date September 2008 Image DeformationDueToCompression.png thumb right 58px Compressive stress results in deformation which shortens the object but also expands it outwards. In materials science , deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force physics force the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work or a change in temperature the deformation energy in this case ... of atomic diffusion. Deformation is often described as strain materials science strain . ref name ... Solid State Science Series, Eds. Clarke, D.R., et al. 1991 ref As deformation occurs, internal inter ... may lead to a permanent deformation of the object or even to its structural failure . In the figure it can be seen that the compressive loading indicated by the arrow has caused deformation in the cylinder .... Internal forces in this case at right angles to the deformation resist the applied load. The concept of a rigid body can be applied if the deformation is negligible. Types of deformation Depending ... of deformation may result. The image to the right shows the engineering stress vs. strain diagram for a typical ductile material such as steel. Different deformation modes may occur under different conditions, as can be depicted using a deformation mechanism map . Image Stress Strain Ductile Material.png thumb right 450px Typical stress vs. strain diagram with the various stages of deformation. Elastic deformation This type of deformation is reversible. Once the forces are no longer applied, the object ... large elastic deformation ranges, as does rubber . Soft thermoplastic s and conventional metal s have moderate elastic deformation ranges, while ceramic s, crystal s, and hard thermosetting plastic ... more details
Refimprove date June 2008 Deformation monitoring also referred to as Deformation survey is the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it. Deformation monitoring is a major component of logging measured values that may be used to for further computation, deformation analysis, predictive maintenance and alarming ... Ltd. ISBN 0 216 93141 X, USA and Canada ISBN 0 442 31333 0 ref Deformation monitoring is primarily ... engineering, plant construction, soil and rock sta bility mechanics. The causes for Deformation engineering deformation monitoring are changes in the bedrock, increase or decrease of weight, changes of the material properties or outside influences. The used measuring devices 1 for a deformation ... sensors. Both measuring devices can be seamlessly combined in modern deformation monitoring. Geodetic ... detail. Other techniques e.g. slope stability radar radar measuring devices . Application Deformation ... Volcanoes Slopes Settlement areas Earthquake areas Methods Deformation monitoring can be made manually or automatically. Manual deformation monitoring is the operation of sensors or instruments by hand for the purpose of deformation monitoring. An Automatic Deformation Monitoring System automatic deformation ... elements forming a complex whole for deformation monitoring that, once set up, does not require human input to function. Note that deformation analysis and interpretation of the data collected ... ranges from fractions of a second to hours. Risk management Deformation monitoring systems provide a proactive ... Deformation Monitoring System Automatic deformation monitoring system Surveying Deformation Survey Engineering ... 1009 toc.htm Engineering and Design Structural Deformation Surveying http www.cces.de index.php?id 134 ... Canary Systems http www.fig.net commission6 index.htm FIG Commission 6 deformation monitoring ... Category Deformation de Deformationsmonitoring zh ... more details
Deformation bands are small Fault geology faults with very small displacements. In the past, these bands have been called Luder s bands or braided shear fractures. ref Schultz, R. 2009. Fractures and Deformation Bands in Rock A Field Guide and Journey into Geologic Fracture Mechanics. Oxford University Press ref ref http www.springerlink.com content r70236158556gww32 ref They often proceed large faults. They develop in Porosity porous rocks , like sandstone . Material in a deformation band has a much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and a lower porosity than the original sandstone. They can restrict and or change the flow of fluids like water and oil. They are common in the Colorado Plateau . ref http folk.uib.no nglhe Utah.html ref Good examples form in the Entrada Sandstone in the San Rafael Swell in Utah . ref Schultz, R. 2009. Fractures and Deformation Bands in Rock A Field Guide and Journey into Geologic Fracture Mechanics. Oxford University Press ref The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed deformation bands in Capen Crater, located in the Arabia quadrangle . The bands represent failure by localized frictional sliding. Deformation bands are present in a variety of porous rock types such as Sandstone sandstones , Limestone limestones , Siltstone siltstones , poorly welded volcanic Tuff tuffs , and Breccia breccias . The Cataclastic and compactional kind of bands often form seals and prevent the flow of liquids like water or oil. In their formation grains shift their packing and are crushed. ref http mars.jpl.nasa.gov mro gallery press 20080918c.html ref ref Schultz, R. and R. Siddharthan. 