This article is about a biological process related to reproduction for the other use, see Capacitation NGO . Capacitation is the penultimate ref Essential Reproduction, Johnson, 6th edition, Blackwell Publishing ref step in the maturation of mammal ian Spermatozoon spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to Fertilization fertilize an oocyte . This step is a biochemical event the sperm move normally and look mature prior to capacitation. Wiktionary In vivo In vivo this step typically occurs after ejaculation , in the female Sex organ reproductive tract . Wiktionary In vitro In vitro , capacitation can occur in sperm that have either undergone ejaculation or have been extracted from the epididymis . By secreting sterol binding albumin, lipoproteins, proteolytic and glycosidasic enzymes such as heparin, the uterus aids in the steps of capacitation. Non mammalian spermatozoa do not require this capacitation step and are ready to fertilize an oocyte immediately after release from the male. After this capacitation the sperm must undergo activation involving the acrosome reaction . Result of capacitationCapacitation involves the destabilisation of the acrosomal sperm head membrane .... Hyperactivation is also part of capacitation and is the result of the increased Ca sup 2 sup levels. The tripeptide FPP fertilization promoting peptide produced by the male is essential for capacitation high levels of FPP prevent capacitation, the proper concentration occurs after ejaculation ... on line at http www.science.org.au newsletters aas60.pdf . ref . Historically, the term capacitation ... Current research into sperm capacitation An Essay on Visconti, et al. Development 121 1129 1150 1995 ... Olds Clarke, Patricia and Kopf, Gregory S. 1995 . Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa I. Correlation between the capacitation state and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Development 121 , 1129 1137. PMID 7743926. small full article text available on line small External links MeshName Sperm Capacitation ... more details
Semenogelin is a protein that is involved in the formation of a gel matrix that encases ejaculated spermatozoa, preventing capacitation . ref name de Lamirande Cite journal author de Lamirande E, Lamothe G title Levels of semenogelin in human spermatozoa decrease during capacitation involvement of reactive oxygen species and zinc journal Hum Reprod volume issue pages year 2010 month May pmid 20501468 doi 10.1093 humrep deq110 url ref It blocks capacitation mainly via inhibition of reactive oxygen species ROS generation. ref name de Lamirande Proteolysis by prostate specific antigen PSA breaks down the gel matrix and allows the spermatozoa to move more freely. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 6407 Entrez Gene SEMG2 semenogelin II ref There are two variants of the semenogelin protein Semenogelin 1 and Semenogelin 2 . References Reflist Biochemistry stub Category Proteins ... more details
orphan date June 2007 unreferenced date June 2007 Decapacitation factor DF is composed of factors in seminal plasma which modulates the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa . The activity is achieved by interaction between cholesterol , phospholipid s and fibronectin like substances and delivered via sall vesicles in seminal plasma . DF prevents onset of capacitation. Physiologically it is achieved through spermatozoal membrane stabilization by maintaining physiological cholesterol phospholipid ratio . The study of DF is essential to understand unexplained male infertility and possible role in male contraception of reversible method. Ejaculates from animals when purified have obtained DF. Such ejaculates when injected into the uterus with sperms decrease the fertilization by decreasing efficiency of capacitation of spermatozoas. In natural conditions, uterus have the ability to inactivate or remove overwhelmed DF, serving a purpose. In vitro incubation of DF with uterine fluids has been reported to have failed to destroy DF activity. The DF factors can be removed from the seminal plasma by gentle centrifugation and can be added back. Some known DF and their study have shown to be aniinic polypeptide with MR 40,000, stable to heating at relatively high temperature and stable to enzymes and pH. Category Male reproductive system biochem stub ... more details
