otheruses Grammatical categories In grammar grammatical theory , definiteness is a feature of noun phrase s, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context definite noun phrases and entities which are not indefinite noun phrases . There is considerable variation in the expression of definiteness across languages some languages use a definite Article grammar article which can be a free form, a phrasal clitic , or an affix on the noun to mark a definite noun phrase. Examples are Phrasal clitic as in Basque language Basque Cf. lang eu emakume woman , lang eu emakume a woman ART the woman , lang eu emakume ederr a woman beautiful ART the beautiful woman Noun affix as in Romanian language Romanian lang ro om man , lang ro om ul man ART the man lang ro om ul bun man ART good the good man Prefix on both noun and adjective Arabic language Arabic lang ar al kit b al kab r with two instances of al DEF book DEF big, literally, the book the big Distinct verbal forms as in Hungarian language Hungarian lang hu olvasok lang hu egy lang hu k nyvet ... Macedonian . When necessary, languages of this kind may indicate definiteness by other means such as Demonstrative s. It is common for definiteness to interact with the marking of Declension case in certain ... lang tr adamlar g rd m meaning I saw the men is marked with the suffix lang tr indicating definiteness ... extent in Slovene language Slovene , definiteness can be expressed morphologically on prenominal ... marker wa may include definiteness. For example, lang ja uma wa can mean the horse , while lang ja uma ga can mean a horse . In some languages, the definiteness of the Object grammar object ... accessdate 2007 03 30 Hawkins, J.A. 1978 Definiteness and indefiniteness a study in reference and grammaticality prediction . London Croom Helm. Lyons, Christopher 1999 Definiteness . Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780511037214. http www.glottopedia.de index.php Definiteness Definite article ... more details
wiktionary definitenessDefiniteness is a feature of noun phrases in grammatical theory. Definiteness may also refer to Counterfactual definiteness , a concept in quantum mechanics Positive definiteness , a concept in mathematics See also Definition disambiguation Definitive disambiguation disambig ... more details
Positive definiteness is a property of the following mathematical objects Positive definite bilinear form Positive definite matrix Positive definite function Positive definite kernel Positive definite function on a group Category Mathematics eo Pozitive difinita fi Positiivisesti definiitti nl positief definiet mathdab ... more details
In some interpretations of quantum mechanics , counterfactual definiteness CFD is the ability to speak with meaning of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured . More scientific rigor rigorously , an interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfies CFD if it includes in the statistical population of measurement results, those measurements which are counter factual by virtue of their being excluded by the quantum mechanical prohibition on simultaneous measurement of certain pairs of properties. ref Henry P Stapp S matrix interpretation of quantum theory Physical Review D Vol 3 6 1303 1971 ref For example, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle provides that you cannot simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle. Suppose one measures the position this act destroys any information about its momentum. Is it then possible to talk about the outcome one would have obtained if one had measured its momentum instead of its position? In terms of mathematical formalism, is such a counterfactual momentum measurement to be included, together with the factual position measurement, in the statistical population of possible outcomes describing the particle? If the position was found to be r sub 0 sub then in an interpretation satisfying CFD, the statistical population describing position and momentum would contain all pairs r sub 0 sub , p for every possible momentum value p , whereas an interpretation that rejects counterfactual ... definiteness is a basic assumption, which, together with locality, leads to Bell inequalities ... Quantum nonlocality without counterfactual definiteness? http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 60501850 abstract On Some Consequences of the Breakdown of Counterfactual Definiteness in the Quantum ...&dq 22Counterfactual definiteness 22 quantum&source bl&ots s7 eLVbo8U&sig 3fkYZiQ onBORKH qQrbfW4YL5M ... more details
wiktionary Counterfactual may refer to Counterfactual conditional , a grammatical form which also relates to philosophy and logic Counterfactual thinking Counterfactual history Alternate history , a literary genre Counterfactual definiteness in quantum theory Elitzur Vaidman bomb tester Counterfactual measurements in quantum theory Disambig ... more details