2005. A general framework for the occurrence and faulting of deformation bands in porous granular rocks. Tectonophysics 411. 1 18. ref gallery Image Deformation Bands on Mars.jpg The group of lines running up and down in the image are believed to be deformation bands. They can be thought of as small faults. gallery References reflist Category Structural geology Geology stub Mars ... more details
In structural geology , metallurgy and materials science , deformation mechanisms refer to the various mechanisms at the grain scale that are responsible for accommodating large Plasticity plastic strains in rocks, metals and other materials. Mechanisms The active deformation mechanism in a material depends on the homologous temperature , confining pressure , strain rate , Stress physics stress , grain size, presence or absence of a pore fluid, presence or absence of impurities in the material. Note these variables are not fully independent e.g. for a pure material of a fixed grain size, at a given pressure, temperature and stress, the strain rate is given by the flow law associated with the particular mechanism s . More than one mechanism may be active under a given set of conditions and some mechanisms cannot operate independently but must act in conjunction with another in order that significant permanent strain can develop. In a single deformation episode, the dominant mechanism may change with time e.g. recrystallization to a fine grain size at an early stage may allow diffusive mass transfer processes to become dominant. The recognition of the active mechanism s in a material almost always requires the use of microscopic techniques, in most cases using a combination of optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy SEM and Transmission electron microscopy TEM . Using a combination of experimental deformation to find the flow laws under particular conditions and from microscopic ... which individual deformation mechanisms dominate for some materials in the form of deformation mechanism ... deformation. Grain boundary migration involves no strain in itself, but is one of the recovery ... Springer location Berlin year pages isbn 3 540 58713 6 oclc doi refend See also Deformation mechanism maps Creep deformation DEFAULTSORT Deformation Mechanism Category Structural geology Category Metallurgy Category Deformation ... more details
Technical date June 2010 Deformation is the rate of change of shape of fluid bodies. Meteorologically, this quantity is very important in the formation of Weather fronts atmospheric fronts , in the explanation of cloud shapes, and in the diffusion of materials and properties. ref name Djuri , D 1994 Djuri , D Weather Analysis . Prentice Hall, 1994. ISBN 0 13 501149 3. ref Equations The deformation of horizontal wind is defined as math def mathbf V sqrt A 2 B 2 math , where math A frac partial v partial x frac partial u partial y math and math B frac partial u partial x frac partial v partial y math , representing the derivatives of wind component. Because these derivatives vary greatly with the rotation of the coordinate system, so do math A math and math B math . ref name Djuri , D 1994 Stretching direction The deformation elements math A math and math B math above can be used to find the direction of the dilatation axis , the line along which the material elements stretch also known as the stretching direction . Several flow patterns are characteristic of large deformation confluence, diffluence, and shear flow. visible anchor Confluence , also known as stretching , is the elongating of a fluid body along the flow streamline convergence . visible anchor Diffluence , also known as shearing , is the elongating of a fluid body normal to the flow streamline divergence . ref name Djuri , D 1994 See also Wind shear Convergence zone Divergence References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Deformation Meteorology Category Vector calculus fr Diffluence m t orologie nn Deformasjon i meteorologi ... more details
