wikt Closed may refer to Math Closure mathematics Closed manifold Orbit dynamics Closed Orbits Closed orbits Closed set Closed and exact differential forms Closed differential form Open and closed maps Closed map , a function that is closed. Other Cloister , a closed walkway Closed circuit television Closed, an online community at the social web network Facebook Closing real estate See also lookfrom Closed Close disambiguation or closet , similar spellings Open disambiguation disamb fr Ferm ru zh ... more details
The Closed Circle may refer to The Closed Circle novel , a novel by Jonathan Coe The Closed Circle An interpretation of the Arabs , a book by David Pryce Jones Disambig ... more details
closed circuit can refer to closed circuit television rebreather breathing sets Closed Circuit film Closed Circuit film , a 1978 Italian film disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages Lets electricity pass through. it Circuito chiuso ... more details
In mathematics , closed form may refer to Closed form expression , a finitary expression Closed differential form , a differential form math alpha math with the property that math d alpha 0 math disambig Category Mathematical disambiguation it Forma chiusa ... more details
About the complement of an open set a set closed under an operation closure mathematics other uses Closed disambiguation In geometry , topology , and related branches of mathematics , a closed set is a Set ... space , a closed set can be defined as a set which contains all its limit point s. In a metric space , a closed set is a set which is closure mathematics closed under the limit of a sequence limit operation. Equivalent definitions of a closed set In a topological space , a set is closed if and only if it coincides with its closure topology closure . Equivalently, a set is closed if and only if it contains all of its limit point s. This is not to be confused with a closed manifold . Properties of closed sets A closed set contains its own boundary topology boundary . In other words, if you are outside a closed set, you may move a small amount in any direction and still stay outside the set ... of closed sets is closed including intersections of infinitely many closed sets , and any union set theory union of finite set finitely many closed sets is closed. In particular, the empty set and the whole space are closed. In fact, given a set X and a collection F of subsets of X that has these properties, then F will be the collection of closed sets for a unique topology on X . The intersection ... is defined as the smallest closed subset of X that is a superset of A . Specifically, the closure of A can be constructed as the intersection of all of these closed supersets. Sets that can be constructed as the union of countably many closed sets are denoted F sigma set F sub sub sets. These sets need not be closed. Examples of closed sets The closed Interval mathematics interval a , b of real number s is closed. See Interval mathematics for an explanation of the bracket and parenthesis set notation. The unit interval 0,1 is closed in the metric space real numbers, and the set 0,1 Q of rational number s between 0 and 1 inclusive is closed in the space of rational numbers ... more details
Noref date December 2009 seealso Classification of manifolds Point set In mathematics , a closed manifold is a type of topological space , namely a compact space compact manifold without boundary. In contexts where no boundary is possible, any compact manifold is a closed manifold. The simplest example is a circle , which is a compact one dimensional manifold. As a counterexample, the real line is not a closed manifold because it is not compact. As another counterexample, a Disk mathematics disk is a compact two dimensional manifold, but is not a closed manifold because it has a boundary. The notion of closed manifold must not be confused with a closed set . A disk with its boundary is a closed set, but not a closed manifold. When people speak of a Shape of the Universe closed universe , they are almost certainly referring to a closed manifold, not a closed set. Compact manifolds are, in an intuitive sense, finite . By the basic properties of compactness, a closed manifold is the disjoint union of a finite number of connected closed manifolds. One of the most basic objectives of geometric topology is to understand what the supply of possible closed manifolds is. Other examples of closed manifolds are the torus and the Klein bottle . All compact topological manifolds can be embedded into math mathbf R n math for some n , by the Whitney embedding theorem . Contrasting terms A compact manifold means a manifold that is compact as a topological space, but possibly has boundary. More precisely, it is a compact manifold with boundary the boundary may be empty . By contrast, a closed manifold is compact without boundary. An open manifold is a manifold without boundary with no compact component. For a connected manifold, open is equivalent to without boundary and non compact , but for a disconnected manifold, open is stronger. For instance, the disjoint union of a circle and the line is non compact, but is not an open manifold, since one component the circle is compact. topology ... more details