wiktionary definitive Definitive may refer to Definitive TV series Definitive TV series , an American music television series Definitive stamp , a postage stamp that is part of a regular issue of a country s stamps available for sale by the postal service See also Definiteness disambiguation Definition disambiguation disambig ... more details
Expert subject Theoretical Linguistics date January 2010 In some Semitic languages , notably Arabic language Arabic , nunation the Arabic term is tanw n is the addition of a final Nun letter nun to a noun or adjective to indicate that it is fully declension declinable and syntactically unmarked for definiteness . Since Arabic has no indefinite article , nouns in a syntactic context unmarked for definiteness are generally indefinite this has led to the extremely common but inaccurate belief that nunation is a marker for indefiniteness and is analogous to an indefinite article. The lack of a marker for definiteness does not necessarily make a word indefinite in fact, many definite nouns proper names take nunation, as for example in the expression shahadah ashhadu anna Mu ammadan ras lu ll h i I witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God. , in which the name Muhammad, a definite noun, is nunated. Nunation may also refer to the n ending of duals in Akkadian until it was dropped in the Old Babylonian period . ref http www.sron.nl jheise akkadian words.html mimmation Akkadian grammar morphology ref See also Arabic diacritics mimation I r b References reflist External links http arabic.tripod.com Noonation1.htm Nunation Category Semitic linguistics ling stub ar br Nunadur de Nunation fa id Tanwin it Nunazione sk Tanw n ... more details
wiktionarypar specificity Specificity may refer to Being specific disambiguation Specificity statistics , the proportion of negatives in a binary classification test which are correctly identified Definiteness , in linguistics, whether the referent of a noun phrase in a given context is identifiable Particular , as opposed to abstract, in philosophy Asset specificity , the extent to which the investments made to support a particular transaction have a higher value to that transaction than they would have if they were redeployed for any other purpose Domain specificity , theory that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices See also Species disambiguation Specification disambiguation Specialty disambiguation Site specific disambiguation Language for specific purposes disambig es Especificidad ... more details
John A. Hawkins is Professor of English and Applied Linguistics at the Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics RCEAL at the University of Cambridge . ref http www.rceal.cam.ac.uk People Staffpages jah91.html RCEAL Professor John Hawkins Bot generated title ref As of 2007 he is also a professor in the Department of Linguistics at UC Davis . ref http linguistics.ucdavis.edu jack hawkins UC Davis Linguistics John A. Hawkins New Faculty Member Bot generated title ref His main research interests are in English language English grammar , psycholinguistics , language universals , linguistic typology and historical linguistics . Selected publications Definiteness and Indefiniteness 1978, Humanities Press & Croom Helm Word Order Universals 1983, Academic Press A Comparative Typology of English and German 1986, Routledge & University of Texas Press A Performance Theory of Order and Constituency 1994, Cambridge University Press Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars 2004, Oxford University Press References reflist External links http www.rceal.cam.ac.uk People Staffpages jah91.html Hawkins at the University of Cambridge http linguistics.ucdavis.edu People jhawkins Hawkins at UC Davis DEFAULTSORT Hawkins, John A. Category British linguists Category Historical linguists Category Academics of the University of Cambridge Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people UK linguist stub ru , ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2010 Image Macedonian Slavic dialects.png right thumb 300px The Debar dialect on the map of the Macedonian dialects The Debar dialect lang mk , Debarski dijalekt is a member of the subgroup of the western and north western dialects of the western group of Dialects of the Macedonian language dialects of the Macedonian language . The dialect is mainly spoken in the city of Debar and the surrounding areas in Macedonia country Macedonia . The Debar dialect is closed with the Reka dialect and the Galicnik dialect of Galicnik . In the dialect are used a lot of archaic words. Phonological characteristics fixed accent d deaffricated and merged with the Proto Slavic has denazalized to o r ka use of o instead of the soft form absence of the intervocalic IPA v in the plural forms of monosyllabic nouns e.g. , , etc. Morphological characteristics use of instead of three definite article s pertaining to the position of the object see Macedonian grammar Definiteness Macedonian grammar use of the suffix for third person singular Notes Reflist Macedonian dialects Category Dialects of the Macedonian language bg mk ... more details