Mergefrom Deformation engineering discuss TALKPAGENAME Merger proposal date September 2008 Deformation ... of all particles of the body. Contrary to the common definition of deformation, which implies distortion ... changes do not take place , ref name Truesdell footnote 4, p. 48 . The cause of a deformation is not pertinent to the definition of the term. However, it is usually assumed that a deformation is caused ... within the body. Strain is a description of deformation in terms of relative displacement of particles ... tensor or its dual is considered. In a continuous body, a deformation field results from a Stress physics ... even after stresses have been removed. One type of irreversible deformation is plastic deformation ... , or dislocation mechanisms at the atomic level. Another type of irreversible deformation is viscous deformation, which is the irreversible part of viscoelastic deformation. In the case of elastic deformations .... Continuum mechanics Strain A strain is a normalized measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in the body relative to a reference length. A general deformation .... A deformation has units of length. We could, for example, define strain to be math boldsymbol varepsilon ... decimal fraction , a percentage or in parts per notation . Strains measure how much a given deformation differs locally from a rigid body deformation. ref cite book last Lubliner first Jacob title ..., it is called compressive strain . Strain measures Depending on the amount of strain, or local deformation, the analysis of deformation is subdivided into three deformation theories Finite strain theory , also called large strain theory , large deformation theory , deals with deformations in which ... called small strain theory , small deformation theory , small displacement theory , or small displacement ... in the analysis of deformations of materials exhibiting Deformation engineering Elastic deformation ... or engineering strain is expressed as the ratio of total deformation to the initial dimension of the material ... more details
In mathematics , deformation theory is the study of infinitesimal conditions associated with varying a solution P of a problem to slightly different solutions P sub sub , where is a small number, or vector of small quantities. The infinitesimal conditions are therefore the result of applying the approach of differential calculus to solving a problem with Constraint mathematics constraint s. One can think of a structure that is not completely rigid, and that deforms slightly to accommodate forces applied from outside this explains the name. Some characteristic phenomena are the derivation of first order equations by treating the quantities as having negligible squares the possibility of isolated solutions , in that varying a solution may not be possible, or does not bring anything new and the question of whether the infinitesimal constraints actually integrate , so that their solution does provide small variations. In some form these considerations have a history of centuries in mathematics, but also in physics and engineering . For example, in the geometry of numbers a class of results ... of operator s. The most salient deformation theory in mathematics has been that of complex manifold ... and D. C. Spencer , after deformation techniques had received a great deal of more tentative application in the Italian school of algebraic geometry . One expects, intuitively, that deformation theory .... The general Kodaira Spencer theory identifies as the key to the deformation theory the sheaf cohomology ... substantive clarification of earlier work and deformation theory of other structures, such as algebras ... stimulated much interest in deformation theory in relation to string theory roughly speaking, to formalise the idea that a string theory can be regarded as a deformation of a point particle theory ... title deformation External links PDFlink http www.math.ucdavis.edu osserman classes 256A notes deform.pdf A GLIMPSE OF DEFORMATION THEORY See also Deformation theory for Galois representations Category ... more details
In mathematics , a function of bounded deformation is a function whose distributional derivative s are not quite well behaved enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation , although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition. Thought of as deformations of elasticity physics elasto plasticity physics plastic bodies, functions of bounded deformation play a major role in the mathematical study of materials science materials , e.g. the Francfort Marigo model of fracture brittle crack evolution . More precisely, given an open set open subset &Omega of R sup n sup , a function u &Omega &rarr R sup n sup is said to be of bounded deformation if the symmetrized gradient &epsilon u of u , math varepsilon u frac nabla u nabla u top 2 math is a bounded function bounded , symmetric matrix symmetric n × n matrix valued Radon measure . The collection of all functions