protein Name apolipoprotein A I binding protein caption image width HGNCid 18453 Symbol APOA1BP AltSymbols EntrezGene 128240 OMIM 608862 RefSeq NM 144772 UniProt Q8NCW5 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 1 Arm q Band 21 LocusSupplementaryData Apolipoprotein A I binding protein also known as APOA1BP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA1BP gene . ref name pmid11991719 cite journal author Ritter M, Buechler C, Boettcher A, Barlage S, Schmitz Madry A, Ors E, Bared SM, Schmiedeknecht G, Baehr CH, Fricker G, Schmitz G title Cloning and characterization of a novel apolipoprotein A I binding protein, AI BP, secreted by cells of the kidney proximal tubules in response to HDL or ApoA I journal Genomics volume 79 issue 5 pages 693 702 year 2002 month May pmid 11991719 doi 10.1006 geno.2002.6761 url issn ref Function APOA1BP binds to APOA1 , APOA2 , and high density lipoprotein HDL . ref name pmid11991719 In addition, APOA1BP appears to play a role in capacitation sperm capacitation . ref name pmid18202122 cite journal author Jha KN, Shumilin IA, Digilio LC, Chertihin O, Zheng H, Schmitz G, Visconti PE, Flickinger CJ, Minor W, Herr JC title Biochemical and structural characterization of apolipoprotein A I binding protein, a novel phosphoprotein with a potential role in sperm capacitation journal Endocrinology volume 149 issue 5 pages 2108 20 year 2008 month May pmid 18202122 pmc 2329272 doi 10.1210 en.2007 0582 url issn ref References Reflist gene 1 stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name Male Latin GraySubject 258 GrayPage 1243 Image Gray1150.png Caption Transverse section of a tubule of the testis of a rat . X 250. Image2 Gray7.png Caption2 Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids young spermatozoa . Width 325 System MeshName Spermatocytes MeshNumber A05.360.490.890.880 A spermatocyte is a male gametocyte , derived from a spermatogonium , which is in the developmental stage of spermatogenesis during which meiosis occurs. It is located in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the developmental process which leads to the production of male gametes, termed spermatozoa or sperm. Spermatogonial stem cells divide by mitosis to form primary spermatocytes. The primary spermatocyte is initially diploid and undergoes meiosis . After the first meiotic division, the resulting daughter cells are termed secondary spermatocytes. These undergo the second meiotic division giving rise to haploid spermatids . Spermatids mature further in a developmental process called spermiogenesis , becoming spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are characterized by an elongated shape with a compact Cell nucleus nucleus and a flagellum . Additional maturation takes place in the epididymis , where the sperm become motile. After capacitation in the female reproductive tract, sperm are capable of fertilization . Additional images gallery Image Testicle histology boar.jpg Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a boar . 1 Lumen of Tubulus seminiferus contortus , 2 spermatids , 3 spermatocytes , 4 Spermatogonium spermatogonia , 5 Sertoli cell , 6 Myofibroblasts , 7 Leydig cell s, 8 capillaries gallery Male reproductive system Category Germ cells Category Male reproductive system Cell biology stub ru ... more details
unreferenced article date May 2009 Image INTA.png 150px thumb Official logo of INTA. The National Agricultural Technology Institute lang es Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog a Agropecuaria , commonly known as INTA , is an Argentina Argentine federal agency in charge of the generation, adaptation and diffusion of technologies, knowledge and learning procedures for the agriculture , forest and agro industrial activities within an ecologically clean environment. Even though the institute, created in 1956, depends on the Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food of the Ministry of Economy and Production, it has financial and operative autarkic autonomy given by law 25641 02 that provides the Institute with the 0.5 of the importations. Activities Image Mesadalabmol1.jpg thumb 240px Molecular biology lab. The INTA researches and produces information and technologies applied to processes and products, that are later forwarded to the producers. It works, for instance, in the genetic improvement and development of specific properties of diverse cereals, fruits, flowers, forest trees and vegetables, as well as the handling of cultivations and native forests. Another important field is the sanity of the products plagues control, weeds and diseases. It studies and researches the harvest, manipulation, packing, distribution and commercialisation of fruit and vegetables, as well as the handling and processing of meats and dairy products. The institute also observes market behaviours of internal and external consume, as well as the economical impact of the different applied technologies. Organization The INTA has a directive board composed of members of both the official and the private sector they define the politics at national level. The national direction executes the planning of the board, assisted by the organization and administration technical areas. Research and producers capacitation takes place in 44 experimental agricultural stations and 240 extension units ar ... more details
calcium binding when phosphorylated during capacitation. A pseudogene on chromosome 3 has been ... phosphorylation of a kinase anchoring protein 3 and valosin containing protein p97 during capacitation ... more details