In statistics , probability theory , and information theory , a statistical distance quantifies the distance between two statistical objects, which can be two sample s, two random variable s, or two probability distribution s, for example. Metrics A metric on a set X is a function mathematics function called the distance function or simply distance d X X R where R is the set of real number s . For all x , y , z in X , this function is required to satisfy the following conditions d x , y 0 Non negative non negativity d x , y 0 if and only if x y identity of indiscernibles . Note that condition 1 and 2 together produce Positive definite function positive definiteness d x , y d y , x Symmetric relation symmetry d x , z d x , y d y , z subadditivity triangle inequality . Distances Generalized metrics Many statistical distances are not metric mathematics metric s, because they lack one or more properties of proper metrics. For example, pseudometric space pseudometric s can violate the Positive definite function In dynamical systems positive definiteness alternatively, metric mathematics Pseudometrics identity of indescernibles property quasimetric s can violate the metric mathematics Quasimetrics symmetry property and semimetric s can violate the metric mathematics Semimetrics triangle inequality . Some statistical distances are referred to as divergence statistics divergence s . Examples Some important statistical distances include the following f divergence includes Kullback Leibler divergence Hellinger distance Total variation distance R nyi entropy R nyi s divergence Jensen Shannon divergence L vy Prokhorov metric Bhattacharyya distance Wasserstein metric also known as the Kantorovich metric , or earth mover s distance Energy distance Other approaches Signal to noise ratio distance Mahalanobis distance Distance correlation is a measure of dependence between two random variables , it i ... more details
definiteness but some physicists dispute that experiments have demonstrated Bell s violations ... different parts of local realism and or counterfactual definiteness . Copenhagen interpretation ... and locality are retained, but counterfactual definiteness is rejected by the extension of the notion ... more details
selfref On Wikipedia, CfD may refer to Wikipedia Categories for discussion . CFD may refer to Science and computing Computational fluid dynamics , a branch of fluid dynamics Counterfactual definiteness , the ability, quantum mechanics, to consider results of unperformed measurements Cfengine Daemon, the process that runs Cfengine Fill device Common Fill Device , an electronic module used to load cryptographic keys into electronic encryption machines Constant fraction discriminator , a signal processing component Firefighting organisations Calgary Fire Department , the fire department of Calgary, Alberta Charlotte Fire Department , the Fire Department of Charlotte, North Carolina Chicago Fire Department , the fire department of Chicago, Illinois Other Control Flow Diagram , is a diagram to describe the control flow of a business process, process or program Contract For Difference , a type of financial derivative, where two parties exchange the difference between opening and closing value of an underlying asset. Cheyenne Frontier Days , an annual rodeo and celebration held in Cheyenne, Wyoming Christie Front Drive , a second wave indie emo band from Denver, Colorado Coulter Field IATA CFD , an airport in Bryan, Texas CFD fr Compagnie des chemins de fer d partementaux Compagnie des chemins de fer d partementaux , French rail vehicle manufacturer producing narrow gauge rail vehicles disambig da CFD de CFD es CFD eo CFD fr CFD ko CFD it CFD ja CFD pl CFD ru CFD sv CFD ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 The Holtzman Inkblot Test , conceived by Wayne Holtzman , is a projective test projective personality test similar to the Rorschach test . The Holtzman Inkblot Test was invented as an attempt at correcting many, if not all, of the controversial issues aroused by the Rorschach Inkblot Test. The test consists of two alternate forms of forty five inkblots, originally drawn from a pool of several thousand. Scoring is based on twenty two items reaction time, rejection, location, space, form definiteness, form appropriateness, color, shading, movement, pathognomonic verbalization, integration, content human, animal, anatomy, sexual, or abstract , anxiety, hostility, barrier, penetration, balance, and popularity. Scoring takes a very long time if the test is not administered by computer. The Holtzman Inkblot Test is used primarily with students, children, and with patients suffering from schizophrenia , head trauma or Clinical depression depression . The Holtzman Inkblot Test has been used in both experimental and clinical applications. Citation needed date March 2008 The technique is featured as part of a travelling exhibition entitled Psychology Understanding Ourselves, Understanding Each Other and sponsored by the American Psychological Association in partnership with the Ontario Science Centre . It is housed permanently at the Smithsonian Institution . ref http www.psy.utexas.edu psy inkblot perception.html Inkblot Perception and Personality from the University of Texas ref See also Pareidolia Picture Arrangement Test Projective test Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test References reflist External links http cps.nova.edu cpphelp HIT.html CPS Website Category Projective tests bg he psychology stub ... more details