of bounded deformation is denoted BD &Omega R sup n sup , or simply BD. BD is a strictly larger space than the space BV of functions of bounded variation . One can show that if u is of bounded deformation then the measure &epsilon u can be decomposed into three parts one absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure , denoted e u d x a jump part, support measure theory supported on a rectifiable n &minus 1 dimensional set J sub u sub of points where u has two different approximate limits u sub sub and u sub &minus sub , together with a normal vector &nu sub u sub and a Cantor set Cantor part , which vanishes on Borel sets of finite H sup n &minus 1 sup measure where H sup k sup denotes k dimensional Hausdorff measure . A function u is said to be of special bounded deformation if the Cantor part of &epsilon u vanishes, so that the measure can be written as math varepsilon u e u , mathrm d x big u x u x big odot nu u ... a odot b frac a otimes b b otimes a 2 . math The collection of all functions of special bounded deformation ... more details
load . Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become ... components that operate under high stresses or high temperatures. Creep is a deformation mechanism ..., creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, Strain materials science strain accumulates as a result of long term stress. Creep is a time dependent deformation. The temperature range in which creep deformation may occur differs in various materials. For example, tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur while ... As a rule of thumb, the effects of creep deformation generally become noticeable at approximately ... in July 2006. An example of an application involving creep deformation is the design of tungsten light ... deformation caused by the weight of the filament itself. If too much deformation occurs, the adjacent ... deformation in even advanced coated turbine blades. Hence, it is crucial for correct functionality to understand the creep deformation behavior of materials. Creep deformation is important not only ... Brittle ductile transition zone Deformation mechanism Hysteresis Stress relaxation Viscoelasticity ... 0 08 029337 9 publisher Pergamon Press title Deformation Mechanism Maps The Plasticity and Creep ... thayer.dartmouth.edu defmech Deformation Mechanism Maps, The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics ... 2008 06 17 Category Elasticity physics Category Materials degradation Category Deformation ar ... more details
In mathematics , the equations governing the isomonodromic deformation of meromorphic linear systems of ordinary differential equations are, in a fairly precise sense, the most fundamental exact nonlinear differential equations. As a result, their solutions and properties lie at the heart of the field of exact nonlinearity and integrable systems . Isomonodromic deformations were first studied by Richard Fuchs , with early pioneering contributions from Paul Painlev , Ren Garnier , and Ludwig Schlesinger . Inspired by results in statistical mechanics , a seminal contribution to the theory was made by Michio Jimbo , Tetsuji Miwa and Kimio Ueno , who studied cases with arbitrary singularity structure. Fuchsian systems and Schlesinger s equations We consider the Fuchsian system of linear differential equations math frac dY dx AY sum i 1 n frac A i x lambda i Y math where the dependent variable math x math takes values in the complex projective line math mathbb CP 1 math , the solution math Y , math takes values in math mathbb C n math and the math A i , math are constant math n times n math matrices. By placing math n , math independent column solutions into a fundamental matrix we can ... on a vector bundle over the deformation parameter space which consists of the possible pole positions ... , Michio Jimbo, Tetsuji Miwa and Kimio Ueno extended the notion of isomonodromic deformation to the case ... solution near each pole. Jimbo, Miwa and Ueno proved that if we define a one form on the deformation ... connection on the deformation parameter space. Properties The isomonodromy equations enjoy a number ... the most important property of a solution to the isomonodromic deformation equations. This means ... solutions involves examining the topology of the deformation parameter space and in particular ... last1 Its first1 Alexander R. last2 Novokshenov first2 Victor Yu. title The isomonodromic deformation ... 2 7598 0047 6 id MathSciNet id 1933784 year 2007 DEFAULTSORT Isomonodromic Deformation Category Ordinary ... more details
