Cutin is one of two wax y polymers that are the main components of the plant cuticle , which covers all aerial surfaces of plant s. The other major cuticle polymer is cutan , which is much more readily taphonomy preserved in the fossil record, ref name Briggs1999 citation last Briggs first D.E.G. year 1999 title Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles selective preservation and diagenesis journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 354 issue 1379 pages 7 17 url http journals.royalsociety.org index 7TTY8KM0Y9PADF1X.pdf doi 10.1098 rstb.1999.0356 ref . Cutin consists of omega hydroxy acid s and their derivatives, which are interlinked via ester bonds, forming a polyester polymer of indeterminate size. There are two major monomer families of cutin, the C16 and C18 families. The C16 family consists mainly of Palmitic acid 16 hydroxy palmitic acid and 9,16 or 10,16 dihydroxypalmitic acid. The C18 family consists mainly of oleic acid 18 hydroxyoleic acid , stearic acid 9,10 epoxy 18 hydroxystearic acid , and 9,10,18 trihydroxystearate. ref name Holloway1982 Holloway, PJ 1982 . The chemical constitution of plant cutins . In Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE 1982 The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press London, pp 45 85. ref Cutin is sometimes confused with suberin . fact date March 2009 References reflist botany stub Category Polyesters Category Plant anatomy Category Plant physiology bg de Cutin fr Cutine io Kutino id Kutin it Cuticola lt Kutinas nl Cutine pl Kutyna fi Kutiini uk ... more details
Cutan is one of two polymer s which occur in the plant cuticle cuticle of some plants. The other and better known polymer is Cutin . Cutan is believed to be a hydrocarbon polymer, whereas cutin is a polyester , but the structure and synthesis of cutan are not yet fully understood. Cutin is not present in as many plants as once thought for instance it is absent in Ginkgo . ref name Briggs1999 Cite journal last Briggs first D.E.G. year 1999 title Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles selective preservation and diagenesis journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 354 issue 1379 pages 7 17 url http journals.royalsociety.org index 7TTY8KM0Y9PADF1X.pdf doi 10.1098 rstb.1999.0356 postscript None ref Cutan was first detected as a non saponification saponifiable component, resistant to de esterification by alkaline hydrolysis , that increases in amount in cuticles of some species such as Clivia miniata as they reach maturity, apparently replacing the cutin secreted in the early stages of cuticle development Schmidt and Sch nherr, 1982 . Evidence that cutan is a hydrocarbon polymer comes from the fact that its flash pyrolysis products are a characteristic homologous series of paired alkane s and alkene s Nip et al. 1986 Its preservation potential is much greater than that of cutin. ref name Briggs1999 References reflist Schmidt, H. W. and Sch nherr, J. 1982 Development of plant cuticles occurrence and role of non ester bonds in cutin of Clivia miniata Reg. leaves, Planta, 156, pp. 380 384. Nip, M., Tegelaar, E. W., de Leeuw, J. W., Schenck, P. A., and Holloway, P. J. 1986 A new non saponifiable highly aliphatic and resistant bioploymer in plant cuticles. Evidence from pyrolysis and sup 13 sup C NMR analysis of present day and fossil plants. Naturwissenschaften, 73, pp. 579 585. Further reading cite doi 10.1016 j.orggeochem.2004.10.017 Category Organic polymers Category Plant anatomy Category Plant physiology Category Fossi ... more details
Omega hydroxy acids also known as hydroxy acids are a class of naturally occurring straight chain aliphatic organic acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n . The C16 and C18 omega hydroxy acids 16 hydroxy palmitic acid and 18 hydroxy stearic acid are key monomers of cutin in the plant cuticle . ref name kolattukudy1972a P. E. Kolattukudy, T. J. Walton 1972 Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves. Biochemistry. 11, 10 ,1897 1907 ref ref name Soliday1977 C. L. Soliday and P. E. Kolattukudy 1977 Biosynthesis of Cutin hydroxylation of fatty acids by a microsomal preparation from germinating Vicia faba . Plant Physiology 59, 6 , 1116 1121. ref The polymer cutin is formed by inter esterification of omega hydroxy acids and derivatives of them that are substituted in mid chain, such as 10,16 dihydroxy palmitic acid. ref name Walton1972 T.J. Walton TJ and P.E. Kolattukudy 1972 Enzymatic conversion of 16 hydroxypalmitic acid into 10,16 dihydroxypalmitic acid in Vicia faba epidermal extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Communications 46, 1 , 16 21 ref ref name Holloway1982 P. J. Holloway 1982 The chemical constitution of plant cutins. p45 85 in In The Plant Cuticle . ed. by DF Cutler, KL Alvin and CE Price. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0 12 199920 3 ref Only the epidermal cells of plants synthesize cutin. ref name Kolattukudy1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83 108 ref References reflist Category Hydroxy acids Category Plant physiology organic compound stub ... more details