In mathematics, Birch s theorem , ref B. J. Birch, Homogeneous forms of odd degree in a large number of variables , Mathematika, 4 , pages 102 105 1957 ref named for Bryan John Birch , is a statement about the representability of zero by odd degree forms. Statement of Birch s theorem Let K be an algebraic number field , k , l and n be natural numbers, r sub 1 sub ,..., r sub k sub be odd natural numbers, and f sub 1 sub ,..., f sub k sub be homogeneous polynomials with coefficients in K of degrees r sub 1 sub ,..., r sub k sub respectively in n variables, then there exists a number &psi r sub 1 sub ,..., r sub k sub , l , K such that math n ge psi r 1, ldots,r k,l,K math implies that there exists an l dimensional vector subspace V of K sup n sup such that math f 1 x ldots f k x 0, quad forall x in V. math Remarks The proof of the theorem is by mathematical induction induction over the maximal degree of the forms f sub 1 sub ,..., f sub k sub . Essential to the proof is a special case, which can be proved by an application of the Hardy Littlewood circle method , of the theorem which states that if n is sufficiently large and r is odd, then the equation math c 1x 1 r ldots c nx n r 0, quad c i in mathbb Z , i 1, ldots,n math has a solution in integers x sub 1 sub ,..., x sub n sub , not all of which are 0. The restriction to odd r is necessary, since even degree forms, such as Quadratic form Definiteness of a quadratic form positive definite quadratic form s, may take the value 0 only at the origin. References references Category Diophantine equations Category Analytic number theory Category Mathematical theorems ... more details
In mathematics , Weil s criterion is a criterion of Andr Weil for the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis to be true. It takes the form of an equivalent statement, to the effect that a certain generalized function is positive definite function positive definite . Weil s idea was formulated first in a 1952 paper. It is based on the explicit formula L function explicit formulae of prime number theory, as they apply to Dirichlet L function s, and other more general global L function s. A single statement thus combines statements on the complex zeroes of all Dirichlet L functions. Weil returned to this idea in a 1972 paper, showing how the formulation extended to a larger class of L functions Artin Hecke L function s and to the function field case. Here the inclusion of Artin L function s, in particular, implicates Artin conjecture L functions Artin s conjecture so that the criterion involves a Generalized Riemann Hypothesis plus Artin Conjecture. The case of function fields, of curves over finite fields, is one in which the analogue of the Riemann Hypothesis is known, by Weil s classical work begun in 1940 and Weil also proved the analogue of the Artin Conjecture. Therefore in that setting, the criterion can be used to show the corresponding statement of positive definiteness does hold. References A. Weil, Sur les formules explicites de la th orie des nombres premiers , Comm. Lund vol. d di a Marcel Riesz 1952 252 265 Collected Papers II A. Weil, Sur les formules explicites de la th orie des nombres, Izvestia Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Math. 36 1972 3 18 Collected Papers III, 249 264 Category Zeta and L functions ... more details
In linear algebra , functional analysis and related areas of mathematics , a quasinorm is similar to a Norm mathematics norm in that it satisfies the norm axioms, except that the triangle inequality is replaced by math x y leq K x y math for some math K 1. math This is not to be confused with a seminorm or pseudonorm , where the norm axioms are satisfied except for positive definiteness. Related concepts A vector space with an associated quasinorm is called a quasinormed vector space . A complete space complete quasinormed vector space is a quasi Banach space . See also Seminorm References cite book title Handbook of the History of General Topology last Aull first Charles E. coauthors Robert Lowen year 2001 isbn 079236970X publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer cite book title A Course in Functional Analysis last Conway first John B. isbn 0387972455 publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer year 1990 cite book title Functional Analysis I Linear Functional Analysis last Nikol ski first Nikola Kapitonovich isbn 3540505849 year 1992 publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer series Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences volume 19 cite book title An Introduction to Functional Analysis last Swartz first Charles year 1992 publisher CRC Press isbn 0824786432 Categories Category Norms mathematics Category Linear algebra ... more details