The Northeast Arm Deformation Zone , also known as the Northeast Arm Zone of Deformation , is a zone of deformation in Strathcona Township, Ontario Strathcona Township of Temagami , Ontario , Canada . It extends along the northeast arm of Lake Temagami . The Link Lake Deformation Zone just to the north is interpreted to be an extension of the Northeast Arm Deformation Zone. ref cite journal id AFRI OFR5591 title Exploration Potential for Base and Precious Metal Mineralization in Part of Strathy Township publisher Government of Ontario last1 Fyon first1 A.J. last2 Crocket first2 J.H. pages 19, 21 year 1986 accessdate 2011 01 04 ref See also Net Lake Vermilion Lake Deformation Zone Tasse Lake Deformation Zone References reflist Category Geologic faults of Temagami Canada geology stub Ontario stub ... more details
File Strathy Township geology.png thumb right Geologic map of Strathy Township displaying the location of the Link Lake Deformation Zone. The Link Lake Deformation Zone , also known as the Link Lake Zone of Deformation and the Link Lake Shear Zone , is a zone of deformation in Strathy Township of Temagami , Ontario , Canada . It is at least Convert 0.5 km mi abbr on wide and over Convert 3 km mi abbr on long, extending from Link Lake Temagami Link Lake in the west to east of Ontario Highway 11 Highway 11 . ref name ZX cite journal id AFRI OFR5591 title Exploration Potential for Base and Precious Metal Mineralization in Part of Strathy Township publisher Government of Ontario last1 Fyon first1 A.J. last2 Crocket first2 J.H. page 19 year 1986 accessdate 2011 01 04 ref See also Net Lake Vermilion Lake Deformation Zone Northeast Arm Deformation Zone Tasse Lake Deformation Zone References reflist Category Geologic faults of Temagami Category Strathy Township Canada geology stub Ontario stub ... more details
Merge to Deformation engineering date September 2010 A deformation mechanism map is a way of representing the dominant deformation mechanism in a material loaded under a given set of conditions and thereby its likely failure mode. Deformation mechanism maps consist of some kind of stress physics stress graph of a function plotted against some kind of temperature axis, typically stress normalised using the shear modulus versus homologous temperature . ref name Mike Cite book last Ashby first M.A. title Advances in applied mechanics, Volume 23 editor Hutchinson J.W. & Wu T.Yl publisher Academic Press year 1983 pages 118 179 chapter Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracture isbn 0 12 002023 8 url http books.google.co.uk books?id bWI92I53ew8C&pg PA136&dq application 22deformation mechanism map 22&lr &ei o7wSuDpJZ GygTK28jTBw v onepage&q application 20 22deformation 20mechanism 20map 22&f false accessdate 2009 11 03 ref For a given set of operating conditions calculations are undergone and experiments performed to determine the predominant mechanism operative for a given material. Constructing the Map Repeated experiments are performed to characterize the mechanism by which the material deforms. The dominant mechanism is the one by which the material will fail, however at any given level of stress and temperature, more than one of the creep deformation creep and plasticity physics plasticity ... in a particular deformation field . If the values place the point near the center of a field, it is likely ... and temperature conditions place the point near the boundary between two deformation mechanism regions ... that are of sufficient magnitude to affect the deformation and possible failure of the material. Deformation mechanism maps are only as accurate as the number of experiments and calculations undertaken ... evidence to construct empirical models of its behavior, is often represented by a deformation ... DEFAULTSORT Deformation Mechanism Maps Category Deformation ... more details
Thick skinned deformation is a geology geological term which refers to crustal shortening that involves basement rock s and deep seated faults. Crustal shortening occurs when the region is undergoing horizontal compression. This occurs in orogenesis , or mountain building, during which the Crust geology crust is shortened horizontally and thickened vertically. Thick skinned deformation is separate from thin skinned deformation , which only involves the rock units above the basement. This was first identified and described from rocks of the Laramide orogeny of Wyoming . Citation needed date January 2010 Thick skinned deformation is accompanied by crystalline plutonic rock plutonic and metamorphic rock s. See also Thin skinned deformation Fold and thrust belt s References cite journal doi 10.1016 j.marpetgeo.2003.11.020 title Thin skinned versus thick skinned structural models for Apulian carbonate reservoirs constraints from the Val d Agri Fields, S Apennines, Italy year 2004 author Shiner, P journal Marine and Petroleum Geology volume 21 issue 7 pages 805 Tectonics stub Category Structural geology ... more details