EC number 3.1.1.74 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction cutin H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math cutin monomers Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are cutin and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its product chemistry product is cutin monomer. This enzyme .... The systematic name of this enzyme class is cutin hydrolase . Aerial plant organs are protected by a cuticle composed of an insoluble polymeric structural compound, cutin , which is a polyester composed ... cutin, facilitating fungus penetration through the cuticle. Inhibition of the enzyme can prevent fungal infection through intact cuticles. Cutin monomers released from the cuticle by small amounts ... more details
Taxobox name Cut n De Quito image Pristimantis unistrigatus.jpg status LC status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Amphibia ordo Anura familia Leptodactylidae genus Eleutherodactylus species E. unistrigatus binomial Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus binomial authority Gunther, 1859 synonyms Hylodes lehmanni Boettger, 1892 div div Prostherapis equatorialis Barbour, 1908 div div Syrrhophus coeruleus Andersson, 1945 The Cut n De Quito Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus is a species of frog in the Leptodactylidae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador . Its natural habitat s are subtropical or tropical moist montane s, subtropical or tropical high altitude shrubland , subtropical or tropical high altitude grassland , arable land , pastureland, plantation s , rural gardens, urban area s, and heavily degraded former forest. References Coloma, L.A., Ron, S., Rodr guez, L., Martinez, J.L., Y nez Mu oz, M. & Almand riz, A. 2004. http www.iucnredlist.org apps redlist details 57024 0 Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 22 July 2007. DEFAULTSORT Cutin De Quito Category Eleutherodactylus Eleutherodactylus stub fr Pristimantis unistrigatus nl Bronskikker pt Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus vi Cut n De Quito ... more details
Image Kale2.jpg thumb right 250px Water beads on the waxy cuticle of kale leaves File Leaf anatomy.svg 500px thumb right Anatomy of a leaf Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the Epidermis botany epidermal cells ref name Kolattukudy 1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83 108 ref of leaf leaves , young shoots and all other aerial plant organ s without periderm . The cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf, but is not always thicker in xerophyte xerophytic plants living in dry climates than in mesophyte mesophytic plants from wetter climates, despite a persistent myth to that effect. The cuticle is composed of an insoluble cuticular membrane impregnated by and covered with soluble wax es. Cutin , a polyester polymer composed of inter esterified omega hydroxy acid s which are cross linked by ester and epoxide bonds, is the best known structural component of the cuticular membrane. ref name Holloway 1982 Holloway, PJ 1982 The chemical constitution of plant cutins. In Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, pp. 45 85 ref ref name Stark Stark, RE and Tian, S 2006 The cutin biopolymer matrix. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing ref The cuticle can also contain a non saponifiable hydrocarbon polymer known as Cutan . ref Tegelaar 1989 Tegelaar, EW, et al. 1989 Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave americana L., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 15, 29 54 ref The cuticular membrane is impregnated with cuticular waxes ref name Jetteretal 2006 Jetter, R, Kunst, L & Samuels, AL 2006 Composition of plant cuticular waxes. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Bla ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 Ergastic substances are non protoplasm materials found in Cell biology cells . The living protoplasm of a cell is sometimes called the bioplasm and distinct from the ergastic substances of the cell. The latter are usually organic or inorganic substances that are products of metabolism, and include crystals, oil drops, gums, tannin s, resins and other compounds that can aid the organism in defense, maintenance of cellular structure, or just substance storage. Ergastic substances may appear in the protoplasm , in vacuole s, or in the cell wall . Carbohydrates Cellulose and starch are the main ergastic substances of plant cells. Cellulose is the chief component of the cell wall, and starch occurs as a reserve material in the protoplasm. Starch, as starch grains , arise almost exclusively in plastid s, especially leucoplast s and amyloplast s. Proteins Although protein s are the main component of living protoplasm, proteins can occur as inactive, ergastic bodies&mdash in an amorphous or crystalline or crystalloid form. A well known amorphous ergastic protein is gluten . Fats and oils Fat s lipid s and oils are widely distributed in plant tissues. Substances related to fats&mdash wax es, suberin , and cutin &mdash occur as protective layers in or on the cell wall. Crystals Animals eliminate excess inorganic materials plants mostly deposit such material in their tissues. Such mineral matter is mostly salts of calcium and anhydrides of silica . Raphides are a type of elongated crystalline form of calcium oxalate aggregated in bundles within a plant cell. Because of the needle like form, large numbers in the tissue of, say, a leaf can render the leaf unpalatable to herbivores see Dieffenbachia and taro . References reflist Category Cell anatomy pl Substancje ergastyczne simple Ergastic substance ... more details
