Wiktionary The term decision may refer to Judgment law , as the outcome of a legal case Decision baseball , a statistical credit earned by a baseball pitcher. Decision making Decisions professional wrestling , a means by which a wrestler scores a point against his opponent. Decision support system Decision theory Decision tree European Union decision Landmark decision is the outcome of a case which sets a legal precedent Per curiam decision by a court with multiple judges A song by Busta Rhymes featuring Jamie Foxx , Mary J. Blige , John Legend and Common rapper Common from the album Back on My B.S. . See also Decidable disambiguation Decision making software Judgment , discernment Decision sciences disambig de Entscheidung Begriffskl rung es Decisi n lt Sprendimas nl Besluit pl Decyzja simple Decision sv Beslut ... more details
About a play by Bertolt Brecht the Animorphs book The Decision Animorphs the LeBron James free agency decision LeBron James 2010 free agency Infobox Play name The Decision image image size caption writer Bertolt Brecht chorus characters mute setting premiere Start date 1930 12 10 df yes place orig lang German language German series subject genre Lehrst ck web playbill ibdb id iobdb id The Decision Die Ma nahme , also known as The Measures Taken , is a Lehrst cke Lehrst ck by the twentieth century Germany German dramatist Bertolt Brecht . Written in collaboration with Slatan Dudow and the composer Hanns Eisler , it consists of eight sections in prose and unrhymed, irregular Free verse verse , with six major songs. A note to the text by all three collaborators describes it as an attempt to use a didactic piece to make familiar an attitude of positive intervention. ref name willett Willett 1959 ... decision. You ve helped to disseminate Marxism s teachings and the The ABC s of Communism ABC of Communism ... much p Is needed if our world is to be altered. Bertolt Brecht The Decision scene eight . Production history The Decision received its first theatrical production at the Gro es Schauspielhaus in Berlin ... who ran Brecht s Berliner Ensemble for a short time, reworked The Decision in his plays The Mission ... berliner zeitung , June 6, 2007. ref The Decision and the F.B.I. The F.B.I. translated ... brecht brecht1a.pdf file . ref The Decision and the House Committee on Un American Activities Brecht ... November 2010 Brecht was asked specific questions about The Decision. He said it was an adaption of an old ... and his answers. ref name ReferenceA Examples of his Testimony About The Decision quotation Brecht ... and New York Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0 415 91282 2. . 1997. The Decision. In Collected Plays Three. Ed ... stage 2003 11 decision review.shtml The Decision Burton Taylor Theatre http magazines.documenta.de ... watch?v jYPqSiZs4MU DEFAULTSORT Decision, The Category Plays by Bertold Brecht Category ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 A decision to decision path, or DD Path, is a path of execution usually through a graph representing a program, such as a flow chart that does not include any conditional nodes. That is, it is the path of execution between two decisions. DD decisiondecision path is a path of nodes in a directed graph. A chain is a path in which Initial and terminal nodes are distinct All interior nodes have in degree 1 and out degree 1 A DD path is a chain in a program graph such that It consists of a single node with in degree 0 initial node It consists of a single node with out degree 0 terminal node It consists of a single node with in deg &ge 2 or out deg &ge 2 It consists of a single node with in deg 1 and out deg 1 It is a maximal chain of length &ge 1. See also Essential complexity Code coverage Cyclomatic complexity Category Software testing Soft eng stub ... more details
Command Decision may refer to Command Decision novel Command Decision novel , a 1947 World War II novel by William Wister Haines Command Decision film Command Decision film , a 1948 World War II film starring Clark Gable Command Decision play Command Decision play , a 1948 World War II play starring James Whitmore Command Decision , a novel by Elizabeth Moon in the Vatta s War series Command Decision Dad s Army episode Command Decision Dad s Army episode , a 1968 episode of Dad s Army Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 Context date October 2010 About the decision model other uses Appraisal disambiguation A Decision making decision method is an axiom atic system that contains at least one action axiom . Formulation is the first and often most challenging stage in using formal decision methods and in decision analysis in particular . The objective of the formulation stage is to develop a formal model of the given decision. Evaluation is the second and most algorithm ic stage in using formal decision methods. The objective of the evaluation stage is to produce a formal recommendation and its associated sensitivities from a formal model of the decision situation. Appraisal is the third and last stage in using formal decision methods. The objective of the appraisal stage is for the decision maker to develop insight into the decision and determine a clear course of action. Much of the insight developed in this stage results from exploring the implications of the formal decision model developed during the formulation stage i.e., from