File Cryosphere Fuller Projection.png thumb right 300px Overview of the Cryosphere and its larger components, from the http maps.grida.no go graphic cryosphere UN Environment Programme Global Outlook for Ice and Snow . The cryosphere from the Ancient Greek Greek lang grc cryos cold , frost or ice is the term which collectively describes the portions of the Earth s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice , lake ice, river ice , snow cover, glaciers , ice cap s and ice sheet s, and frozen ground which includes permafrost . Thus there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedback s generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, cloud s, Precipitation meteorology ..., the cryosphere plays a significant role in global climate and in climate model response to global .... ref The role of snow cover in modulating the monsoon is just one example of a short term cryosphere ... cryosphere climate feedbacks in the global climate system. These operate over ... extent of any component of the cryosphere, with a mean maximum areal extent of approximately 47 million ... Zhang et al., 2003 and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere ... Slaymaker and Richard E J Kelly. The cryosphere and global environmental change. Malden, Mass. Blackwell ... geo geo ice Global Outlook for Ice and Snow Assessment on the state and future of the Cryosphere, by the UN Environment Programme, June 2007 http maps.grida.no go graphic cryosphereCryosphere overview map, from the UN Environment Programme http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois Cryosphere Today http www.ccin.ca Canadian Cryospheric Information Network http www.socc.ca State of the Canadian Cryosphere http nsidc.org cryosphere ... simple Cryosphere sk Kryosf ra sl Kriosfera uk ... more details
Continental Glaciers and Ice Sheets Marine and Freshwater Ice Cryosphere, Atmosphere and Climate ... scientific problems of the cryosphere that are timely and well constrained. Recent examples include ... more details
Stange Ice Shelf coord 73 15 S 076 30 W scale 2000000 display inline,title , is an Antarctic ice shelf in Stange Sound , English Coast , bounded to the east by Spaatz Island , to the northwest by Smyley Island , and to the west by fast ice in Carroll Inlet . Named in association with Stange Sound. ref name USGSgnisstange cite web url gnis3 type antarid 14471 title Stange Ice Shelf work Geographic Names Information System publisher United States Geological Survey accessdate 2009 11 06 ref In contrast to the some other ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula , for example the Larsen Ice Shelf , the Stange Ice Shelf has been relatively stable. ref name cook2009 cite journal author Cook A.J., Vaughan D.G. title Overview of areal changes of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years journal The Cryosphere Discuss volume 3 pages 579 630 year 2009 url http www.the cryosphere discuss.net 3 579 2009 tcd 3 579 2009.html ref See also Ice shelves of Antarctica References reflist usgs gazetteer Category Ice shelves of Antarctica Category West Antarctica WAntarctica geo stub ... more details
420 hysj 42 02 0131.pdf ref The Cryosphere Focus Group of the American Geophysical Union hosts a Nye Lecture each year at its fall meeting. ref http www.agu.org focus group cryosphere nye History.html AGU Cryosphere Focus Group Nye Lecture History . American Geophysical Union website. Accessed 2009 ... more details
MarsGeo Valley name Mangala Valles latitude 11.6 N or S S longitude 151.0 E or W W length 828.0 naming Word for Mars in Sanskrit. Mangala Valles is a complex system of criss crossing channels on Mars , located in the Tharsis Tharsis region originating in the Martian geologic timescale Amazonian epoch . Mangala comes from the word for Mars in Sanskrit . The channels were probably carved by water many thousands of years ago and lack tributaries . It appears that the water started coming out of the surface when a graben was formed. ref http www.msss.com http ps channels channels.html ref ref name Carr2006 cite book author Michael H. Carr title The surface of Mars url http books.google.com books?id uLHlJ6sjohwC accessdate 21 March 2011 year 2006 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521872010 ref It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere layer of frozen ground , then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by the graben. ref Carr, M. 1979. Formation of martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84 2995 3007. ref ref ISBN 13 978 0 521 87501 0 ref ref Hanna, J. and R. Phillips. 2005. Tectonic pressurization of aquifers in the formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars. LPSC XXXVI. Abstract 2261. ref There are many wind sculpted ridges or yardang s covering many of the surfaces in the Mangala Vallis region. ref http photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov catalog PIA03827 Catalog Page for PIA03827 ref ref http www.uapress.arizona.edu onlinebks mars chap12.htm The Planet Mars A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 12 Mariner 9. University of Arizona Press ref The Mangala Valles is referred to in Michael Crichton s book Sphere novel Sphere . This canyon is described in Sphere, to be 2,500 miles long and two and a half miles deep ten times the length and twice the depth of the Grand Canyon. gallery Image Wikimemnoniamap.JPG Map of ... more details
