Refimprove date November 2008 Carbohydratemetabolism denotes the various biochemistry biochemical processes responsible for the anabolism formation , catabolism breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in life living organism s. The most important carbohydrate is glucose , a simple sugar monosaccharide that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms. Glucose and other carbohydrates are part of a wide variety of metabolic pathways across species plants synthesize carbohydrates from atmospheric gases by photosynthesis storing the absorbed energy internally, often in the form of starch or lipid ... to carbohydrate. Glycolysis the oxidation metabolism of glucose molecules to obtain adenosine .... Human diseases of carbohydratemetabolism Diabetes mellitus Lactose intolerance Fructose intolerance Galactosemia Glycogen storage disease References Reflist External links MeshName Carbohydratemetabolism http www.articlesbook.com metabolizing carbohydrates Metabolizing Carbohydrates http diabetescorner.blogspot.com 2007 09 glucose metabolism.html Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes http www.bbc.co.uk ... Humans Glucoregulation http www.medbio.info Horn Sugars4Kids Sugar4Kids Carbohydratemetabolism Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Fructose and galactose metabolism Glycosaminoglycan metabolism enzymes Glycoprotein metabolism enzymes DEFAULTSORT CarbohydrateMetabolism Category Metabolism da Kulhydratstofskifte ... . Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of Chemical energy energy and from lipids about 9 kcal. Energy obtained from metabolism e.g. oxidation of glucose is usually stored ... important carbohydrate is glucose so much so, that the level of glucose is used as the main control ... inefficient due to the large molecular weight of the solvated water carbohydrate complex. In most ... such as starch and cellulose . Catabolism Main Carbohydrate catabolism Oligo polysaccharides ... major aspects of metabolism via insulin. In humans, insulin is made by beta cells in the pancreas ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Inborn errors of carbohydratemetabolism Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 E 73 e 70 ICD10 E 74 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 271 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002239 Wikify date June 2009 Inborn errors of carbohydratemetabolism are inborn error of metabolism that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates . An example is lactose intolerance . Carbohydrates account for a major portion of the human diet and are metabolized into three principal monosaccharides galactose, fructose and glucose. The failure to effectively use this sugars accounts for the majority of the inborn errors of human carbohydrates metabolism. Galactose Galactosemia , the inability to metabolize galactose , is the most common monogenic disorder of carbohydratemetabolism, affecting 1 in every 55,000 newborns. Citation needed date July 2010 When galactose is not possible to break down, it accumulates in tissues. The most common signs are failure to thrive , hepatic insufficiency, cataracts and developmental delay. Long term disabilities include poor growth, mental retardation , and ovarian failure in females. ref cite title Liver disease in children authors Frederick J. Suchy, Ronald J. Sokol, William F. Balistreri url http books.google.com books?id rGxPASmZWesC&pg PA595&hl en&ei jb8yTIikMtOGnQeV 53WAw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CC0Q6AEwAA v onepage&f .... ref Jorde, et al. 2006. Carbohydratemetabolism. Medical Genetics. 3rd edition. Chapter 7. Biochemical genetics Disorders of metabolism. pp139 142. ref References references Carbohydrate metabolic pathology Mucopolysaccharidoses Glycoproteinoses DEFAULTSORT Inborn errors of CarbohydrateMetabolism Category Metabolism Category Diabetes Category Autoimmune diseases ... in the gene encoding hepatic fructokinase , an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the metabolism ... disorders of carbohydrates metabolism. The two organs most commonly affected are the liver and the skeletal ... more details
differences in metabolism, and the chemistry of the carbohydrate. Dietary guidelines generally recommend ..., which are caused by glucose or starch and some amino acids in food. Metabolism Main Carbohydrate ... linkage . It has a formula of C sub 12 sub H sub 22 sub O sub 11 sub . A carbohydrate IPA en k ... isbn 0 13 981176 1 ref In food science and in many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch such as cereal s, bread ... Formerly the name carbohydrate was used in chemistry for any compound with the formula C sub m sub ... sub O to be the simplest carbohydrate, ref name coulter John Merle Coulter, Charler Reid Barnes, Henry Chandler Cowles 1930 , http books.google.com.br books?id WyZnVpCiTHIC&pg PA375&dq simplest carbohydrate ... books?id l5hqAAAAMAAJ&q simplest carbohydrate Tietz fundamentals of clinical chemistry ref ... followed in carbohydrate chemistry. ref cite book last Pigman first Ward coauthors Horton, D ... for metabolism , being used both as an energy source glucose being the most important in nature ... of how