A peg cell is a non Cilium ciliated Epithelium epithelial Cell biology cell within the Fallopian tube . It is also called an intercalary cell. ref name BlausteinKurman2002 cite book author1 Ancel Blaustein author2 Robert J. Kurman title Blaustein s pathology of the female genital tract url http books.google.com books?id tuKGMxGRKa8C&pg PA619 accessdate 18 November 2010 year 2002 publisher Springer isbn 9780387952031 pages 619 ref It is one of the three epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, along with secretory cells and ciliated epithelial cells. ref name ChengBostwick2006 cite book author1 Liang Cheng author2 David G. Bostwick title Essentials of anatomic pathology url http books.google.com books?id B LUwWcqspoC&pg PA1093 accessdate 18 November 2010 year 2006 publisher Springer isbn 9781588294616 pages 1093 ref Function These cells produce a fluid that is rich in nutrients for Spermatozoon spermatazoa , oocyte s, and zygote s. The cellular secretions also promote the capacitation of spermatazoa by removing glycoprotein s and other molecules from their cell membranes. The cells are outnumbered by ciliated cells in the oviduct, though their number can increase in response to progesterone . See also List of distinct cell types in the adult human body References reflist External links eMedicineDictionary Peg cell BUHistology 18501loa BUHistology 18604loa Human cell types derived primarily from mesoderm DEFAULTSORT Peg Cell Category Human cells Category Female reproductive system Category Histology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 10665 Uncharacterized protein C6orf10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6orf10 gene . ref name pmid10803852 cite journal author Stammers M, Rowen L, Rhodes D, Trowsdale J, Beck S title BTL II a polymorphic locus with homology to the butyrophilin gene family, located at the border of the major histocompatibility complex class II and class III regions in human and mouse journal Immunogenetics volume 51 issue 4 5 pages 373 82 year 2000 month May pmid 10803852 pmc doi 10.1007 s002510050633 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene C6orf10 chromosome 6 open reading frame 10 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10665 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. title The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full length cDNA project the Mammalian Gene Collection MGC . journal Genome Res. volume 14 issue 10B pages 2121 7 year 2004 pmid 15489334 doi 10.1101 gr.2596504 pmc 528928 cite journal author Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. title The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. journal Nature volume 425 issue 6960 pages 805 11 year 2003 pmid 14574404 doi 10.1038 nature02055 cite journal author Ficarro S, Chertihin O, Westbrook VA, et al. title Phosphoproteome analysis of capacitated human sperm. Evidence of tyrosine phosphorylation of a kinase anchoring protein 3 and valosin containing protein p97 during capacitation. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 issue 13 pages 11579 89 year 2003 pmid 12509440 doi 10.1074 jbc.M202325200 cite journal author Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences. journa ... more details
main objective is to improve educational and labor quality through policies and administrative capacitation processes in accordance with the Institutional Capacitation Plan. This group also seeks academic ... to capacitation and formation of students. This team is formed by professional knowledge in Police ... more details
of capacitation , the maturation period of sperm that is required in order for them to be able ... him further to find that capacitated sperm would lose capacitation if exposed to seminal plasma ... more details
aja journal vaop ncurrent full aja201077a.html doi 10.1038 aja.2010.77 ref During capacitation ... state of storage prior to capacitation. The mechanism is believed to involve inhibition ... more details
is that this process is restricted to Capacitation capacitated cells Cohen Dayag et al., 1995 ... Kaspa, I., Dor, J., Mashiach, S. and Eisenbach, M. 1995 . Sperm capacitation in humans is transient ... and its association with capacitation. Dev. Genet. 25, 87 94. Eisenbach, M. and Tur Kaspa ... capacitation appears to be programmed according to egg availability in the female genital tract. Fertil ..., B.S. and Eisenbach, M. 2002 . Capacitation. In Fertilization Hardy, D.M., ed. pp. 57 117. Academic ... more details
et al., 2001 . A key feature of sperm chemotaxis in humans is that this process is restricted to Capacitation ..., I., Dor, J., Mashiach, S. and Eisenbach, M. 1995 . Sperm capacitation in humans is transient and correlates .... Eisenbach, M. 1999 . Mammalian sperm chemotaxis and its association with capacitation. Dev. Genet ..., G., Gakamsky, A. and Eisenbach, M. 2004 . Timing of sperm capacitation appears to be programmed according .... Jaiswal, B.S. and Eisenbach, M. 2002 . Capacitation. In Fertilization Hardy, D.M., ed. pp. 57 117. Academic ... more details
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