of the cryosphere in the Earth system. NSIDC contributes to a number of international programs. Most ... , and the World Climate Research Programme WCRP , including Climate and Cryosphere CliC , Global Energy ... more details
The IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society GRSS is a professional society of the IEEE , active in the fields of geoscience and remote sensing . ref name IEEE GRSS Home Fields of Interest From the IEEE GRSS website The fields of interest of the Society are the theory, concepts, and techniques of science and engineering as they apply to the remote sensing of the earth , ocean s, atmosphere , and space , as well as the processing, interpretation and dissemination of this information. Fields of interest by category Remote Sensing of Land The advances of desertification is a menace to agriculture and urban settlements in many areas of the world. Urban areas, natural resource s and crop monitoring and critical for our development and sustainability . Oceanic Remote Sensing Oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth s surface and contain 97 percent of the planet s water. Oceans contain the largest food and energy stocks, necessary for the development of an increasing population, and play an integral role in many of the Earth s systems including climate and weather . Atmospheric Remote Sensing Hurricane Katrina Katrina s hurricane is a clear example of a devastating event due to an uncontrolled atmospheric event . Predicting hurricane trajectories helps save hundreds of lives and goods. Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere The cryosphere contains an immense amount of solid water. During the past decades the amount of ice has been continuously decreasing, while the mean sea level has been slightly rising. Cryospheric monitoring provides the clues of the past of our planet, and may provide a clear indication of its future. Analysis Techniques Data gathered from a number of remote sensor s must be processed before it is converted into useful information. Classification techniques help in this process. EM and Radiative Transfer Remote Sensors are all based on some sort of electromagnetic phenomena scattering or emission . Understanding the propagation of the electromagnetic waves and ... more details
Japanese name Ohmura Nihongo Atsumu Ohmura mura Atsumu born 1942 is a Japan ese climatologist , known for his contributions to the theory of global dimming . Ohmura was born in the Bunkyo, Tokyo Bunky ward of Tokyo in 1942. In 1965 he graduated with a B.Sc from the University of Tokyo and in 1969 received an M.Sc from McGill University . He later received a Dr.sc.nat from the ETH Zurich . Ohmura is a professor emeritus of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science at ETH Zurich, where he was the leader of the institute s climate research group. The group has strong interests in the planetary boundary layer and the cryosphere including its interaction with the atmosphere and ocean. The group maintains a general circulation model. Ohmura also initiated the Baseline Surface Radiation Network BSRN . External links http fm eth.ethz.ch eth peoplefinder FMPro? db whoiswho.fp5& format who 5fdetail 5fen.html& lay html& sortfield who 5fname&who 5fstatus 0& op cn&who 5fname 5ffirstname ohmura& max 20& recid 34725& find Biography http iacweb.ethz.ch staff ohmura Personal webpage Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Ohmura, Atsumu ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ohmura, Atsumu Category 1942 births Category Living people Category Climatologists Category Japanese scientists japan scientist stub climate bio stub de Atsumu mura es Atsumu mura ja ... more details
Infobox journal title Climate Dynamics cover File Climate Dynamics.jpg editor J. C.Duplessy, E.K. Schneider, S. Corti, B.P. Kirtman discipline Meteorology language English abbreviation publisher Springer country Germany frequency monthly history openaccess impact 4.046 2008 impact year website http www.springer.com earth sciences geophysics journal 382 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 1432 0894 link1 name Online Access link2 link2 name RSS http www.springerlink.com content 1432 0894?sortorder asc&export rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0930 7575 eISSN 1432 0894 Climate Dynamics is a peer reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science Business Media ref http www.springer.com 382 Journal s homepage ref . It covers papers on all apects of the dynamics of the global climate systems. Topics analytical and numerical modeling research on the structure and behavior of the atmosphere , oceans , cryosphere , biomass