mining the model . Central to these implications is the formal recommendation for action calculated during the evaluation stage. Other implications include various forms of Sensitivity and specificity sensitivity of the recommendation to selected variables in the model. Additional insight is obtained by exposing key aspects of the reasoning that led to the formal decision model i.e., by justifying the model . Possible actions following the appraisal ... it, or abandoning the analysis and doing something else. Justifying a decision model is the action of exploring and explaining the reasoning that led to the formulation of a particular decision model. Mining a decision model is the action of extracting information e.g., sensitivity, value of information , and value of control from a given decision model. See also Decision support Decision theory Decision engineering Category Decision theory Geo term stub pl Model decyzyjny ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Reserved decision is a legal term. After the hearing of a trial law trial or the argument of a Motion legal motion a judge may not immediately deliver a decision, but instead take time to review evidence and the law and deliver a decision at a later time, usually in a written form. It is a more thought out decision compared to ex tempore where a judge hands down a decision of a case soon or right after a hearing. See also ex tempore Category Legal terms DEFAULTSORT Reserved Decision Law term stub ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 A unanimous decision is a winning criterion in several full contact combat sport s, such as boxing , kickboxing , Muay Thai , mixed martial arts and others sports involving strike attack striking in which all three judges agree on which fighter won the match. In boxing, each of the three judges keep score round by round of which fighter he she feels is winning and losing . A decision isn t required to be unanimous for a boxer to be given a victory. Unaninmous decision shouldn t be confused with a majority decision or split decision . A unanimous decision is also sometimes referred to as a win on points . Combat sports decisions Category Boxing rules and regulations ru ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 A Split Decision is a winning criterion in several full contact combat sport s, such as boxing , kickboxing , Muay Thai , mixed martial arts and others sports involving strike attack striking in which two of the three judges score for the same fighter as the winner, while the third judge scores for the other fighter. A split decision is different from a majority decision , which occurs when two judges pick the same fighter as the winner, while the third judge scores a draw evenly for both fighters . Note that the effect is the same in both split and majority decision with the difference being that the margin of victory is greater in a majority decision. A split decision is the closest possible result in fights where there is a winner and a loser. Many times, a split decision gives way to controversy due to its lack of unanimity . Combat sports decisions Category Boxing rules and regulations Split Decision ru ... more details
about decision theory the use in computer science decision rules In decision theory , a decision rule is a function which maps an observation to an appropriate action. Decision rules play an important role in the theory of statistics and economics , and are closely related to the concept of a strategy game theory strategy in game theory . In order to evaluate the usefulness of a decision rule, it is necessary to have a loss function detailing the outcome of each action under different states. Formal definition Given an observable random variable X over the probability space math scriptstyle mathcal X , Sigma, P theta math , determined by a parameter &theta &isin &Theta , and a set A of possible actions, a deterministic decision rule is a function &delta math scriptstyle mathcal X math &rarr A . Examples of decision rules An estimator is a decision rule used for estimating a parameter. In this case the set of actions is the parameter space, and a loss function details the cost of the discrepancy between the true value of the parameter and the estimated value. Out of sample prediction in Regression analysis regression and Statistical classification classification models. See also Admissible decision rule Bayes estimator Category Decision theory ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 unreferenced May 2007 For the company, see Decision Analyst company Decision analysts are people who use formal methods, particularly Generalized expected utility Expected Utility Theory , to assist others in decision making. DEFAULTSORT Decision Analyst Category Business and financial operations occupations Job stub ... more details
Decision theology is a label applied by some Lutherans to the practice within Christianity that individuals make a conscious decision to accept Jesus Christ . Those who oppose decision theology often use it in a derogatory sense and perceive it to be the opposite of monergism . However many fundamentalist s and evangelicalism evangelicals hold to a more stringent view of monergism than Lutherans and also encourage individuals to make a conscious decision to accept Jesus Christ. See also Altar call Monergism Sinner s prayer Synergism External links http www.soundwitness.org evangel a disc of decision.htm A Discussion of Experience and Decision in Relation to Salvation A Lutheran perspective http www.mtio.com articles bissar52.htm Theological Observer Charles Finney on Theology and Worship by Lawrence R. Rast, Jr. http www.extremetheology.com 2007 07 decision theolo.html Decision Theology Can you make a decision for Christ? Extreme Theology Category Christian soteriology Christian theology stub it Teologia decisionista sv Avg relseteologi ... more details