large a carbohydrate must be to fall into each category vary according to personal opinion ... sources of carbohydrates Foods high in carbohydrate include fruits, sweets, soft drinks, bread s, pasta ... organisms, however, no carbohydrate is an essential nutrient in humans. Carbohydrates are not necessary ... and fats. ref http www.ajcn.org cgi content full 75 5 951 a Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human ..., High Fat, Carbohydrate Free Diet Reduces Energy Intake, Hepatic Lipogenesis, and Adiposity in Rats ... backbone in triglyceride s and in some cases from fatty acids. Carbohydrate contains 15.8 kilo ... metabolize all types of carbohydrate to yield energy. Glucose is a nearly universal and accessible ... . http newton.nap.edu books 0309085373 html Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber ..., however, the exact delineation of these categories is ambiguous. Today, simple carbohydrate typically ... more details
Carbohydratemetabolism DEFAULTSORT Carbohydrate Catabolism Category Metabolism Biochem stub ca Catabolisme ...Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds. Energy is secured by mitochondrion mitochondria in the form of Adenosine triphosphate ATP . There exist different types of carbohydrate s these are polysaccharide s e.g., starch , amylopectin , glycogen , cellulose , monosaccharide s e.g., glucose , galactose , fructose , ribose and the disaccharide s e.g., maltose , lactose . The genetic makeup of carbohydrate s can be altered with steroids which cause muscle hypertrophy when ingested see Gilbert et al., 1984. Glucose reacts with oxygen in the following redox reaction, C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6O sub 2 sub 6CO sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O, the carbon dioxide and water is a waste product and the chemical reaction is exothermic. The breakdown of glucose into energy in the form of molecules of adenosine triphosphate ATP is therefore one of the most important Metabolic pathway biochemical pathways found in living organisms. Anaerobic respiration is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen . Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration is the pathway where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen . Glycolysis Main Glycolysis The six carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three carbon pyruvate molecules yielding two adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules and two high energy NADH molecules. Anaerobic respiration Main Anaerobic respiration Without oxidative phosphorylation , the NADH molecules cannot be converted to ATP. When all the NAD molecules have been converted to NADH, glycolysis will stop unless the NAD is regenerated by fermentation biochemistry fermentation . Aerobic respiration Main Cellular respiration Pyruvate oxidation The three carbon pyruvate ... more details
carb diets damage arteries BBC News. Retrieved 2010 08 26 ref See also Carbohydratemetabolism Carnivore ...A no carbohydrate diet no carb diet is described as human carnivorism . It excludes dietary consumption of all carbohydrates and suggests fat as the main source of energy with sufficient protein. A no carbohydrate ... varieties of offal . The no carbohydrate diet has been known to reverse diabetes in some people. http ... One of the first registries on No carbohydrate diets was in 1860 when English casket maker William ... 2010 08 26 ref More than a century after this, No carbohydrate diet was popular in 1972 thanks ... for weight loss than low fat, high carbohydrate diet . ref http www.buzzle.com articles no carb diet plan.html No Carb Diet Plan CBS Money Watch. Retrieved 2010 08 26 ref No Carbohydrate Foods No Carbohydrate diet is an extreme form of low carbohydrate diets. The following is a list of foods that can ... In lab tests on mice, prostate tumors grow slower with a no carbohydrate diet. ref http www.webmd.com ... Cancer ref ref Cite journal author Freedland SJ, Mavropoulos J, Wang A, et al. title Carbohydrate ... by Duke University Prostate Center researchers in 2007 prove also in mice that low carbohydrate diet ... were fed with 3 different diets and researchers found that mice that ate a low carbohydrate diet ... A high fat, high protein and no carbohydrate diet and similar drink, ClearScan, decreased myocardial ... and no carbohydrate diet versus fasting in myocardial uptake in oncology studies . J Nucl Med . 