and land surface as interacting components of the dynamics of global climate . The journal also publishes reviews and papers emphasizing an integrated view of the physical and biogeochemical processes governing climate and climate change. Impact Factor The journal has an impact factor of 4.046 2008 ,Rank 5 of 52 in Subject Category Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences Editorial Board Editors in Chief Dr. J C Duplessy, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Professor E. K. Schneider , George Mason University , Calverton, MD, USA Dr. Susanna Corti, ISAC CNR, Bologna , Italy Dr. Ben Kirtman, University of Miami , FL, USA Complete Editorial Board ref http www.springer.com earth sciences geophysics journal 382?detailsPage editorialBoard Editorial Board ref References Reflist External links http www.springer.com Springer Category English language journals Category Meteorology Category Climate Category Earth and atmospheric sciences journals ... more details
and 50 in the Arctic. ref http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow Cryosphere Today , University of Illinois ref Climatic importance Methane restraint Main Arctic methane ... to the maximum recorded of convert 16020000 km sqmi sigfig 4 abbr on . ref name cryosphere ... the average, reflecting the poorer quality of the remaining ice packs. ref name cryosphere http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere The Cryosphere Today ref The northernmost ice edge ever was recorded ... Navigator . http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphereCryosphere Today current Arctic sea ice conditions ... more details
MarsGeo Valley name Cerberus Fossae image image Cerberus fossae.jpg 200px caption A 3km section of the Cerberus Fossae fissure, taken by the Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC latitude 11.9 N or S N longitude 188.8 E or W W length 1,630.0 km naming From albedo feature br at 10n, 212W. Changed br from Cerberus Rupes. The Cerberus Fossae are a series of semi parallel fissures on Mars formed by faults which pulled the crust apart in the Cerberus region 9 N, 197 W . Ripples seen at the bottom of the fault are sand blown by the wind http photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov catalog PIA05498 . The underlying cause for the faulting was magma pressure related to the formation of the Elysium Volcanic field, located to the northwest. The faults pass through pre existing features such as hills, indicating that it is a younger feature http themis.asu.edu zoom 20050321a . The formation of the fossae is suspected to have released pressurised underground water, previously confined by the cryosphere , with flow rates up to 2 10 sup 6 sup m sup 3 sup s sup 1 sup , leading to the creation of the Athabasca Valles . ref cite journal title Generation of recent massive water floods at Cerberus Fossae, Mars by dike emplacement, cryospheric cracking, and confined aquifer groundwater release doi 10.1029 2003GL017135 url http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2003 2003GL017135.shtml author James W. Head coauthors Lionel Wilson, Karl L. Mitchell journal Geophysical Research Letters year 2003 volume 30 issue 11 pages 2265 ref However, early radar analysis suggests there s no evidence of pack ice tens of metres thick as hypothesised based on the images from Mars Express of the area. This is in support of the US view of images of the area, based on impact crater morphology which do not show any evidences of meteorite hitting anything but solid stone lava fields. ref http www.lpi.usra.edu meetings lpsc2008 pdf 1866.pdf 1866.PDF Bot generated title ref gallery Image Cerberus Fossae from Themis.JPG Cerb ... more details
The Distributed Active Archive Center s DAAC are part of NASA s Earth Observing System Data and Information System EOSDIS . DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA s past and current Earth Observing System EOS satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the 12 data centers serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science. List of data centers and data specialization http www.asf.alaska.edu Alaska Satellite Facility ASF Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR data, sea ice , polar processes , geophysics . http cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov Crustal Dynamics Data Information System CDDIS Space geodesy . http ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov Global Hydrology Resource Center GHRC hydrologic cycle , severe weather interactions, lightning , atmospheric convection . http daac.gsfc.nasa.gov Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center GES DISC global precipitation , solar irradiance , atmospheric composition , atmospheric dynamics , global modeling . http lpdaac.usgs.gov Land Processes DAAC LP DAAC surface reflectance , land cover , vegetation indices . http ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov Level 1 Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System MODAPS LAADS radiance, atmosphere. http eosweb.larc.nasa.gov NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center LaRC ASDC radiation budget , clouds , aerosols , tropospheric chemistry . National Snow and Ice Data Center http nsidc.org daac NSIDC snow, ice, cryosphere, climate. Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC http daac.ornl.gov ORNL DAAC biogeochemical dynamics, ecological data, environmental processes. http oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov Ocean Biology Processing Group ocean biology, ocean color, ocean biogeochemistry, sea surface temperature. http podaac.jpl.nasa.gov Physical Oceanography DAAC PO DAAC sea surface temperature, ocean winds, circulation and currents, topography and gravity. http sedac ... more details