Infobox Language name Maay or Maay Maay nativename af Maay states Somalia , Ethiopia , Kenya significant communities in North America , and Yemen . speakers 1,5 2 million native and at least 200,000 second language speakers. familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Cushitic languages Cushitic fam3 East Cushitic languages East fam4 Somali languages Somali nation Somalia iso1 so iso2 iso3 ymm Culture of Somalia Maay Maay also known as Af Maay, Afmaay, Af May arti, Af May, Af Maymay, Rahanween, Rahanweyn is a member of the East Cushitic languages East Cushitic branch of the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family and is written using the Latin alphabet . It is spoken mostly in Somalia and adjacent parts of Ethiopia and Kenya . Its speakers are known as Rahanweyn Sab Somalis. The center of the language is around Baidoa . Grammar Sounds Maay Maay exhibits significant amounts of epenthesis, inserting central or high central vowels to break up consonant clusters. Vowel length is contrastive minimal pairs such as bur flour and buur mountain are attested. Words Maay Maay is fairly agglutinative. It has complex verb forms, inflecting at least for tense aspect and person number of both subject and object. There is also a prefix indicating negation. In addition, verbs exhibit derivational morphology, including a causative and an applicative. Nominal morphology includes a definiteness suffix, whose form depends on the gender of the head noun, and possessive suffixes. Sentences Maay Maay exhbits SVO and SOV word orders, apparently in fairly free variation. When the object is postnominal, the prefix maay appears on the verb. Within the noun phrase, the head noun is generally initial. Possessors, adjectives and some strong quantifiers follow the head noun. Numerals and the indefinite quantifier precede the head noun. References http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code ymm Ethnologue entry for Maay External links http www.cal.org co bantu sblang.html Cultural Orientation Resource Cent ... more details
In Greek mythology , Dindymon ref Rarely Dindymus , as in Pliny s Natural History V.142 and Sextus Propertius , III.22.3. ref lang grc , was a mountain in eastern Phrygia today s Murat Da of Gediz , later part of Galatia , that was later called Agdistis , sacred to the mountain mother , Cybele , whom the Hellenes knew as Rhea . Strabo sited Dindymon above Pessinos , sacred to Cybele, A Mount Dindymon might also be placed on the peninsula of Cyzicus facing the Sea of Marmara , as in Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica , or by Stephanus Byzantinicus further south, in the Troad , thus near Mount Ida . Argonautica book II sets a scene at Mount Dindymon, where Jason placates the goddess of the mountain, the mother of all the blessed gods, where she sits enthroned . ref Apollonius of Rhodes Peter Green, tr. , Argonautika , expanded ed. 2007, book I.1093 94. ref identified as Dindymene the mother, Lady of many names, ref Argonautika II.1125 ref among which was Rhea . ref Apollonius of Rhodes , Richard Hunter, tr., 1993. Jason and the Golden Fleece Oxford Clarendon Press , Book II, p. 29f. ref The various applications of Dindymon, as the mountain of the Anatolian Mother Goddess , the Mountain Mother , is explained by Robinson Ellis ref Robinson Ellis, 1876. A Commentary on Catullus Oxford Clarendon Press , Catullus LXIII.91 p. 224 ref The name Dindymenian mother would in the first instance no doubt be connected with the earliest seat of the worship, the Phrygian Dindymon, but as soon as the worship spread farther and the name of Dindymon with it, the Goddess of Dindymon would lose its original definiteness and be variously applied by different writers. Notes Reflist Greek myth stub Category Historical geography Category Greek mythology of Anatolia Category Geography of ancient Anatolia Category Phrygia Category Cybele la Dindymon ... more details
In mathematics , an asymmetric norm on a vector space is a generalization of the concept of a norm mathematics norm . Definition Let X be a real number real vector space. Then an asymmetric norm on X is a function mathematics function p X &rarr R satisfying the following properties non negativity for all x &isin X , p x &ge 0 Positive definite function definiteness for x &isin X , x 0 if and only if p x p &minus x 0 homogeneous function homogeneity for all x &isin X and all &lambda &ge 0, p &lambda x &lambda p x the triangle inequality for all x , y &isin X , p x y &le p x p y . Examples On the real line R , the function p given by math p x begin cases x , & x leq 0 2 x , & x geq 0 end cases math is an asymmetric norm but not a norm. More generally, given a strictly positive function g S sup n &minus 1 sup &rarr R defined on the unit sphere S sup n &minus 1 sup in R sup n sup with respect to the usual Euclidean norm · , say , the function p given by math p x g x x x , math is an asymmetric norm on R sup n sup but not necessarily a norm. References cite journal last Cobza first S. title Compact operators on spaces with asymmetric norm journal Stud. Univ. Babe Bolyai Math. volume 51 year 2006 issue 4 pages 69&ndash 87 issn 0252 1938 MathSciNet id 2314639 algebra stub Category Linear algebra Category Norms mathematics ... more details