2008 ... but not an obligate result of a low carbohydrate diet or no carbohydrate diet. However, therapeutic ... of diet. In 1939 two Danish scientists, Christensen and Hansen, made a study of low carbohydrate, moderate carbohydrate and high carbohydrate diets, each one lasting at least one week. At the end ... that with the low carbohydrate they lasted only 81 minutes, while they were able to ride ... exercise, and that humans are physically impaired if they are given a low carbohydrate or no carbohydrate ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Carbohydrate chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry primarily concerned with the synthesis, structure, and function of carbohydrate structures. Due to the general structure of carbohydrates, their synthesis is often preoccupied with the selective formation of glycosidic linkages and the selective reaction of hydroxyl groups. As a result, this chemistry relies heavily on the use of protecting groups . Monosaccharides Main monosaccharides Individual saccharide residues are termed monosaccharides. Carbohydrate synthesis Main Carbohydrate synthesis Glycosidic bond formation Chemical glycosylation Fischer glycosidation Glycosyl halide Koenigs Knorr reaction Protecting groups Carbohydrate acetalisation Oligosaccharides Empty section date July 2010 Reactions of carbohydrates Carbohydrates are reactants in many organic reaction s. For example Cyanohydrin reaction Lobry de Bruyn van Ekenstein transformation Amadori rearrangement Nef reaction Wohl degradation Tipson Cohen reaction Ferrier rearrangement Ferrier II reaction Functions of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have six major functions within the body Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose Sparing the use of proteins for energy Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis Biological recognition .... Since oxaloacetate is formed from pyruvate a metabolite of glucose , a certain level of carbohydrate ..., they are adaptive mechanisms during glucose shortages. In summary, the first priority of metabolism ... linked to carbohydrates. During the course of many hours or days, the carbohydrate polymer linked .... In this way, carbohydrates may mark the passage of time for proteins. See also Portal Carbohydrate chemistry Carbohydrate Structure CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Conformation Monosaccharide Disaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide Anomeric effect Glycosidic bond Carbohydrate function & Biology ... health carbohydrates section2.rhtml Functions of Carbohydrates Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category ... more details
Carbohydrate dehydrogenases are a group of dehydrogenase enzyme s that occur in many organisms and facilitate the conversion from a carbohydrate to an aldehyde , lactone , or ketose . An example includes L gulonolactone oxidase . They are categorized under EC number 1.1. More specifically, they are in three subcodes 1, 2, and 99, categorized as follows EC 1.1.1 With Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD or NADP as Electron acceptor acceptor EC 1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor EC 1.1.99 With other acceptors External links MeshName Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases Alcohol oxidoreductases enzyme stub Category Enzymes ... more details
In carbohydrate chemistry carbohydrate acetalisation is an organic reaction and a very effective means of providing a protecting group . The example below depicts the acetalisation reaction of D ribose 1 . With acetone or 2,2 Dimethoxypropane 2,2 dimethoxypropane as the acetalisation reagent the reaction is under thermodynamic reaction control and results in the pentose 2 . The latter reagent in itself is an acetal and therefore the reaction is actually a cross acetalisation . image Carbohydrateacetalisation.gif center Kinetic reaction control results from 2 methoxypropene as the reagent. D ribose in itself is a hemiacetal and in equilibrium with the pyranose 3 . In aqueous solution ribose is 75 pyranose and 25 furanose and a different acetal 4 is formed. Preferences Preparative Carbohydrate Chemistry Calinaud, P. Gelas, J. in . Hanessian, S. Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1997. ISBN 0 8247 9802 3 Category organic reactions category carbohydrate chemistry ... more details
Carbohydrate NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance NMR to structural and conformational analysis of carbohydrate molecules. The study of carbohydrate chemistry today relies heavily on NMR spectroscopy. It is a tool that allows the carbohydrate chemist to determine the structure of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides from synthetic and natural sources. It is also a useful tool for determining sugar conformations. Image Varianinova600.jpg frame right University of Alberta Varian Inova 600MHz NMR spectrometer Modern high field strength NMR instruments used for carbohydrate samples, typically 500 MHz or greater, are able to run a suite of 1D and 2D experiments to determine primary structure and conformation of carbohydrate compounds. Main Nuclear magnetic resonance Sensitivity and Sample Size In addition to ever increasing magnet size several other factors determine the sensitivity of an NMR instrument. NMR tube Shigemi tubes are ideal for small sample sizes and are available matched to a variety of deuterated NMR solvents. Cold probes are available that cryogenically cool the NMR systems radio frequency rf receiver coils and pre amplifier to provide increased sensitivity, reducing thermal noise. Carbohydrate chemical shift Main chemical shift Common chemical shift ranges for nuclei within carbohydrate residues are Typical sup 1 sup H NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring protons are 3 6 ppm. Typical sup 13 sup C NMR chemical shifts of carbohydrate ring carbons are 60 110 ppm In the case of simple monosaccharide molecules, all protons are typically separated at a high enough field strength usually 500MHz . Anomeric center Main anomer Typically the anomer ic protons are found shifted further downfield higher ppm on the NMR spectrum then other ring protons, generally ... correlation spectroscopy COSY, or Correlation SpectroscopY, is often useful for carbohydrate structures ... selective filters. issue 1 DEFAULTSORT Carbohydrate Nmr Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category ... more details