taxobox image Halothamnus somalensis, herbarium sheet.JPG regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Core eudicots ordo Caryophyllales familia Amaranthaceae subfamilia Salsoloideae genus Halothamnus species H. somalensis binomial Halothamnus somalensis binomial authority N.E.Br. Botsch. Halothamnus somalensis is a species of the plant genus Halothamnus , that is now included into the family Amaranthaceae , formerly Chenopodiaceae . Morphology Halothamnus somalensis is a thorny shrub 30 90 cm high, with olive green branches, that partly turn black when drying. The semiterete, tiny leaves are appressed to the branches, and only 0,5 3 mm long. The flowers are 3,0 4,7 mm long. The winged fruit is 8 12,5 mm in diameter, their wings never turning black even on blackened plants. The bottom of the fruit tube has very small linear grooves located near the periphery, lacking any prominent radial veins. gallery file Halothamnus somalensis fruit 1.JPG fruit lateral view file Halothamnus somalensis fruit 2.JPG fruit bottom gallery Anatomy Halothamnus somalensis has Epidermis botany epidermis walls with an outer cutin ized layer in addition to the cuticle itself. It is the only species of the genus that shows this anatomical feature. ref name Southwest Asia Gabriele Kothe Heinrich The genus Halothamnus Chenopodiaceae in Southwest Asia. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi 9, 1991, p.43 52. ref Distribution Halothamnus somalensis is Endemism endemic in Djibouti , Somalia and dry areas of Ethiopia . Similar plants from the Arabian peninsula belong to Halothamnus bottae ssp. niger . ref name Southwest Asia It grows in in open thorny savanna on sandy, clayey or rocky ground, from 0 1750 m above sea level. Uses The roots of Halothamnus somalensis are traditionally used as a medicine plant against parasitic worm diseases in animals or humans. ref http www.cababstractsplus.org abstracts Abstract.aspx?AcNo 20053127058 Dawo, F. & Tibbo, M. Anthelmintic effect ... more details
with a plant cuticle cuticle made of epicuticular wax waxes and the polyester cutin . Several cell ... are thought to be the only plant cells with the biochemical capacity to synthesize cutin. ref name Kolattukudy 1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity ... more details
Image Stem histology cross section tag.svg thumb right 250px Cross section of a flax plant stem br 1. en pith Pith , br 2. en protoxylem Protoxylem , br 3. en xylem Xylem I, br 4. en phloem Phloem I, br 5. en Sclerenchyma Sclerenchyma en bast fibre bast fibre , br 6. en Cortex botany Cortex , br 7. en epidermis botany Epidermis The epidermis is a single layered group of cells that covers plants leaf leaves , flowers , roots and Plant stem stems . It forms a boundary between the plant and the external world. The epidermis serves several functions, it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and especially in roots absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy the upper adaxial and lower abaxial surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering. Description The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body , it is the dermal tissue system of leaves diagrammed below , stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds it is usually transparency optics transparent epidermal cells lack chloroplasts, except for the guard cells. The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick. Some plants like Ficus elastica and Peperomia , which have periclinal cellular division within the protoderm of the leaves, have an epidermis with multiple cell layers. Epidermal cells are tightly linked to each other and provide mechanical strength and protection to the plant. The walls of the epidermal cells of the above ground parts of plants contain cutin , and are covered with a Plant cuticle cuticle . The cuticle reduces water loss to the atmosphere, it is sometimes covered with wax in smooth sheets or long filaments. Thick wax layers give ... more details