A set of decision rules is the verbal equivalent of a graphical decision tree , which specifies class membership based on a hierarchical sequence of contingent decisions. Each rule in a set of decision rules therefore generally takes the form of a Horn clause wherein class membership is implied by a conjunction of contingent observations. IF math condition 1 math AND math condition 2 math AND ... AND math condition n math THEN CLASS math class i math where math condition j math is in general contingent on the choice of math condition j 1 math . Decision rules can be transcribed from the corresponding decision tree, or can be induced directly from observations. Decision rules are commonly used in the medical field. For example, the Ottawa Ankle Rules guide obtaining radiographs for traumatic ankle pain. See also Category Decision trees Category Machine learning comp sci stub ... more details
An optimal decision is a decision such that no other available decision options will lead to a better outcome. It is an important concept in decision theory . In order to compare the different decision ... the outcome will be, the optimal decision maximizes the expected average utility. Sometimes, the equivalent ... of a particular decision outcome and not necessarily related to usefulness. For example, it may well be the optimal decision for someone to buy a sports car rather than a station wagon ... given the higher cost and lack of versatility of the sports car. In case the decision outcome is subject to uncertainty, an optimal decision is maximizing the Expected utility hypothesis expected utility . The problem of finding the optimal decision is a mathematical optimization problem. In practice ... decisions that are good enough. A more formal approach may be used when the decision is important ... simple intuitive approaches, such as with a large number of available decision options and a complex decision &ndash outcome relationship. Formal mathematical description Each decision math d math in a set math D math of available decision options will lead to an outcome math o f d math . All possible ... define the utility of a particular decision math d math as math U D d U O f d , math We can then define an optimal decision math d mathrm opt math as one that maximizes math U D d math math d mathrm ... the outcome math o math for every decision math d math assigning a utility math U O o math to every outcome math o math finding the decision math d math that maximizes math U D d math Under uncertainty ... decision, a probabilistic approach is necessary. In its most general form, it can be expressed as follows given a decision math d math , we know the probability distribution for the possible ... math p o d math . We can then calculate the expected utility of decision math d math as math U D d ..., pp 121 An optimal decision math d mathrm opt math is then one that maximizes math U D d math , just ... more details
Image DEFramework.png thumb Decision engineering framework Decision Engineering is a framework that unifies a number of best practice s for organizational decision making . It is based on the recognition that, in many organizations, decision making could be improved if a more structured approach were used. Decision engineering seeks to overcome a decision making complexity ceiling , which is characterized by a mismatch between the sophistication of organizational decision making practices and the complexity ... process, technical, and organizational Decision support system decision making tools , decision ..., decision engineering seeks to unify a number of decision making best practice s, creating a shared discipline and language for decision making that crosses multiple industries, both public and private ... article.php?id article 10235 The new science of decision engineering . Telecom Asia, September 2008. ref To accomplish this ambitious goal, decision engineering applies an engineering approach, building on the insight that it is possible to design the decision itself using many principles previously ... Benefits of CMMI ref As in previous engineering disciplines, the use of a Visual decision design visual design language representing decisions is emerging as an important element of decision engineering, since it provides an intuitive common language readily understood by all decision participants ... . In addition to visual decision design, there are two other aspects of engineering disciplines ... methodology of decision making is driven by a number of factors that organizations face ... based inability of current methods to solve decision making issues in practice comes from several ... to reduced warning times and compressed decision cycles. Director of National Intelligence http www.dni.gov ... Unlike other decision making tools and methodologies, decision engineering seeks to bring to bear a number of engineering practices to the process of creating a decision. These include requirements analysis ... more details