Carbohydrate loading , commonly referred to as carbo loading or carb loading , is a strategy used by endurance athletes, such as marathon sport marathon runners, to maximize the storage of glycogen or energy in the muscles. Carbohydrate loading is also used in healthcare to optimise the condition of patients prior to surgery. ref Pre operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery a randomized controlled trial DOI 10.1111 j.1463 1318.2006.00965.x ref Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 90 minutes. Fact date July 2009 For many endurance athletes the foods of choice for carbo loading are those of low Glycemic index glycemic indices due to their minimal effect on serum glucose levels. Low glycemic foods commonly include fruits, vegetables, whole wheat pasta and grains. Because of this, many marathoners and triathlon participants have large pasta dinners the night before the race. Since muscles also extensively utilize amino acids when functioning within aerobic limits, meals should include adequate protein on top of carbohydrates. ref name Martini cite book title Human Anatomy last Martini first Frederic H. last2 Timmons first2 Michael J. last3 Tallitsch first3 Robert B. edition 6 year 2008 publisher Benjamin Cummings location isbn 9780321500427 page 292 url ref Large portions the night before a race can, however, be detrimental to race day performance if the digestive system has not had the time to adequately process the food. Procedure 7 days before the event, perform an exhaustive exercise to all but deplete your energy stores. Then for the next 2 3 days cut back on carbs and do low exercise to keep the carb level ... loading regimen that eliminates the depletion phase, instead calling for increased carbohydrate intake ... minutes of sprinting then consumes nowrap 12 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean mass over the next ... Transient hypoglycemia Carbohydrate ingestion less than 2 hours prior to aerobic exercise triggers ... more details
unreferenced date June 2010 Orphan date June 2010 Merge Carbohydrate catabolism date June 2010 All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. The digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha amylase, although their activity is slight in comparison with that made by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha dextrin, which are then digested by gluco amylase alpha dextrinases to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha amylase and alpha dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase present in the brush border of small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine. Continue the digestion of food while their simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most of digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi. It is not a simple diffusion of substances, but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells In a phase of carbohydrate absorption, fructose is transported by a transporter of fructose into the intestinal cell cytosol, glucose and galactose competes with other Na transporter required for operation. The cytosol, monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine, including resistant starch foods such as potatoes, beans, oats, wheat flour, as well as several non polisacac ridos oligosaccharides and starch, are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine. The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds in the absence ... more details
Carbohydrate conformation is the characteristic 3 dimensional shape of a carbohydrate . Conformations of monosaccharide and oligosaccharide heavily influence their reactivity and recognition by other molecules, which are essential to mammals and other organisms . Lectins are an example of sugar binding proteins that are highly specific to the conformation of a particular carbohydrate. Specific carbohydrates serve as cell surface recognition signals for antibodies , hormones and toxins . ref cite book last Rao first V.S.R. coauthors P.K. Qasba, P.V. Balaji, R. Chandrasekaran title Conformation of Carbohydrates publisher Harwood academic publisher year 1998 location LH, Amsterdam, Netherlands pages 1 isbn 90 5702 315 6 ref Steric and stereoelectronic effect s are common interactions that dictate the 3 dimensional shape of a carbohydrate. Conformations of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Conformation Unsourced image removed File Furanose forms.png 160px left thumb Furanose conformations Unsourced image removed Image Pyranose form.png 3500px right thumb Pyranose conformations Pyranose and furanose forms can exist in different conformers and one can interconvert between the different conformations if an energy penalty is met. For the furanose system there are two possible conformers Twist T and Envelope E . In the pyranose system four conformers are possible Chair C , Boat B , Skew S , Half Chair H or Envelope E . In all cases there are four or more atom s that make up a plane. In order to define which atoms are above and below the plane one must orient the molecule so that the atoms are numbered clockwise when looking form the top. Atoms above the plane are prefix ed as a superscript and atoms below the plane are suffix ed as a subscript . If the ring oxygen is above or below the plane .... It has been shown that cations in solution can shift the equilibrium. See also Anomeric effect Carbohydrate ... Organic chemistry Category Carbohydrates Category Carbohydrate chemistry ... more details
Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub field of organic chemistry concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural carbohydrate structures. This can include the synthesis of monosaccharide residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as oligosaccharides . Background Generally speaking, carbohydrates can be classified into two groups, simple sugars and complex carbohydrates. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, are carbohydrates which can not be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis. ref John McMurry. Organic Chemistry , 5th ed. Brooks Cole. 2000 , pp 1031 ref When two or more monosaccharide units are connected to one another via a glycoside linkage, complex carbohydrates are formed. Complex carbohydrates, according to the different number of monosaccharide units, can be classed into three groups, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. A disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides can be formed by a small number of monosaccharides linked together. Higher oligosaccharides are called polysaccharides. It is now well known that glycoconjugates play an indispensable role in many biological processes. These biological processes in which carbohydrates are involved are typically associated not to monosaccharides, but to oligosaccharides structures of glycoconjugates. Therefore, the oligosaccharide synthesis becomes more and more important in studying the biological activities. ref Daniel E. Levy & P ter F gedi. The organic chemistry of sugars Taylor & Francis 2006 , pp 181 197 ref Monosaccharide synthesis Empty section date July 2010 Oligosaccharide synthesis Oligosaccharides have diverse structures. The number of monosaccharides, ring size, the different anomer ic stereochemistry, and the existence of the branched chain sugars all contribute to the amazing complexity of the oligosaccharide structures ... Carbohydrate chemistry References reflist Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category Carbohydrates ... more details
Lipid metabolism refers to the processes that involve the creation and degradation of lipid s. The types of lipids involved include Bile salt s Cholesterol s Eicosanoid s Glycolipid s Ketone bodies Fatty acids see also fatty acid metabolism Phospholipid s Sphingolipid s Steroid see also steroidogenesis Triacylglycerol s fats see also lipolysis and lipogenesis External links MeshName Lipid metabolism Ophardt, Charles E. 2003 http www.elmhurst.edu chm vchembook 622overview.html Lipid Catabolism Summary . Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College. King, Michael W. http themedicalbiochemistrypage.org lipid synthesis.html Fatty Acid, Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acid, Triglyceride, and Phospholipid Synthesis and Metabolism . The Medical Biochemistry Page. Metabolism Lipid metabolism enzymes Eicosanoid metabolism enzymes Glycolipid sphingolipid metabolism enzymes Ketone and cholesterol metabolism enzymes Category Lipids Category Metabolism biochemistry stub ... more details
the efficiency of the D xylose metabolism pathway. References reflist 2 Carbohydratemetabolism ... metabolism have revealed that limiting the speed of this step may be beneficial to the efficiency ... NADPH during metabolism, limiting this step will help to correct the already evident imbalance ... laboratory strains do not always reflect their metabolism abilities on raw xylose products in nature ... more details
Image Streptomycin structure.png thumb 120px right Streptomycin , an important antibiotic drug produced by Streptomyces bacteria Secondary metabolism also called special metabolism is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism . Examples of the products include antibiotics and pigment s. To distinguish non secondary ordinary metabolism, the term basic metabolism is sometimes used. Secondary metabolite s are produced by microbe s, plants, fungi and animals, but not by all of them. Important secondary metabolites main Secondary metabolite Antibiotic s, such as streptomycin and penicillin Pigment s, such as delphinidin References Unreferenced date June 2008 External links http www.biologie.uni hamburg.de b online e20 20.htm Secondary metabolism in plants Category Metabolism biochemistry stub fi Sekundaarimetabolia es Metabolito secundario ... more details