The Tasse Lake Deformation Zone is a zone of deformation in Temagami , Ontario , Canada , extending from the western boundary of Chambers Township, Ontario Chambers Township through Tasse Lake in the east. Its structure is at least Convert 0.5 km mi abbr on wide and Convert 3 km mi abbr on long, although it remains uncertain if it extends east of Tasse Lake. ref name SI cite journal id AFRI 31M04NW0002 title Diamond drill report for Pacific Mariner Exploration on the Strathy Twp. prospect in Strathy Twp., Dist. of Nipissing Temagami area N. Ont. last1 Filo first1 K. last2 Geo. first2 P. publisher Pacific Mariner Exploration Ltd page 216 date 1995 05 25 accessdate 2011 01 04 ref See also Link Lake Deformation Zone Net Lake Vermilion Lake Deformation Zone Northeast Arm Deformation Zone References reflist Category Geologic faults of Temagami Canada geology stub Ontario stub ... more details
. The sediments that are created by this type of deformation are typically lithic sandstone s. See also Thick skinned deformation Fold and thrust belt s References references DEFAULTSORT Thin Skinned Deformation Category Plate tectonics Tectonics stub ... more details
Pose Space Deformation is a computer animation technique pioneered at Disney ref Citation last Lee first Gene coauthors Hanner, F. title Practical Experiences with Pose Space Deformation journal ACM SIGGRAPH url http www.disneyanimation.com library poseSpaceDef.pdf year 2009 ref and elsewhere. References div class references small references div External links http www.comet cartoons.com MELfiles poseDeformer.html A posedeformer plugin for Maya http www.fourthdoor.com muscle muscleWeb.htm Pose space deformation Procedural Muscle and Skin Simulation http benrush.net rigging 2007 12 29 pose space deformations Animatrix Pose Space Deformations Category Computer animation Category Computer graphics Category Animation techniques Compu graphics stub ... more details
An automatic deformation monitoring system is a group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent software and hardware elements forming a complex whole for Deformation Monitoring deformation monitoring that, once set up, does not require human input to function. Automatic deformation monitoring systems provide a critical function for the customer. In many cases an automatic deformation monitoring system saved lives and prevented the loss of millions of dollars in infrastructure and income. Automatic deformation monitoring system components Automatic deformation monitoring systems include Consulting Sensors Communication Data acquisition software and data management Deformation analysis Consulting The consulting of the automatic deformation monitoring system covers a number of service activities ... Bridge To cover all applications an automatic deformation monitoring system must support any geodetic ... down processes, containment processes and site evacuation. Deformation analysis Deformation .... Numerical deformation analysis is directly related to the science of network adjustment ... 8 Papers & Examples of automatic deformation monitoring systems 2009 http www.canarysystems.com pdfs ... 02 tang etal 1326.pdf FIG 2007 Application of Automatic Deformation Monitoring System for Hong ... Deformation monitoring system protects personnel and structures through early detection http ... Total Stations and GPS Receivers for Deformation Measurements http www.fig.net nottingham proc gs 07 cranenbroeck.pdf Leica GPS Spider for Deformation Monitoring http www.iv2004.ethz.ch programm Session ... Development Companies that are providing automatic deformation monitoring systems http www.canarysystems.com ... Deformation Monitoring Software http www.measurandgeotechnical.com Measurand Inc Unattended 3D Slope ... Health Monitoring systems http www.smartec.ch SMARTEC Fiber Optic Deformation monitoring systems ... www.wisescan.com home Wisescan Engineering Service Pte Ltd See also Deformation Monitoring Deformation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In atmospheric dynamics and physical oceanography , the Rossby radius of deformation is the length scale at which rotational effects become as important as buoyancy or gravity wave effects in the evolution of the flow about some disturbance. For a barotropic ocean math L R equiv frac gD 1 2 f 0 math , where math ,g math is gravity, math ,D math is the water depth, and math ,f o math is the Coriolis parameter at the reference latitude . For baroclinic flow math L R equiv frac NH f 0 math , where math ,N math is the Brunt V is l frequency and math ,H math is the scale height . The associated dimensionless parameter is the Rossby number . Both are named in honor of Carl Gustav Rossby . DEFAULTSORT Rossby Radius Of Deformation Category Atmospheric dynamics Category Oceanography no Rossby deformasjonsradius nn Rossby deformasjonsradius ... more details
