DISPLAYTITLE CandidatusCarsonellaruddii Taxobox color lightgrey name CandidatusCarsonellaruddii regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo unclassified genus CandidatusCarsonella species C. C. ruddii binomial CandidatusCarsonellaruddii binomial authority synonyms CandidatusCarsonellaruddii is an obligate endosymbiotic Gamma Proteobacteria Gamma Proteobacterium ref Spaulding, A. W. and C. D. von Dohlen. 1998. Phylogenetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Psyllids Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha . Molecular Biology and Evolution 15 11 1506 1513 ref it has the smallest genome of any characterised bacteria. ref name Science cite journal author Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar H, Moran N, Hattori M title The 160 kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella. journal Science volume 314 issue 5797 pages 267 year 2006 pmid 17038615 doi 10.1126 science.1134196 ref The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap feeding insects known as psyllid s. ref Thao, M.L. 2000. Cospeciation of Psyllids and Their Primary Prokaryotic Endosymbionts. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 2898 2905 ref ref Thao, M.L. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of vertically transmitted psyllid endosymbionts CandidatusCarsonellaruddii based on atpAGD and rpoC comparisons with 16S 23S rDNA derived phylogeny. Current Microbiology 42 419 21 PMID 11381334 ref The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome . In 2006 the genome of C. C. ruddii strain Pathovar Pv Carsonella Pv of the Celtis hackberry petiole gall psyllid, Pachypsylla venusta was sequenced ... CandidatusCarsonellaRuddii Category Proteobacteria cs Carsonellaruddii de Carsonellaruddii es CandidatusCarsonellaruddii fr CandidatusCarsonellaruddii fi CandidatusCarsonellaruddii sv CarsonellaRuddii ... more details
Candidatus Latin for candidate of Roman office, named after the white gown worn by Roman senators is in scientific classification a component of the taxonomic name for a bacterium that cannot be maintained in a Bacteriology Culture Collection. It is an interim taxonomic status for noncultivable organisms. An example would be Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae . Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well characterised but unculturable. Nowadays much information is obtained by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. History For valid publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a Bacteriology Culture Collection. However, some bacteria require special culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections ... that the new category of indefinite rank Candidatus be established for certain wiktionary ... taxon . It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the International ... . The taxonomic note proposing the establishment of the provisional status Candidatus for incompletely ... Status Candidatus for Incompletely Described Procaryotes Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1995, 45, 186 ...., 1995, 45, 195 196. ref br According to this note, the category Candidatus should be used for describing ... to use the Candidatus concept for well characterised but as yet uncultured organisms. The names included in the category Candidatus are usually written as follows Candidatus in italics , the subsequent .... For example, Candidatus Phytoplasma , Candidatus Phytoplasma allocasuarinae . According to the IRPCM Phytoplasma Spiroplasma Working Team Phytoplasma taxonomy group the abbreviation for Candidatus .... The IRPCM Phytoplasma Spiroplasma Working Team Phytoplasma taxonomy group Candidatus Phytoplasma ... Bacterial nomenclature Category Bacteria Category Microbiology ca Candidatus de Candidatus Biologie es Candidatus hu Candidatus ja Candidatus pt Candidatus ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Candidatus philologiae male or Candidata philologiae female , often abbreviated cand.philol. is an academic degree in Arts and Letters at Education in Denmark Danish and Higher education in Norway Norwegian universities. A cand.philol. is generally considered equivalent to the British Master of Philosophy , the French dipl me d tudes approfondies or DEA or the Spanish Diploma de Estudios Avanzados also DEA . It can also be considered to be roughly equivalent to a two year or scientific Master s degree , but the cand.philol. consists of 4 2 years, in contrast with 3 2 years used for Master s degrees in many other countries. The degree was previously considered an entry level scientific degree for careers in academia, with doctorates more commonly being awarded at a later stage in the career. The degree was replaced formally in Norway by the Bachelor Master 3 2 system in 2003 and also lost importance as a more internationally streamlined Ph.D. was gradually introduced after the 1980s. Cand.nav.box. DEFAULTSORT Candidatus Philologiae Category Master s degrees Category Academic degrees of Norway Europe edu stub da Cand.philol. no Candidatus philologi nn Candidatus philologi ... more details