Merge Antoni K pi ski date December 2009 Information metabolism is a psychology psychological theory of human social interaction s based on information processing Citation needed date February 2007 . It was developed in Eastern Europe by Antoni K pi ski who criticized works of Carl Jung . In the late 1970s, Lithuania n psychologist Au ra Augustinavi i t created socionics , a personality typology based on the typology of Carl Jung and the theory of information metabolism of Antoni K pi ski , a Poland Polish psychiatrist interested in schizophrenia . According to Augustinavi i t , humans can be classified in terms of types of information processing , or information metabolism . Psychological features such as attention, interests, memory and motivation are components of this theory of information metabolism. This theory of information metabolism is built upon an analogy to biological metabolism . According to this analogy, information that arrives as signals from outside an organism are available for information metabolism just as food is available for energy metabolism. The brain is the key information metabolism system. The brain and information metabolism deal with a two way flow of signals metabolism of input signals results in the production of output. Just as enzymes can constructively interact only with structurally specific substrate molecules, brains can only constructively ... psychological components of information metabolism, Augustinavi i t created a mathematical theory ... s information metabolism model theory. Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Application ... Lekarskich. Kokoszka, A. 1993 Information metabolism as a model of consciousness. International ..., A. 1999 Information metabolism as a model of human experiences. International Journal of Neuroscience , Vol. 97 Issue 3 4, pp. 169 10. Kokoszka, A. 2001 Mental organization according to the metabolism ... 113 118. Struzik, T. 1987 Kepinski s information metabolism. Carnot s principle and reformation ... more details
Urban Metabolism is a scientific modelling model to facilitate the description and analysis of the flows of the materials and energy within cities, such as undertaken in a Material flow analysis of a city. First used as an exploration and comparison modeling tool by Abel Wolman in The metabolism of Cities . The use of the Urban Metabolism model offers benefits to studies of the sustainability of cities by providing a unified or holistic viewpoint to encompass all of the activities of a city in a single model. Uses The concept of urban metabolism has been used to describe the resource consumption and waste generation of the cities for some time see for example, Wolman, 1965 . Historically, first suggestions that quasi organism analogies may help in understanding cities including references to metabolism were made by the Chicago school of urban sociology Burgess and others . Presently, the great advocate and populariser of the term has been the British educator and author Herbert Girardet . More recently the metabolism frame of reference has been used in the reporting of environmental information in Australia and it has been suggested that it can be used to define the sustainability of a city within the ecosystems capacity to support it. A strong theme in present literature on urban sustainability is that of the need to view the urban system as a whole if we are to best understand and solve the complex problems. Uses of the model are however not restricted to strictly functional ... infrastructure and citizens ref Gandy, M. 2004 . Rethinking urban metabolism Water, space and the modern ... the metabolism model. Landscape and Urban Planning, 44, 219 226. State of the Environment Advisory Council. 1996 . State of the Environment Report 1996 CSIRO. Wolman, A. 1965 . The metabolism of cities ... Understanding Urban Metabolism Encyclopedia of the Earth article http www.eoearth.org article Urban metabolism Urban Metabolism Category Impact assessment Category Industrial ecology ... more details
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemistry biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of protein synthesis proteins and amino acid synthesis amino acids , and the breakdown of proteins and other large molecules, too by protein catabolism catabolism . Protein synthesis Main article Protein biosynthesis . Protein biosynthesis relies on four processes amino acid synthesis RNA synthesis Transcription genetics transcription Translation genetics translation Protein anabolism is the process by which protein are formed from amino acids aka anabolic amino acid synthesis . Protein catabolism is the process by which proteins are broken down to their amino acids. This is also called proteolysis . Metabolism DEFAULTSORT Protein Metabolism Category MetabolismMetabolism stub cs Metabolismus b lkovin ... more details