Closed loop can refer to A feedback loop, often found in Control theory Closed loop transfer function Control theory , where a closed loop controller may be used Electronic feedback loops in electronic circuits PID controller , a commonly used closed loop controller Closed ecological system not relying on matter exchange outside of the system, as opposed to open loop Ecological sanitation systems or ecosan, intended to close the nutrient and water cycle Pulling water from one area of a reef aquarium and pumping it immediately elsewhere in the tank to create higher flow and minimize dead spots disambig ... more details
In category theory , a branch of mathematics , a closed category is a special kind of category mathematics category . In any category more precisely, in any locally small category , the morphisms between any two given objects x and y comprise a set mathematics set , the external hom x , y . In a closed category, these morphisms can be seen as comprising an object of the category itself, the internal hom x , y . Every closed category has a forgetful functor to the category of sets , which in particular takes the internal hom to the external hom. Definition A closed category can be defined as a category mathematics category V with a so called internal Hom functor math left right V op times V to V math , left Yoneda arrows natural in math B math and math C math and dinatural in math A math math L left B C right to left left A B right left A C right right math and a fixed object I of V such that there is a natural isomorphism math i A A cong left I A right math and a dinatural transformation math j A I to left A A right . , math Examples Cartesian closed category Cartesian closed categories are closed categories. In particular, any topos is closed. The canonical example is the category of sets . Compact closed category Compact closed categories are closed categories. The canonical example is the category mathematics category FdVect with finite dimensional vector spaces as objects and linear maps as morphisms. More generally, any monoidal closed category is a closed category. In this case, the object math I math is the monoidal unit. References Eilenberg, S. & Kelly, G.M. Closed categories Proceedings of the Conference on Categorical Algebra. La Jolla, 1965 Springer. 1966. pp. 421&ndash 562 Portal Category theory Category Closed categories categorytheory stub ... more details
A closed concept is a concept where all the necessary and sufficient conditions required to include something within the concept can be listed. For example, the concept of a triangle is closed because a three sided polygon, and only a three sided polygon, is a triangle. All the conditions required to call something a triangle can be, and are, listed. See also Portal Thinking Continuum fallacy External links http instruct.westvalley.edu lafave open and closed concepts1.htm Open and Closed Concepts and the Continuum Fallacy More on open and closed concepts http www.sfu.ca philosophy swartz conditions1.htm Necessary Conditions and Sufficient Conditions A guide to the usage and application of necessary and sufficient conditions Category Philosophical terminology Philosophy stub ... more details
Mergeto unbounded operator date July 2009 In mathematics , specifically in functional analysis , closed linear operators are an important class of linear operator s on Banach space s. They are more general than bounded operator s, and therefore not necessarily continuous function continuous , but they still retain nice enough properties that one can define the spectrum functional analysis spectrum and with certain assumptions functional calculus for such operators. Many important linear operators which fail to be bounded turn out to be closed, such as the derivative and a large class of differential operator s. Let math X,Y math be two Banach space s. A linear transformation linear operator math A colon mathcal D A subset X to Y math is closed if for every sequence math x n n in mathbb N math ..., math A math is closed if its function graph graph is closed set closed in the direct sum of Banach spaces direct sum math X oplus Y. math Given a linear operator math A math , not necessarily closed ... properties are easily checked Any closed linear operator defined on the whole space math X math is bounded. This is the closed graph theorem If math A math is closed then math A lambda I math is closed where math lambda math is a scalar and math I math is the identity function If math A math is closed, then its Kernel linear operator kernel or nullspace is a closed subspace of math X math If math A math is closed and injective function injective , then its inverse function inverse math A 1 math is also closed An operator math A math admits a closure if