File Soft sed deformation mcr1.JPG 400px thumb Cross sectional view of deformed beds caused by soft sediment deformation in the Booti Booti Sandstone Mississippian , New South Wales. Rygel, M.C. Soft sediment deformation structures develop at deposition or shortly after, during the first stages of the sediments consolidation. This is because the sediments need to be liquid like or unsolidified for the deformation to occur. These formations have been also been put into a category called water escape structures by Lowe 1975 . The most common places for soft sediment deformations to materialize are in deep water basins with turbidity currents, rivers, deltas, and shallow marine areas with storm impacted conditions. This is because these environments have high deposition rates, which allows the sediments to pack loosely. ref Allen, John R. L. Sedimentary Structures, Their Character and Physical Basis. Vol. 2. Amsterdam Elsevier Scientific Pub., 1982. Print ref Types of soft sediment deformation structures Convolute bedding forms when complex folding and crumpling of beds or laminations occur. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined to one rock layer. Convolute laminations are found in flood plain, delta, point bar, and intertidal flat deposits. They generally range in size from 3 to 25 cm, but there have been larger formations recorded as several meters thick. ref name Boggs, S. 2006, p.94 97 Boggs, S., 2006, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 4th ed. , Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p.94 97 ref Flame structures consist of mud and are wavy or flame shaped. These flames usually extend into an overlying sandstone layer. This deformation is caused from sand being deposited onto mud, which is less dense. ref name Boggs, S. 2006, p.94 97 Slump structures are mainly found in sandy shales and mudstones, but may ... sediment deformation structures ref Ettensohn, F.R. Rast, N. Brett, C.E. editors , Ancient Seismites ... more details
cranium human cranial deformation predate written history and date back to 45,000 BCE in Neanderthal ... in Iraq ref cite journal last Trinkaus first Erik year 1982 month April title Artificial Cranial Deformation ... of the Netherlands , On the Origins of Cranial Artificial Deformation in SW Asia , Paleorient, 1992 ... deformation dates to 400 BCE in Hippocrates description of the Macrocephales people who were ... cranial deformation. In Late Antiquity AD 300 600 , the East Germanic tribes who were ruled by the Huns ... deformation Germanic peoples&hl fr&gl fr&pid bl&srcid ADGEESjKtYFw2DFvjUu62lOQY25f KKtDzdxgZQ7MfzAhvcTXL18RWultc6RShMK4f9LZnxj05UbPrawOsAvj4m8otOAI6xCemUYKHp44oAzJIos77HHm0Vq ... AHIEtbSBKFRg PzGmbp3LB6Ge oRlQapgg Artificial cranial deformation in a migration period burial , Vienna ... american pacific oceania dress ornament.htm accessed 4 October 2009. ref reported in 1896 that deformation ... s head. Deformation usually begins just after birth for the next couple of years until the desired ... cranial deformation have been defined by E.V. Zhirov 1941, p. 82 Round Fronto occipital Sagittal. Reasons Cranial deformation was probably performed to signify group affiliation Gerszten and Gerszten ... discussion of cranial deformation http www.grifterrec.com coins kushan heraios.html A Comparison of Images ... Analysis of Artificial Cranial Deformation DEFAULTSORT Artificial Cranial Deformation Category Body ... more details
Discontinuous Deformation Analysis DDA is a type of discrete element method originally proposed by Shi GH Shi in 1988. DDA is somewhat similar to the finite element method for solving stress displacement problems, but accounts for the interaction of independent particles blocks along discontinuities in fractured and jointed rock masses . DDA is typically formulated as a work energy method, and can ... at present discontinuous deformation analysis open source project located in Sourceforge web site. Image Dda2.JPG 250px Image Dda3.JPG 250px Selected References Hsiung SM. Discontinuous deformation ... 7 10, Washington DC 2001. Jing L. Formulation of discontinuous deformation analysis DDA an implicit ... of fluid flow and solid deformation for fractured rocks with discontinuous deformation analysis ... the effect of water, excavation sequence and rock reinforcement with discontinuous deformation analysis ... with third order displacement function. In Salami MR, Banks D, editors. Discontinuous deformation ... deformation analysis for jointed rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 1996 33 671 94. Ma MY. Development of discontinuous deformation analysis, the first ten years 1986 1996. Ma MY, Zaman M, Zhu JH. Discontinuous deformation analysis using the third order displacement function. In Salami MR, Banks D, editors. Discontinuous deformation analysis DDA and simulations of discontinuous ... with discontinuous deformation analysis DDA algorithm. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 2006 43 661 670. Roozbeh Grayeli, Ali Mortazavi. Discontinuous deformation analysis with second order ... system modeling by discontinuous deformation analysis. Computational Mechanics Publications 1993. Shi GH. Discontinuous deformation analysis technical note. First international forum on discontinuous deformation analysis, June 12 14. Berkeley, California 1996. Te Chin K. Improved modeling of rock ... Deformation ... more details