BLP sources date June 2010 File Katey Walter01.jpg thumb Katey M. Walter is an Alaskan aquatic ecologist and biogeochemist researching carbon and nutrient cycling between terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the cryosphere and atmosphere. Background Walter s research focuses on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from arctic and temperate lakes and wetlands in Alaska and Siberia , and the processes involved in greenhouse gas emissions from lakes, including thermokarst permafrost thaw , industrial plant emissions, geology, and changes in lake area. By using environmental gradients, isotopes, and remote sensing as tools, she hopes for an improved understanding of the basic processes in lake ecosystems. Many newly formed Arctic lakes have bacteria feeding on plant detritus previously frozen underground and producing methane as a waste product. Methane s contribution to the greenhouse effect is considerably more than that of carbon dioxide. Global warming extrapolations could be grossly underestimated if methane contributions from lakes have not been properly studied and are not taken into account. Honours, awards and achievements In March 2007 Walter was appointed the Presidential International Polar Year Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. Walter, who is fluent in Russian, works as project coordinator in Cherskii for joint Russian U.S. projects over the International Polar Year , aiming to network arctic observatories in Alaska and Russia for long term monitoring of climate change in cold regions. Walter, who has conducted research projects in Russia, Germany, Central America and the United States, has an M.Sc in Ecology from the University of California with emphasis on the biogeochemistry of invasive aquatic plants. She also holds a BSc in Biogeochemistry from Mount Holyoke College . In May 2006 she was awarded a Ph.D. in Aquatic Biology from the University of Alaska , Fairbanks. In December of the same year the United States Council of Gr ... more details
cryosphere. The YSC s activities developed concurrently with many if not most of the early ... academic positions. Participation by engineers and those interested in the cryosphere in general ... more details
Image Logo egu.png right The European Geosciences Union or EGU is an interdisciplinary learned Non profit organization non profit association open to individuals who are professionally engaged in or associated with geosciences , planetary science planetary and space sciences , and related studies. The objectives of the EGU are the promotion of the sciences of the Earth and its environment and of planetary and space sciences, and cooperation between scientists. History The EGU was established by the merger of the European Geophysical Society EGS and the European Union of Geosciences EUG on 7 September 2002. Publications The EGU publishes several peer reviewed research journals and book series, including Advances in Geosciences , Annales Geophysicae , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , Biogeosciences , Climate of the Past , eEarth , Geoscientific Model Development , Hydrology and Earth System Sciences , Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences , Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics , Ocean Science , The Cryosphere , and the Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series . The EGU has pioneered the use of online, open access journals. Position statements The EGU also issues position statements on a variety on scientific topics. ref http www.egu.eu statements.html EGU Position Statements ref In 2005, the Divisions of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences of the EGU issued a position statement in support of the scientific opinion on climate change Joint science academies statement 2005 joint science academies statement on global response to climate change . The statement refers to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC , as the main representative of the global scientific community , and asserts that the IPCC represents the state of the art of climate science supported by the major science academies around the world and by the vast majority of science researchers and investigators as documented by the peer reviewed scientific literature. ref http www.egu.eu fileadmin f ... more details