pp move vandalism small yes wiktionarypar article selfref For the Wikipedia guidelines, see Wikipedia What is an article? , Wikipedia Good articles and Wikipedia Featured articles . If you arrived here by clicking a link in sample code or a sample template, chances are the template has no connection with this article and the link was simply used as a stand in for something else. Article may refer to Article European Union , articles of treaties of the European Union Article grammar , a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness Article publishing , a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Articles of Confederation , the early United States Constitution Articles of association , the regulations governing a company, used in India, the United Kingdom and other countries Articles of Incorporation and Articles of Organization , the U.S. equivalents Articles of clerkship, see articled clerk Articles of Faith , sets of beliefs usually found in creeds Articles , a song from Beow lf s 1993 album Un Sentimental RDS 1 , the Soviet Union s first atomic test device, code named the article See also Article One disambiguation Article Four disambiguation lookfrom Article lookfrom Articles disambig cs l nek rozcestn k da Artikel de Artikel et Artikkel eo Artikolo fr Article ga Alt gl Artigo io Artiklo it Articolo nl Artikel no Artikkel andre betydninger nn Artikkel fleirtyding nds Artikel pl Artyku pt Artigo ro Articol dezambiguizare ru simple Article sk l nok sh lan su Artikel fi Artikkeli sv Artikel tl Artikulo uk ur Article wa rtike yi ... more details
Infobox scientist name Irene Heim image filename only image size alt caption birth date Birth date YYYY MM DD birth place death date Death date and age YYYY MM DD YYYY MM DD death date then birth date death place residence citizenship nationality fields Semantics , generative grammar workplaces Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT , University of Texas at Austin alma mater University of Massachusetts Amherst UMass Amherst doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards signature filename only signature alt footnotes Irene Roswitha Heim fl. late 20th century is a linguist and noted specialist in semantics . She was a professor at the University of Texas at Austin and UCLA before finally moving to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989, where she is Professor of Linguistics and Head of the Linguistics Section of the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy. She is probably most famous for her 1982 University of Massachusetts dissertation The semantics of definite and indefinite noun phrases . ref name dissertation cite book author Heim, Irene title The semantics of definite and indefinite noun phrases publisher Garland Pub location New York year 1988 pages isbn 0 8240 5188 2 oclc doi accessdate ref In the work she argued developing an insight by the philosopher David Kellogg Lewis David Lewis that Definiteness Grammar indefinite noun phrase s like a cat in the Sentence linguistics sentence If a cat is not in Athens, she is in Rhodes are not quantifiers but free variables bound by an existential operator inserted in the sentence by a semantic operation that she dubbed existential closure . She is also the co author with Angelika Kratzer of one of the most influential textbooks of formal semantics , ref name semanticsText cite book author Kratzer, Angelika Heim, Irene title Semantics in generative grammar publisher Blackwell location Oxford year 1998 pages is ... more details
In physics , front velocity is the speed at which the first rise of a pulse above zero moves forward. In mathematics , it is also used to describe the velocity of a possibly propagating front in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equation . Various velocities Associated with propagation of a disturbance are several different velocities. ref name Milonni cite book title Fast light, slow light and left handed light author Peter W Milonni url http books.google.com books?id kE8OUCvt7ecC&pg PA26 pages 26 ff isbn 0750309261 year 2004 publisher CRC Press ref For definiteness, consider an amplitude modulation amplitude modulated electromagnetic carrier wave. The phase velocity is the wave speed of the carrier. The group velocity is the wave speed of the modulation or envelope detector envelope . Initially it was thought that the group velocity coincided with