and only if for every pair of sequences ... mathcal D A math to be the largest set possible, that is, math mathcal D A C 1 a, b , math then A is a closed ... of all smooth function infinitely differentiable functions, A will no longer be closed, but it will be closable ... densely defined operator and unbounded operator . planetmath id 4526 title Closed operator DEFAULTSORT Closed Operator Category Operator theory de Abgeschlossener Operator es Operador cerrado fr Op rateur ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 About the closed circle argument books titled The Closed Circle The Closed Circle disambiguation A closed circle argument is one that is falsifiability unfalsifiable . Psychoanalytic theory, for example, is held up by the proponents of Karl Popper as an example of an ideology rather than a science . A patient regarded by his psychoanalyst as in denial about his sexual orientation may be viewed as confirming he is homosexual simply by denying that he is and if he has sex with women, he may be accused of trying to buttress his denials. In other words, there is no way the patient could convincingly demonstrate his heterosexuality to his analyst. This is an example of what Popper called a closed circle . The proposition that the patient is homosexual is not falsifiable. Closed circle theory is sometimes used to denote a relativism relativist , anti realism anti realist philosophy of science, such that different groups may have different self consistent truth claims about the natural world. philosophy stub Category Philosophical terminology sv Cirkelresonemang ... more details
A closed season is a hunting Technical terminology term used to describe the time of the year during which hunting an animal of a given species is contrary to law. Typically, closed seasons are designed to protect a species when they are most vulnerable or, sometimes, to protect them during their breeding season . Overview The closed season is timed to prevent hunting during times of peak reproductive activity, impaired flying ability during moulting of game birds such as waterfowl , and temperature extremes, low population levels and food shortage. ref http www.dse.vic.gov.au DSE nrenrt.nsf childdocs 7380F92E35E27D99CA2573750023D375 DE772B04C4005AEDCA25737500243226?open When can I hunt, Game Hunting, Recreation and Tourism The Department of Sustainability and Environment DSE , Government of Victoria, Australia. , Accessed 04 December 2008. ref A closed season is enforced by local conservation law for the wildlife conservation conservation of the species and wildlife management any hunting during closed season is punishable by law and termed as illegal hunting or poaching . By extension, the period that is not the closed season is known as the open season hunting open season . See also Hunting season Open season hunting References reflist Category Conservation Category Hunting Category Wildlife Category Animal law hunting stub de Schonzeit ... more details
In mathematics , more specifically in abstract algebra , the concept of integrally closed has two meanings, one for group mathematics groups and one for ring mathematics rings . are the concepts related? Commutative rings Mergeto Integrality date March 2008 A commutative ring math R math contained in a ring math S math is said to be integrally closed in math S math if math R math is equal to the integral closure of math R math in math S math . That is, for every monic polynomial f with coefficients in math R math , every root of f belonging to S also belongs to math R math . Typically if one refers to a domain being integrally closed without reference to an overring , it is meant that the ring is integrally closed in its field of fractions , the largest overring of the domain. If the ring is not a domain, typically being integrally closed means that every local ring is an integrally closed domain. Sometimes a domain that is integrally closed is called normal if it is integrally closed and being thought of as a variety. In this respect, the normalization of a Algebraic variety variety or scheme mathematics scheme is simply the math Spec math of the integral closure of all of the rings. Ordered groups An ordered group G is called integrally closed if and only if for all elements a and b of G , if a sup n sup b for all natural n then a 1. This property is somewhat stronger than the fact that an ordered group is Archimedean property Archimedean . Though for a lattice ordered group to be integrally closed and to be Archimedean is equivalent. We have the surprising theorem that every integrally closed directed set directed group is already abelian group abelian . This has to do with the fact that a directed group is embeddable into a complete lattice ordered group if and only if it is integrally closed. Furthermore, every archimedean lattice ordered group is abelian. References R. Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry , Springer Verlag 1977 M. Atiyah, I. Macdonald Introduction to commutative ... more details