For the 1981 motion picture Polyester film Cleanup date March 2008 File SEMexample.jpg thumb Scanning electron microscope SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven lobed cross section File Polyester Shirt, close up.jpg thumb Close up of a polyester shirt File Speaker cover lycra structure.jpg thumb Supermacro closeup of a speaker cover fabric Polyester is a category of polymer s which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Although there are many polyesters, the term polyester as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate PET . Polyesters include naturally occurring chemicals, such as in the cutin of plant cuticle s, as well as synthetics through step growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate . Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not. Depending on the chemical structure polyester can be a thermoplastic or thermoset , however the most common polyesters are thermoplastics. ref Citation last Rosato first Dominick V. last2 Rosato first2 Donald V. title Plastic product material and process selection handbook publisher Elsevier page 85 year 2004 url http books.google.com ?id Lqk5QgGoWFkC isbn 9781856174312 last3 Rosato first3 Matthew V. ref Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets and upholstered furniture. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tyre reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high energy absorption. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. While synthetic clothing in general is perceived by many as having a less natural feel compared to fabrics woven from natural fibres such as cotton and wool , polyester fabrics can provide s ... more details
Cleanup date May 2007 mergeto organic matter date July 2008 Natural organic matter NOM is broken down organic matter that comes from plant s and animal s in the natural environment environment . ref Natural Organic Matter, GreenFacts, 22 Apr, 2007 http www.greenfacts.org glossary mno natural organic matter NOM.htm. ref NOM is a collective term, assigned to the realm of all of this broken down organic matter. Basic structures are created from cellulose , tannin , cutin , and lignin , along with other various proteins , lipids , and sugars . NOM is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet. These two processes help to ensure the continuance of life on Earth . How NOM is created All living and growing matter on this planet contains organic components. Different types of matter include human s, animals, plants, and microorganism s. After the living matter dies, it decomposes. The organic matter from them and their excretions is broken down through an unknown reactive process into natural organic matter. Larger molecules of NOM can be formed from the polymerization of different parts of already broken down matter. The relative size, shape, and composition of a molecule of NOM is very random. NOM can vary greatly, depending on its origin, transformation mode, age, and existing environment, thus its bio physico chemical functions and properties vary with different environments. ref name Nicola Senesi 2006 Nicola Senesi, Baoshan Xing, and P.M. Huang, Biophysico Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems, New York IUPAC, 2006. ref Natural ecosystem functions Natural organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem . After degrading and reacting, it can then move into soil and mainstream water via waterflow. NOM forms molecules that contain nutrients as it passes through soil and water. It provides nutrition to living plant and animal species. NO ... more details
with cutin and wax , forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle . Secondary cell walls ... may also contain suberin or cutin , two polyester like polymers that protect the cell from herbivores ... more details
main Brazing class wikitable sortable width 2000px Composition Family Cu Zn Ag Au Pd Pt Ti Cr Mo W Mn Fe Co Ni Cd Sn Al B Si P other Liquidus Solidus liquidus br point C Toxic Comments Al sub 94.75 sub Si sub 5.25 sub Al 94.75 5.25 575 630 ref name indbrapra BAlSi 1 , AL 101 Al sub 92.5 sub Si sub 7.5 sub Al 92.5 7.5 575 615 ref name indbrapra AL 102 Al sub 90 sub Si sub 10 sub Al 90 10 575 590 ref name indbrapra BAlSi 5 , AL 103 Al sub 88 sub Si sub 12 sub Al 88 12 575 585 ref name indbrapra br 577 582 ref http www.matweb.com search DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID 073c6ecdeb844133b32beb023fafe5f9 AL 718 Aluminum Brazing Filler Metal ref BAlSi 4 , AL 104 , AL 718 . Free flowing, most fluid of aluminium filler metals. General purpose filler metal, can be used with brazeable aluminiums in all types of brazing. For joining aluminium and its alloys. Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. Excellent corrosion resistance when joining aluminium metals. Grayish white color. Al sub 86 sub Si sub 10 sub Cu sub 4 sub Al 4 86 10 520 585 ref name indbrapra BAlSi 3 , AL 201 , AL 716 . General purpose filler metal, can be used with brazeable aluminiums in all types of brazing. For joining aluminium and its alloys. Good corrosion resistance. Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. Tendency to liquation, has to be heated rapidly through the melting range. Grayish white color. Al sub 88.75 sub Si sub 9.75 sub Mg sub 1.5 sub Al 88.75 9.75 Mg sub 1.5 sub 555 590 ref name indbrapra AL 301 . Suitable for vacuum brazing. Al sub 88.65 sub Si sub 9.75 sub Mg sub 1.5 sub Bi sub 0.1 sub Al 88.65 9.75 Mg sub 1.5 sub Bi sub 0.1 sub 555 590 ref name indbrapra AL 302 . Suitable for vacuum brazing. Al sub 76 sub Cu sub 4 sub Zn sub 10 sub Si sub 10 sub Al 4 10 76 10 516 560 ref http www.matweb.com search DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID a1330fcba9 ... more details
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