italictitle Taxobox color lightgrey image image caption name Candidatus Liberibacter regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Rhizobiaceae genus Candidatus Liberibacter genus authority center Jagoueix et al., 1997 center subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Candidatus Liberibacter is a genus of gram negative bacteria in the Rhizobiaceae family. The term Candidatus is used to indicate that it has not proved possible to maintain this bacterium in culture. Detection of the liberibacters is based on PCR amplification of their 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA gene with specific primers. Members of the genus are plant pathogens mostly transmitted by Jumping plant louse psyllids . The genus was originally spelled Liberobacter. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?lvl 0&id 34019 Taxonomy browser ref Species Named species include ref http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 34019 UniProt Consortium ref br Liberibacter africanus Originating in Africa and a causal agent of huanglongbing , also known as citrus greening disease and vectored by the african citrus psyllid Tioza erytreae. ref http www.eppo.org QUARANTINE insects Trioza erytreae TRIZER ds.pdf EPPO ref Liberibacter americanus A novel species from Brazil described in 2005 and associated with huanglongbing , also known as citrus greening disease and vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri . ref http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content short 55 5 1857 Candidatus Liberibacter americanus , associated with citrus huanglongbing greening disease in S o Paulo State, Brazil ref Liberibacter asiaticus Originating in Asia and a causal ... Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus sp. nov. that is associated with and transmitted by the psyllid Cacopsylla ... content full 74 18 5862 A New Huanglongbing Species, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous, Found To Infect ... solanacearum ref http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content full 59 9 2274 Candidatus Liberibacter ... more details
of psyllid , CandidatusCarsonellaruddii , has the smallest genome currently known among cellular ... A, et al. year 2006 title The 160 kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella journal ... more details
Candidatus theologi male , Candidata theologi female , abbreviated cand. theol. is an academic degree with a long tradition, awarded after a six year higher education in theology in Denmark and Norway . In Norway, the title has remained after the Quality Reform , though it is equivalent to a Master of Theology . The title is protected by law in Denmark and Norway, and can only be issued by three institutions, the University of Oslo , the MF Norwegian School of Theology , Oslo and the School of Mission and Theology , Stavanger. The latter two are private. Cand.nav.box. Category Master s degrees Category Academic degrees of Denmark Category Academic degrees of Norway Category Religious degrees Europe edu stub da Cand.theol. no Candidatus theologi nn Candidatus theologi ... more details
2,620 Unpublished ref name EntrezG CandidatusCarsonellaruddiiCarsonellaruddii PV Proteobacteria ... author Nakabachi A et al. title The 160 kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella ... more details
Summary The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli , feeds on a potato and infects it with Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum , the bacteria that causes zebra chip disease. Photo from http www.forestryimages.org browse detail.cfm?imgnum 5364133 here , courtesy of Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org. Licensing cc by 3.0 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 ToLCleanup Automatic taxobox display children 1 Simkaniaceae is a family of bacteria in the order Chlamydiales , class Chlamydiae , phylum Chlamydiae , domain Bacteria . Species in this family have a chlamydia like cycle of replication and their ribosomal RNA genes are 80 90 identical to ribosomal genes in the Chlamydiaceae . The Simkaniaceae are not recognized by monoclonal antibodies that are specific for Chlamydiaceae lipopolysaccharide . The family Simkaniaceae currently includes two Genus genera Simkania and Fritschea . The type species is Simkania negevensis , and its natural host is not known. It is readily grown in monolayers of eukaryotic Vero cell s. Serological evidence and PCR indicate that S. negevensis is widespread among humans. Two Fritschea species have been identified in insects . These are candidatus species because they only grow in insect bacteriocytes and have not been cultured in vitro . Whiteflies are the host of Candidatus Fritschea bemisiae strain Falk . Scale insects are the host of Candidatus Fritschea eriococci strain Elm . Simkania negevensis and Fritschea bemisiae have a group I intron in the 23S rRNA, unlike other characterized chlamydial rRNA genes. The introns are closely related to group I introns in the 23S rRNA of chloroplasts and mitochondria in algae and amoebae. Category Chlamydiae es Simkaniaceae ... more details