In poetics , closed couplets are two line units of verse that do not extend their sense beyond the line s end. Furthermore, the lines are usually rhymed. When the lines are in iambic pentameter , they are referred to as heroic verse . However, Samuel Butler 1612 1680 Samuel Butler also used closed couplets in his iambic tetrameter Hudibras Hudibrastic verse. True wit is nature to advantage dressed What oft was thought, but ne er so well express d is an example of the closed couplet in heroic verse from Alexander Pope s Essay on Criticism . Category Stanzaic form ... more details
In linguistics , a closed class or closed word class is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages are adposition s preposition s and postposition s , determiner class determiner s, grammatical conjunction conjunction s, and pronoun s. ref http strazny.com encyclopedia sample function words.html Closed class words ref Contrastingly, an Open class linguistics open class offers possibilities for expansion. Typical open classes such as noun s and verb s can and do get new words often, through the usual means such as compound linguistics compounding , derivation linguistics derivation , coining, borrowing, etc. ref http www.ucl.ac.uk internet grammar wordclas wordclas.htm Both open and closed class words ref A closed class may get new items through these same processes, but the change takes much more time. The closed class is normally viewed as part of the core language and is not expected to change. Most readers can undoubtedly think of new nouns or verbs entering their lexicon, but it s very unlikely that they can recall any new prepositions or pronouns appearing in the same fashion. Different languages have different word classes as open class and closed class for example, in English, pronouns are closed class and verbs are open class see for example the contentious topic of Gender neutral pronoun English gender neutral pronouns in English and how common verbing is , while in Japanese, Japanese pronouns pronouns are open class, while verbs are closed class to form a new verb, one suffixes suru, to do to a noun for example, to exercise is to do exercise . See also Function word References reflist Dixon, R. M. W. 1977 . Where have all the adjectives gone?. Studies in language , 1 , 19 80. refend External links http www.ucl.ac.uk internet grammar wordclas open.htm Open and Closed Word Classes Category Grammar br Rummad gerio kloz id Kata tugas ... more details
frequency. A closed tube is called a stopped pipe in the Organ music organ . See also Panpipes Open ... and closed tubes. Arthur H. Benade Horns,Strings and Harmony Category Sound Category Acoustics Category ... more details
Taxobox name Closed elimia image status EX status system IUCN2.3 regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Sorbeoconcha superfamilia Cerithioidea familia Pleuroceridae genus Elimia species E. clausa binomial Elimia clausa binomial authority I. Lea, 1861 synonyms The closed elimia , scientific name Elimia clausa , was a species of gastropod in the Pleuroceridae family. It was Endemism endemic to the United States . It is now extinct . References reflist Bogan, A.E. 2000. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 7589 all Elimia clausa . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007. Pleuroceridae stub Category Elimia Category Extinct gastropods es Elimia clausa pt Elimia clausa sr Elimia clausa vi Closed elimia ... more details
In mathematics a p group math G math is called power closed if for every Section group theory section math H math of math G math the product of math p k math powers is again a math p k math th power. Regular p group s are an example of power closed groups. On the other hand powerful p group s, for which the product of math p k math powers is again a math p k math th power are not power closed, as this property does not hold for all sections of powerful p groups. The power closed 2 groups of exponent at least eight are described in harv Mann 2005 loc Th. 16 . References refimprove date January 2008 Citation last1 Mann first1 Avinoam title The number of generators of finite p groups id MathSciNet id 2137973 year 2005 journal Journal of Group Theory issn 1433 5883 volume 8 issue 3 pages 317 337 doi 10.1515 jgth.2005.8.3.317 algebra stub Category Group theory Category P groups ... more details