the speed at which information traveled. However, it turns out that this speed can exceed the speed of light in some circumstances, causing a conflict with the theory of relativity . That observation led to consideration of what constitutes a signal . A signal involves new information or an element of surprise that cannot be predicted from the wave motion at an earlier time. ref name Milonni Thus, a possible form for a signal is math f t u t sin omega t , math where u t is the Heaviside step function . Using such a form for a signal, it can be shown, subject to the expected condition that the refractive index of any medium tends to one as the frequency tends to infinity, that the wave discontinuity, called the front , propagates at a speed less than or equal to the speed of light c in any medium. ref name Milonni In fact, the earliest appearance of the front travels at the front velocity c , no matter what the medium . ref name Milonni ref name Stratton cite book title Electromagnetic theory author Julius Adams Stratton url http books.google.com books?id zFeWdS2luE4C&pg PA337 page 337 isbn 0470131535 publis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 File Munsk nksn lar.jpg thumb Pins for members of Munsk nkarna. Far left a plain member pin with the logo of Munsk nkarna, to the right pins for members which have passed the tests for some of the different course levels 1 betyg grade 1 green, druvbetyg grape grade yellow, 2 betyg grade 3 blue. Munsk nkarna is a Sweden Swedish and Finland Finnish wine tasting organization with over 20,000 members. The Swedish word Munsk nk corresponding to Mundschenk in German language German is a term which is synonumous to cup bearer . It is used to refer to a single member, with the organisation s name Munsk nkarna being the plural Definiteness definite form . The organisation was established in Stockholm in 1958 and has continuously expanded with chapters in other locations, some outside of Sweden. In 2000, the chapters in Finland had become numerous enough to split off to form their own Finnish language organisation, Suomen Munsk nkarna . In 2002, a Swedish language organisation in Finland called Svenska Munsk nkarna i Finland was also formed. All three organisations are established as non profit organisations . As of 2006, the Swedish branch of Munsk nkarna had over 19,000 members in 137 chapters, of which 129 in Sweden and 8 in other countries. In Finland there were 13 chapters in the Finnish speaking organisation and 9 chapters in the Swedish speaking organisation. Munsk nkarna claims to be the world s largest wine tasting organisation. Activities of Munsk nkarna primarily include wine tastings and wine related courses. The courses are organised much in the same way as those of the Wine & Spirit Education Trust there are several different levels of progressing difficulty, and both a theoretical and a practical i.e., blind tasting of wine test at each level, plus a thesis at the highest level. Munsk nkarna in Sweden publishes a magazine Munsk nken where, among other things, most new wines appearing in the Swedish monopoly wine stores Systembolaget ar ... more details
Image Macedonian Slavic dialects.png right thumb 300px Dialectal divisions of Macedonia. The Prilep Bitola dialect lang mk , Prilepsko bitolski dijalekt is a member of the central subgroup of the western group of Dialects of the Macedonian language dialects of the Macedonian language . This dialect is mainly spoken in the towns of Prilep and Bitola and in surrounding areas in the Republic of Macedonia , as well as by the Slavic dialects in Greece Slavic speaking minority population in and around Florina Lerin ref author missing . . j , 1983, IV, . 23 49. ref ref Hill, Peter. The Dialect of Gorno Kalenik 1991, Columbus, OH ref in neighbouring Macedonia Greece Greek Macedonia . The Prilep Bitola dialect, along with other peripheral west central dialects, provides much of the basis for modern Standard Macedonian . ref Makedonska gramatika by Krume Kepeski Language, Vol. 27, No. 2 Apr. Jun., 1951 , pp. 180 187 ref Phonological characteristics The phonological characteristics of the Prilep Bitola dialect which also can also be found in the other peripheral dialects are wiktionary antepenultimate antepenultimate word stress see Macedonian phonology Stress Macedonian phonology the yat has reflexed into IPA absence of the intervocalic IPA v in the plural forms of monosyllabic nouns e.g. ref , , , 1967, .68 ref IPA l b vi IPA l b i IPA l b j In the sub dialect of Bukovo Orehovo , especially among older generations, IPA replaces IPA l in some words for example, IPA a for IPA lava , head and IPA s ama for IPA slama , straw . Morphological characteristics three definite article s pertaining to the position of the object see Macedonian grammar Definiteness Macedonian grammar the third person personal pronouns , , , he, she, it, they imperfective aspect imperfective verbs are typically derived from ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