Image NOAA.png 150px right NOAA The Earth System Research Laboratory ESRL is a laboratory in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research OAR . ESRL combines six separate NOAA labs under one umbrella organization to provide a more effective and coordinated management structure into four Divisions Global Monitoring, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, and Global Systems. The former labs falling into ESRL are the Aeronomy Laboratory , the Climate Diagnostics Center , the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory , the Environmental Technology Laboratory , the Forecast Systems Laboratory , and the Surface Radiation Research Branch of the Air Resources Laboratory . ref merge Mission ESRL s mission is to observe and understand the Earth system and to develop products that will advance NOAA s environmental information and services on global to local scales. The lab will achieve this goal by understanding the roles of gases and particles in climate change, assisting water resources water management decisions with climate information, improving weather prediction, studying recovery of the ozone layer , and developing Air Quality Index air quality forecast models . ref mission Global Monitoring Division GMD The goal of the GMD is to conduct long term continuous measurement of atmospheric gasses, particles and radiation on a global scale in order to understand climate forcing , ozone depletion and air quality. This information will be used to support global and regional decisions, climate projections and carbon management. ref gmd Physical Sciences Division PSD The PSD conducts research to understand the physical environment the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere , and land in order to improve local to global weather and climate predictions. ref psd Chemical Sciences Division CSD The CSD studies chemical processes in the Earth s atmosphere that affect climate, air quality, and the ozone layer. ref csd Global Systems Division ... more details
Seealso Index of earth science articles Earth science , the earth sciences , geoscience and planetary science are all embracing terms for the sciences related to the planet Earth planet Earth . Earth is arguably a special case in planetary science , being the only known life bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holism holistic approaches to the Earth science. The major historic discipline s use physics , geology , mathematics , chemistry and biology to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or Earth s spheres spheres of the Earth system. Earth s spheres Image Seawifs global biosphere.jpg thumb 300px A false color composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance from September 1997 to August 2000, showing Earth s biosphere. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE . The Earth s spheres are the many spheres into which the planet Earth is divided. The four most often recognized are the atmosphere , the biosphere , the hydrosphere and the geosphere . As a whole, the system is sometimes referred to as an ecosphere. Listed roughly form outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are Magnetosphere Atmosphere , the gases that surround the Earth its air By altitude Exosphere Exobase Ionosphere Thermopause Thermosphere Mesopause Mesosphere Stratopause Stratosphere Ozone layer Tropopause Troposphere Planetary boundary layer By air turbulence Heterosphere Turbopause Homosphere Biosphere , all life on Earth Anthroposphere Noosphere rare Hydrosphere , all water found on, under, and over the surface of Earth Cryosphere sometimes Pedosphere Geosphere Lithosphere Crust geology Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere mantle Mesosphere Earth s mantle Earth s core Inner core Outer core Branches of earth science Geology Geology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Gemology Geochemistry Geochronology Geomagnetic s Geomicrobiology Geomorphology Geophysics Historical geology ... more details
Infobox journal cover editor Eric Calais discipline Geophysics, Earth science, Space science peer reviewed former names abbreviation Geophys. res. lett. publisher American Geophysical Union country United States frequency Semi Monthly history 1974 present openaccess Frontier Articles section license impact 3.204 impact year 2009 website http www.agu.org journals gl index.shtml link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 1795290 LCCN 74646541 CODEN GPRLAJ ISSN 0094 8276 eISSN boxwidth Geophysical Research Letters is a semi monthly, peer review peer reviewed , scientific journal , published by the American Geophysical Union , and the first issue volume 1 was circulated in May, 1974. The Editor in Chief is Eric Calais Purdue University . ref name GRL hollis ref name about Cite web title About Geophysical Research Letters GRL work Journal description publisher American Geophysical Union date 2011 url http www.agu.org journals gl about.shtml format doi accessdate 2011 01 08 ref ref name