Voronoi Deformation Density VDD is a method employed in computational chemistry to compute the Partial charge atomic charge distribution of a molecule in order to provide information about its chemical properties. The method is based on the partitioning of space into non overlapping atomic areas modelled as Voronoi diagram Voronoi cells and then computing the deformation density within those cells i.e. the extent to which electron density differs from that of an unbonded atom . ref Voronoi Deformation Density VDD Charges Assessment of the Mulliken, Bader, Hirshfeld, Weinhold, and VDD Methods for Charge Analysis C. Fonseca Guerra, J.W. Handgraaf, E.J. Baerends & F.M Bickelhaupt J. Comp. Chem. 2004 25 , 189 210 http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 106566098 abstract abstract ref The VDD charge Q sub A sub of atom A is computed as the numerical integral of the deformation density r r sub B sub sub B sub r associated with the formation of the molecule from its atoms over the volume of the Voronoi cell of atom A math Q A int limits Voronoi cell A Big rho mathbf r sum B rho B mathbf r Big d mathbf r math The Voronoi cell of atom A is defined as the compartment of space bounded by the bond midplanes on and perpendicular to all bond axes between nucleus A and its neighboring nuclei cf. the Wigner Seitz cell s in crystals . The Voronoi cell of atom A is therefore the region of space closer to nucleus A than to any other nucleus. Furthermore, r is the electron density of the molecule and sub B sub sub B sub r the superposition of atomic densities sub B sub of a fictitious promolecule without chemical interactions that is associated with the situation in which all atoms are neutral. Note that an Partial charge atomic charge is not a observable physical observable . Nevertheless, it has been proven a useful means to compactly describe and analyze the electron density distribution in a molecule , which is important for understanding the behavior of the latter ... more details
Image HPT.png thumb 200px During the HPT process, the material experiences shear deformation between a fixed and a rotating anvil, without losing its original dimensions. Orphan date October 2010 One source date August 2009 Severe plastic deformation SPD is a generic term describing a group of metalworking techniques involving very large strains which are imposed without introducing any significant changes in the overall dimensions of the specimen or work piece. A further defining feature of SPD techniques is that the preservation of shape is achieved due to special tool geometries which prevent the free flow of material and thereby produce a significant hydrostatic pressure . The presence of a high hydrostatic pressure, in combination with large shear strains, is essential for producing high densities of Crystallographic defect crystal lattice defects , particularly dislocations , which can result in a significant refining of the grains. As the dimensions of the work piece practically do not change in an SPD operation, the process may be applied repeatedly to impose exceptionally high strains. Optimization of routes and regimes of SPD can eventually introduce an extremely fine microstructure into the processed material which will extend, reasonably homogeneously, throughout the bulk. A distinctive feature of these ultrafine grained materials is that they contain a high fraction of grain boundaries having high angles of misorientation. Image ECAP.png thumb During the ECAP process, the material is pressed through an angular die and experiences shear deformation, without changing ... shear deformation and it led to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946. Very successful ... Materials from Severe Plastic Deformation , Prog. Mater. Sci. 45, 103 189 2000 . ref ref name ... Bulk Ultrafine Grained Materials by Severe Plastic Deformation , JOM 58 4 , 33 39 2006 ref ... processing. ref name SPD References reflist Category Deformation Category Metal forming ... more details
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