Infobox Journal titel Theory and Decision cover File Theory and Decision.jpg discipline Economics , Decision theory Decision Science multidisciplinary publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer frequency Quarterly history 1970 present website http www.springer.com economics economic theory journal 11238 ISSN 0040 5833 Theory and Decision is a peer review ed Multidisciplinarity multidisciplinary journal of Decision theory decision science published quarterly by Springer Science Business Media . It was first published in 1970. The current editor in chief is Mohammed Abdellaoui economist Mohammed Abdellaoui . The journal publishes research in fields such as economics , game theory , management science , and artificial intelligence . ref http www.springer.com economics economic theory journal 11238?detailsPage editorialBoard ref References Reflist External links http www.springer.com economics economic theory journal 11238 Website DEFAULTSORT Theory and Decision Category Economics journals Category Publications established in 1970 Category Springer academic journals Category Logic journals de Theory and Decision et Theory and Decision socialscience journal stub ... more details
about decision trees in decision analysis the use of the term in machine learning Decision tree learning A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree like Diagram graph or Causal model model ... . It is one way to display an algorithm . Decision trees are commonly used in operations research , specifically in decision analysis , to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a Objective goal goal . Another use of decision trees is as a descriptive means for calculating conditional ... verb, then we call the decision tree a computational verb decision tree. ref cite journal last Yang first T. title Computational Verb Decision Trees journal International Journal of Computational ... 2010 04 20 ref General In decision analysis , a decision tree and the closely related influence diagram is used as a visual and analytical decision support tool, where the expected value s or expected utility of competing alternatives are calculated. Decision trees have traditionally been created manually, as the following example shows Image Manual decision tree.jpg A decision Tree consists of 3 types of nodes 1. Decision nodes commonly represented by squares br 2. Chance nodes represented by circles br 3. End nodes represented by triangles Image Decision Tree Elements.png Image with unknown copyright status removed Image Decision Tree Elements.png deletable image caption 1 Thursday, 17 July 2008 Drawn from left to right, a decision tree has only burst nodes splitting paths but no sink ... to draw fully by hand. Analysis can take into account the decision maker s e.g., the company s preference ... a third strategy, Neither A nor B . Influence diagram A decision tree can be represented more compactly ... represents results. Uses in teaching Expand section date March 2009 Decision trees, influence diagrams , utility function s, and other decision analysis tools and methods are taught to undergraduate ... research or management science methods. Advantages Amongst decision support tools, decision ... more details
Decision Analysis DA is the discipline comprising the philosophy , theory , methodology , and professional practice necessary to address important Decision making decisions in a formal manner. Decision ..., and formally assessing important aspects of a decision, for prescribing a recommended course of action by applying the maximum expected utility action axiom to a well formed representation of the decision, and for translating the formal representation of a decision and its corresponding recommendation into insight for the Decision making decision maker and other Stakeholder corporate stakeholders . History and Methodology The term decision analysis was coined in 1964 by Ronald A. Howard , ref cite conference author Howard, Ronald A. title Decision Analysis Applied Decision Theory conference ... url http decision.stanford.edu library ronald a. howard Decision 20Analysis 20Applied 20Decision 20Theory.pdf ... of decision analysis problems commonly use influence diagrams and decision trees . Both of these tools represent the alternatives available to the Decision making decision maker , the uncertainty ... . The Decision making decision maker s attitude to risk is represented by utility function s and their attitude ... functions can be replaced by the probability of achieving uncertain aspiration levels. Decision analysis advocates choosing that decision whose consequences have the maximum expected utility or which maximize the probability of achieving the uncertain aspiration level . Such decision analytic ... and dispute resolution , etc. Decision analysis is used by major corporations to make multi billion ... Prizes and Awards Decision Analysis Society DAS Practice Award Decision Analysis Society Practice Award for its use of decision analysis in all major decisions. In a http www.youtube.com chevron p u 12 JRCxZA6ay3M video detailing Chevron s use of decision analysis, Chevron Vice Chairman George Kirkland notes that decision analysis is a part of how Chevron does business for a simple, but powerful ... more details