editor Cite web title Editors work List of edtiors, their institution, and other information publisher American Geophysical Union date 2011 url http www.agu.org journals gl editors.shtml format accessdate 2011 01 08 ref Scope The focus of GRL is short, rapid communications. Topical coverage includes Geophysics, Planets, Lunar geology, instrumentation, and methods. More specifically topics illuminated in this journal include Earth science, Space science, Climate change along with Global change , the cryosphere , ocean sciences including biogeochemistry ocean biogeochemistry , hydrology, Solid earth geophysics land surface processes . ref name GRL hollis ref name about ref name LCCN The target readership is the Earth science community, the broader scientific community, and the general public. ref name GRL hollis ref name about ref name LCCN Cite web title Catalog record work Bibliographic information for this journal publisher Library of Congress date url http lccn.loc.gov 74646541 format ... more details
Marine regression is a geology geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, Transgression geology marine transgression , occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land. ref Monroe, James Stewart, and Reed Wicander. Physical Geology Exploring the Earth. Fifth edition Thomson Brooks Cole, 2005 p. 162. ref Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions occurs throughout the fossil record, and these fluctuations are thought to have caused or contributed to several Extinction event mass extinctions , among them the Permian Triassic extinction event 250 million years ago and Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event 65 Annum Ma . At the time of the Permian or P T extinction, the largest extinction event in the Earth s history, global sea level fell 250 meters, or more than 800 ft. ref Vincent Courtillot Courtillot, Vincent . Evolutionary Catastrophes The Science of Mass Extinction. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 p. 89. ref During the Ice age ice ages of the Pleistocene , a clear correlation existed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation as the balance shifts between the global cryosphere and hydrosphere , more of the planet s water in ice sheets means less in the oceans. At the height of the last ice age, at around 18,000 years before the present, the global sea level was 120 to 130 meters 400 ft. lower than today. A cold spell around 6 million years ago was linked to an advance in glaciation, a marine regression, and the start of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean basin. Some major regressions of the past, however, seem unrelated to glaciation episodes &mdash the regression that accompanied the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Cretaceous Period being one example. A major regression could, in and of itself, cause marine organisms in shallow seas to go extinct yet mass extinctions tend to involve both terrestrial an ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 The Older Peron transgression was a period of unusually warm climate during the Holocene Epoch . It began in the 5000 BCE to 4900 BCE era, and lasted to about 4100 BCE different climate indices at different locations over the globe yield slightly varying chronologies . The Older Peron was a period of generally clement and balmy weather conditions that favored plant growth in the dendrochronology of the bristlecone pine , which extends back from the modern era to 6700 BCE, the single best year for the growth of the pine was 4850 BCE, early in the Older Peron era. The Older Peron was a transgression in the sense of Sea level rise marine transgression , a period of advancing global sea level. Warm temperatures forced a retreat in the glacier s and ice sheet s of the global cryosphere throughout the period, global sea levels were 2.5 to 4 meters 8 to 13 feet higher than the twentieth century average. The higher sea level lasted for several centuries and eroded coastlines. Several locations around the world have Older Peron terraces along their coasts as a result. The period derives its name from Cape Peron in Western Australia , where a terrace from the relevant era is prominent and was a focus of climatological study. The Older Peron transgression was one of a series of gradually diminishing marine transgressions during the middle Holocene. It was followed by the Younger Peron, Abrolhos, and Rottnest transgressions. During the Younger Peron transgression c. 4000&ndash 3400 BCE , sea level peaked at 3 meters above the twentieth century level during the Abrolhos c. 2600&ndash 2100 BCE , 1.5 meters and during the Rottnest c. 1600&ndash 1000 BCE , 1 meter. At least a few commentators &mdash anthropologists, folklorists, and others &mdash have linked era of the Older Peron transgression and the Neolithic Subpluvial with tales of a time of plenty Golden Age Garden of Eden that occur in the legendary backgrounds of many cultures. See also 4.2 kilo ... more details
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