About the novel the film A Closed Book film Infobox book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name A Closed Book title orig translator image prefer 1st edition cover image caption author Gilbert Adair cover artist country United Kingdom language English language English series genre Novel , Novella publisher Faber & Faber release date January 1999 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages 258 pp isbn 0571200818 dewey 823 .914 21 congress PR6051.D287 C57 1999 oclc 41661966 preceded by followed by A Closed Book is a short novel by Gilbert Adair , published in 2000 in literature 2000 . The book starts with a slightly awkward meeting between a crotchety blind author and a sighted interviewee he seeks to employ as his assistant. The narrative is presented almost entirely through dialogue between the two men, puctuated by fragments of the writer s diary. As the two men s relationship develops it becomes clear that both have something to hide. A film based on the novel was released in 2010. ref http www.imdb.com title tt1320236 IMDb listing for film ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Closed Book Category 1999 novels Category English novels 1990s novel stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 In differential geometry and dynamical systems , a closed geodesic on a Riemannian manifold M is the projection of a closed orbit of the geodesic flow on M . Examples On the unit sphere , every great circle is an example of a closed geodesic. On a compact hyperbolic surface , closed geodesics are in one to one correspondence with non trivial conjugacy class es of elements in the Fuchsian group of the surface. A prime geodesic is an example of a closed geodesic. Definition Geodesic Flow mathematics flow is an math mathbb R math group action action on tangent bundle T M of a manifold M defined in the following way math G t V dot gamma V t math where math t in mathbb R math , math V in T M math and math gamma V math denotes the geodesic with initial data math dot gamma V 0 V math . It defines a Hamiltonian flow on co tangent bundle with the pseudo Riemannian metric as the Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian . In particular it preserves the pseudo Riemannian metric math g math , i.e. math g G t V ,G t V g V,V . , math That makes possible to define geodesic flow on unit tangent bundle math UT M math of the Riemannian manifold math M math when the geodesic math gamma V math is of unit speed. See also Selberg trace formula Zoll surface geodesic References Arthur Besse Besse, A. Manifolds all of whose geodesics are closed , Ergebisse Grenzgeb. Math. , no. 93, Springer, Berlin, 1978. Category Differential geometry Category Dynamical systems ... more details
Before being open, innovation happened in closed environments often performed by individuals, scientists or employees. However, the expression closed innovation was coined later and not before the paradigm of open innovation became popular by works of Henry Chesbrough ref name chesbrough2003a Chesbrough, H.W. 2003 . Open Innovation The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston Harvard Business School Press ref and Don Tapscott et Anthony D. Williams ref Wikinomics How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. ref Closed Innovation was described in March 2003 by Henry Chesbrough , a professor and executive director at the Center for Open Innovation at University of California, Berkeley UC Berkeley , in his book Open Innovation The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology ref name chesbrough2003a Chesbrough, H.W. 2003 . Open Innovation The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston Harvard Business School Press ref . The concept ... at ETH Zurich ref Origin of Closed Innovation The paradigm of closed innovation says that successful ... the creation and management of ideas. Roots of closed innovation go back to the beginning of the twentieth ... in a closed and self sufficient way. The period between the end of World War II and the mid 1980s was the area of closed innovation and internal R&D. Many R&D departments of private companies ... adapted from http open your innovation.com 2009 10 25 golden age of closed innovation http open your innovation.com ref Often, closed innovation paradigms are set equal to the Not Invented Here syndrome ... the pros and cons of closed innovation versus open innovation. Comparison between Open and Closed Innovation class wikitable Closed Innovation Principles Open Innovation Principles The smart ... ref adapted from http www.openinnovation.eu openinnovatie.php Openinnovation.eu ref From Closed innovation ... path from closed innovation to open innovation was formally described. As a result it was found ... more details
The term closed system has different meanings in different contexts. In computing main Closed source software In computing a closed system refers to software which the specifications and detail of implementation typically source code are kept secret, as opposed to Open source software open source systems. In physics main Thermodynamic system In thermodynamics , a closed system can exchange heat and mechanical work work for example, energy , but not matter , with its surroundings. In contrast, an isolated system cannot exchange any of heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an Thermodynamic system Open system open system can exchange all of heat, work and matter. For a simple system, with only one type of particle atom or molecule , a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles. However, for systems which are undergoing a chemical equilibrium