About a Biblical place the 1945 film The Valley of Decision The Valley of Decision is a name given to the Valley of Jehoshaphat as the vale of the sentence. It was the scene of Jehovah s signal inflictions on Zion s enemies ref bibleref Joel 3 14 ref . References reflist Category Hebrew Bible valleys bible stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In a statistical classification statistical classification problem with two classes, a decision boundary or decision surface is a hypersurface that partitions the underlying vector space into two sets, one for each class. The classifier will classify all the points on one side of the decision boundary as belonging to one class and all those on the other side as belonging to the other class. If the decision surface is a hyperplane , then the classification problem is linear, and the classes are linearly separable . Decision boundaries are not always clear cut. That is, the transition from one class in the feature space to another is not discontinuous, but gradual. This effect is common in fuzzy logic based classification algorithms, where membership in one class or another is ambiguous. In ANNs and SVMs In the case of backpropagation based artificial neural network s or perceptron s, the type of decision boundary that the network can learn is determined by the number of hidden layers the network has. If it has no hidden layers, then it can only learn linear problems. If it has one hidden layer, then it can learn problems with convex decision boundaries and some concave decision boundaries . The network can learn more complex problems if it has two or more hidden layers. In particular, support vector machine s find a hyperplane that separates the feature space into two classes with the maximum margin hyperplane maximum margin . If the problem is not originally linearly separable, the kernel trick is used to turn it into a linearly separable one, by increasing the number of dimensions. Thus a general hypersurface in a small dimension space is turned into a hyperplane in a space with much larger dimensions. Neural networks try to learn the decision boundary which minimizes the empirical error, while support vector machines try to learn the decision boundary which gives the best generalization. DEFAULTSORT Decision Boundary C ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Decision lists are a representation for Boolean functions ref Rivest R. 1987 Learning decision lists Machine Learning pp. 229 246 ref . Single term decision lists are more expressive than disjunctions and conjunctions , however 1 term decision lists are less expressive than the general disjunctive normal form and the conjunctive normal form . The language specified by a k length decision list includes as a subset the language specified by a k depth decision tree . Learning decision lists can be used for attribute efficient learning ref A. Klivans and R. Servedio. 2004 Toward Attribute Efficient Learning of Decision Lists and Parities. Seventeenth Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory COLT , 2004, pp. 234 248. ref . Definition A decision list DL of length math r math is of the form if math f 1 math then output math b 1 math else if math f 2 math then output math b 2 math ... else if math f r math then output math b r math where math f i math is the math i math th formula and math b i math is the math i math th boolean for math i in 1...r math . The last if then else is the default case, which means formula math f r math is always equal to true. A math k math DL is a decision list where all of formulas have at most math k math terms. Sometimes decision list is used to refer to a 1 DL, where all of the formulas are either a variable or its negation. References references AI stub Category Artificial intelligence Category Machine learning ... more details
Image Decision Problem.png thumb 200px A decision problem has only two possible outputs, yes or no or alternately 1 or 0 on any input. In computability theory and computational complexity theory , a decision ... y ? is a decision problem. The answer can be either yes or no , and depends upon the values of x and y . Decision problems are closely related to function problems , which can have answers that are more ... the best answer to a particular problem. A method for solving a decision problem given in the form of an algorithm is called a decision procedure for that problem. A decision procedure for the decision ... to many school children. If the remainder is zero the answer produced is yes , otherwise it is no . A decision ... of computational complexity categorizes decidable decision problems by how difficult they are to solve ... undecidable decision problems by Turing degree , which is a measure of the noncomputability inherent in any solution. Research in computability theory has typically focused on decision problems. As explained in the section decision problem Equivalence with function problems Equivalence with function problems below, there is no loss of generality. Definition A decision problem is any arbitrary ... the decision problem equivalently as the set of inputs for which the problem returns yes . These inputs ... be encoded as natural numbers. Thus, a decision problem informally phrased in terms of a formal language ... in terms of subsets of the natural numbers. Formally, a