Industrial metabolism was first proposed by Robert Ayres scientist Robert Ayres as the whole integrated collection of physical processes that convert raw materials and energy, plus labour, into finished products and wastes... ref Ayres, R.U., 1994. Industrial metabolism Theory and policy. In Ayres, R.U., Simonis, U.K. Eds. , http www.unu.edu unupress unupbooks 80841e 80841E00.htm Industrial Metabolism Restructuring for Sustainable Development . United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp. 3 20. ref The goal is to study the flow of materials through society in order to better understand the sources and causes of emissions, along with the effects of the linkages in our socio technological systems. ref S. Anderberg 1998 , Industrial metabolism and linkages between economics, ethics, and the environment , Ecological Economics , 24, pp 311 320 ref See also Portal Sustainable development Anthropogenic metabolism Energy accounting Industrial ecology Material flow accounting Material flow analysis Books http www.unu.edu unupress unupbooks 80841e 80841E00.htm Industrial Metabolism Restructuring for Sustainable Development Sources Reflist Industrial Ecology Category Industrial ecology Category Sustainability Sustainability stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine . The pathways of different amino acids and other metabolites interweave and overlap to creating complex systems. Human cysteine metabolism In human cysteine metabolism, L cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below. L cysteine is also consumed in methionine and glutathione metabolism as well as pantothenate CoA biosynthesis. class wikitable style text align center L cysteine consumption pathways enzyme product cysteine dioxygenase 3 sulfino L alanine or cysteine sulfinic acid amino acid racemase D cysteine cysteine lyase L cysteate cysteine tRNA ligase L cysteinyl tRNA sup Cys sup cystine reductase L cystine cysteine transaminase 3 mercapto pyruvate L cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below, L cysteine is also a product of glycine , serine , and threonine metabolism. class wikitable style text align center L cysteine production pathways starting chemical enzyme O acetyl L serine cysteine synthase L cystine glutathione cystine transhydrogenase pyruvate cystathionine lyase 3 mercapto pyruvate cysteine transaminase See also D cysteine desulfhydrase Sulphur metabolism DEFAULTSORT Cysteine Metabolism Category Sulfur metabolism Category Sulfur amino acids ja ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Flux , or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway . Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cell biology cell s, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the metabolic pathway s activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in metabolic network modelling , where it is analysed via flux balance analysis . DEFAULTSORT Flux Biochemistry Category Metabolism Metabolism stub Biochem stub ... more details
Anthropogenic metabolism is a term used in material flow analysis , substance flow analysis and waste management . It includes blockquote not only the physiological metabolism but also includes the thousands of goods and substances necessary to sustain modern life. Anthropogenic stands for man made. The anthroposphere is the Sphere disambiguation sphere in which human activities take place, sometimes called technosphere or biosphere . Today, the most important man made material flows are due to activities such as cleaning, transporting, residing and communicating. These activities were of little metabolic significance in prehistoric times. ref Brunner Paul H. and Rechberger H. 2002 http www.iwa.tuwien.ac.at htmd2264 publikat aws publikationen Publikationen 2001 Anthropogenic 20Metabolism 20and 20Environmental 20Legacies.pdf Anthropogenic Metabolism and Environmental Legacies in Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change ISBN 0 471 97796 9 ref blockquote See also Industrial metabolism References references Further reading Baccini, Peter and Brunner, Paul H., Metabolism of the Anthroposphere, Springer, 1991, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, ISBN 978 3 540 53778 6 Category Waste management concepts Category Industrial ecology ... more details
Infobox Journal title Cell Metabolism discipline Physiology Molecular Biology publisher Cell Press country United States USA frequency Monthly history 2005 to present openaccess After 12 months website http www.cellmetabolism.org ISSN 1550 4131 Cell Metabolism , launched in January 2005, is one of the newer titles in the Cell Press family. The journal focuses on physiology, with an emphasis on understanding the molecular basis of how the body self regulates in the face of change, and how disturbances in these balances can lead to disease. Advances in these fields take on a special importance given the increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and related maladies metabolic diseases in the developed world. Created in response to what top scientists saw as a growing need for a specialized journal in this field, Cell Metabolism is run by in house editorial and production teams with full responsibility for selecting and preparing content for publication. Further Information Journal published on a monthly basis The 2007 Thomson Reuters Impact Factor for Cell Metabolism is 17.148 External links http www.cellmetabolism.org www.CellMetabolism.org Reed Elsevier Category Biology journals Category Cell Press academic journals Category Publications established in 2005 fr Cell Metabolism ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