chemical reaction , there may be all sorts of molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by stating that the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically math sum j 1 m a ij N j b i 0 math where math N j math is the number of j type molecules, math a ij math is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and b sub i sub sup 0 sup is the total number of atoms of element i in the system, which remains constant, since the system is closed. There will be one such equation for each different element in the system. See also Glossary of systems theory Dynamical system Isolated system Open system system theory Thermodynamic system Category Cybernetics Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Physical systems Category Systems theory Category Thermodynamics science stub ar bg cs Uzav en soustava de Geschlossenes System et Suletud s steem f sika es Sistema cerrado fr Syst me ferm it Sistema chiuso hu Z rt rendszer nl Gesloten ... more details
Image Closed captioning symbol.svg right thumb Jack Foley sound effects Jack Foley created the CC in a TV symbol while senior graphic designer at WGBH TV WGBH . Closed captioning is a term describing the process ..., closed captions refers to the ability to display caption text to select members of the audience. Closed captions typically display a transcription linguistics transcription of the Sound audio ... or in edited form , sometimes including non speech elements. Terminology The term closed in closed ... other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions, and use subtitles ... . Application Closed captions were created for the deaf community or Hearing impairment hard ... sets. This suggested that the largest audience of closed captioning was people whose native language was not English. In the United Kingdom, of 7.5 million people using TV subtitles closed captioning ... Ofcom, UK Television access services ref Closed captions are also used in public environments, such as bars ... Activation of Closed Captioning on Televisions in Public Areas accessdate 2009 01 29 author ... receivers located in any part of a facility open to the general public have closed captioning ... quote ...will have closed captioning operating in all public areas where there are televisions with closed captioning televisions in public areas without built in closed captioning capability ... name atsc.org http www.atsc.org faq faq closed.html ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ http www.evertz.com ... closed captioning display capability. High definition TV sets, receivers, and TV tuner card tuner ... the same sets as the US in most cases. There are three styles of Line 21 closed captioning Citation ..., where a sequential word by word captioning process is needed. Image Closed Caption Demonstration Still Felix.png thumb 225px A still frame showing simulated closed captioning in the pop on style Pop ... of time. Conversations Software programs are now available that automatically generate a closed ... more details
Refimprove date November 2009 A closed shop is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire trade union union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed. ref name Pynes Pynes, Joan. Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley and Sons, 2004. ISBN 0787970786 ref International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of closed shop provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation. ref http www.ilo.org ilolex cgi lex pdconv.pl?host status01&textbase iloeng&document 1905&chapter 3&query Denmark 40ref&highlight &querytype bool&context 0 Case s No s . 188, Report No. 34 Denmark Complaints against the Government of Denmark presented by Swiss Printing Workers Union and the Swiss Federation of National Christian Trade Unions. Document No. 031960034188. Cases of the Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labor Organization. March 4, 1959. ref The legal status of closed shop agreements varies widely from country to country, ranging from bans on the agreement to extensive regulation of the agreement to not mentioning it at all. Legal status United States The Taft Hartley Act outlawed the closed shop in the United ... require an employer that had agreed to a closed shop contract prior to 1947 to fire an employee ... of closed shops varies from province to province within Canada. The 1946 Canadian Supreme Court ... were allowed the option of paying the amount to a registered charity instead. UK All forms of closed ... l1g137 ref Australia All forms of closed shops in the Commonwealth are illegal under the Workplace ... Bump union Further reading Johnsen, J. E. The Closed Shop . 1942. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Closed Shop Category Organizational studies and human resource management Category Labour relations Category Business law Category Labour law Category Criticism of trade unions de Closed Shop fr Closed ... more details
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