decision problem is a subset of the natural .... Examples A classic example of a decidable decision problem is the set of prime numbers. It is possible ... A decision problem A is called decidable or effectively solvable if A is a recursive set . A problem ... . The halting problem is an important undecidable decision problem for more examples, see list of undecidable problems . Complete problems main Complete problem Decision problems can be ordered ... time reduction s. A decision problem P is said to be complete problem complete for a set of decision ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image DD Logo.jpg thumb Decison Downloading Decision downloading ref name Clampitt,P. 2007 Clampitt,P. & Williams, M. 2007 Decision Downloading, MIT Sloan Management Review, Jan 1, 2 ref refers to communicating a decision to those who have not been involved in the decision making process. The term decision downloading is used to set apart those special situations in which decision makers communicate a decision that has already been made. The communicators cannot, for whatever reason, keep everyone informed in real time about the decision making process. ref name Clampitt,P. 2007 Types of downloaders Decision downloaders can be classified into three groups robust, restricted, and remedial. ref name ReferenceA Clampitt,P. & Williams, M. 2007 Decision Downloading, MIT Sloan Management Review, Jan 1, 9 ref Robust downloaders discuss a how the decision was made b why it was made ... issues, while remedial downloaders discuss few of them. ref name ReferenceA Robust decision downloaders ... organization wide change. Group and Organization Studies, 16, 5 24. ref Typical decision downloading ... to shareholders and other interested parties becomes a decision downloading situation. Union and management .... Announcing the agreement becomes a decision downloading situation. An executive level task ... contribution levels. Announcing the plan becomes a decision downloading situation. In each situation, the decision makers either by choice or by prior agreement do not involve others in the decision making process. Discussions leading to the decision are often deep, nuanced and sometimes contentious .... Simply put, the nature of the decision making process and the features of the decision itself often make any subsequent communications about the decision extraordinarily difficult. All too often, the subsequent communications are an afterthought borne out of psychological exhaustion from the decision making process itself. ref name Clampitt,P. 2007 Consequently, decision makers frequently ... more details
A decision matrix is a list of values in rows and columns that allows an ologist to systematically identify, analyze, and rate the performance of relationships between sets of values and information. Elements of a decision matrix show decisions based on certain decision criteria. The matrix is useful for looking at large masses of decision factors and assessing each factor s relative significance. Decision matrix is used to describe a multi criteria decision analysis MCDA problem. An MCDA problem, where there are M alternative options and each need to be assessed on Q criteria, can be described by the decision matrix which has M rows and N columns, or M N elements, as shown in the following table. Each element, such as X sub ij sub , is either a single numerical value or a single grade, representing the performance of alternative i on criterion j . For example, if alternative i is car i , criterion j is engine quality assessed by five grades Exceptional, Average, Beginner, Below Average, Terrible , and Car i is assessed to be Even on Shape Size etc. , then X sub ij sub Good . These assessments may be replaced by scores, from .3 to .18 Sums of scores may then be compare, ranked, to show the losing proposal. class wikitable Example of Comparison Criterion 1 Criterion 2 ... Criterion N Alternative 1 x sub 11 sub x sub 12 sub ... x sub 1 N sub Alternative 2 x sub 21 sub x sub 22 sub ... x sub 2 N sub ... ... ... X sub ij sub Good ... Alternative M x sub M 1 sub x sub M 2 sub ... x sub MN sub Sum Rank Status To copy No To merge No See also Belief decision matrix Decision matrix method Category Decision theory ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name The Decision Cover TheDecision.jpg Artist Young Knives from Album Voices of Animals and Men Released November 21, 2005 br October 30, 2006 re issue Format CD , Download , 7 vinyl Recorded Genre Indie rock Length 3 23 Label Transgressive Records Producer Last single This single The Decision br 2005 Next single Here Comes the Rumour Mill br 2006 Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Type Single Cover TheDecision2006.jpg Lower caption 2006 re issue cover The Decision was the first single from England English indie rock band Young Knives and is featured on their debut album , Voices of Animals and Men . It was originally released on November 21, 2005 and did not chart. However, the re issue released on October 30, 2006 reached a peak position of 60 in the UK Singles Chart . Track listing 2005 release The Decision 3 23 Big Red Rope 3 03 2006 release The Decision 3 23 Brochures Young Knives DEFAULTSORT Decision, The Category 2005 singles Category 2006 singles 2000s rock song stub ... more details
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