pp semi vandalism small yes pp move indef two other uses the microorganisms the genus Bacillus featured article Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacteria fossil range Archean or earlier Recent image EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg image width 210px image caption Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli bacilli domain Bacteria subdivision ranks Phyla ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Undef&id 2&lvl 3&lin f&keep 1&srchmode 1&unlock title Bacteria eubacteria accessdate 2008 09 10 work Taxonomy Browser publisher NCBI date ref subdivision gram positive no Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane Actinobacteria high GC content G C br Firmicutes low GC content G C br Tenericutes no Cell wall wall br gram negative Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane present Aquificae br Deinococcus Thermus br Fibrobacteres Chlorobi Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteria phylum FCB group br Fusobacteria br Gemmatimonadetes br Nitrospirae br Planctomycetes Verrucomicrobia Chlamydiae Planctobacteria PVC group br Proteobacteria br Spirochaete s br Synergistetes br unknown ungrouped Acidobacteria br Chloroflexi br Chrysiogenetes br Cyanobacteria br Deferribacteraceae Deferribacteres br Dictyoglomi br Thermodesulfobacteria br Thermotogae Bacteria IPA en b k t ri en us bacteria.ogg singular bacterium are a large domain biology domain of single celled, prokaryote microorganism s. Typically a few micrometre s in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from sphere s to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth , growing in soil, Hot spring acidic hot springs , radioactive waste , ref cite journal author Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, et al. title Geomicrobiology of high level nuclear waste contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology volume 70 issue 7 pages 4230 41 year 2004 pmid 15240306 pmc 444790 doi 10.1128 AEM.70.7.4230 4241.2004 re ... more details
Automatic taxobox subdivision Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis Rhabdochlamydia crassificans Rhabdochlamydia is a genus of intracellular bacteria a separate family, Rhabdochlamydiaceae , has been proposed for this genus. Rhabdochlamydia species have not been cultured in vitro and have not been deposited in culture collections. Two Rhabdochlamydia species have been characterized and validly proposed. Their ribosomal RNA genes are 96.3 identical. These gene sequences are 82 87 identical to those of most Chlamydiales . These data and Rhabdochlamydia morphology indicate that these species will belong to the order Chlamydiales , class Chlamydiae , phylum Chlamydiae , domain Bacteria . Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis was identified in the hepatopancreas of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber Crustacea Isopoda . ref cite journal author Daniele Corsaro, Vincent Thomas, Genevieve Goy, Danielle Venditti, Renate Radek & Gilbert Greub year 2007 title nowrap Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia crassificans , an intracellular bacterial pathogen of the cockroach Blatta orientalis Insecta Blattodea journal Systematic and Applied Microbiology volume 30 issue 3 pages 221 228 pmid 16934426 doi 10.1016 j.syapm.2006.06.001 ref The second Rhabdochlamydia species is Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia crassificans, which was identified in the cockroach Blatta orientalis Insecta Blattodea . ref cite journal author Rok Kostanj ek, Jasna trus, Damjana Drobne & Gorazd Avgu tin year 2004 title nowrap Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis , an intracellular bacterium from the hepatopancreas of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber Crustacea Isopoda journal International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology volume 54 pages 543 549 doi 10.1099 ijs.0.02802 0 pmid 15023973 ref References Reflist Category Chlamydiae es Rhabdochlamydiaceae ... more details
Candidatus oeconomices male or Candidata oeconomices female , often abbreviated cand.oecon. is an academic degree in economics at Education in Denmark Danish and Higher education in Norway Norwegian universities. It is roughly equivalent to a Master of Economics , but it consists of 4 2 years, and was based on a four year cand.mag. . The degree was replaced in Norway by the Bachelor Master Master s degree 3 2 system in 2003. Cand.nav.box. Category Master s degrees Category Academic degrees of Norway Category Business qualifications Europe edu stub da Cand.oecon. no Cand.oecon. nn Cand.oecon. ... more details
in potatoes in New Zealand ref http www.maf.govt.nz mafnet press 2008 083006 potatoes.htm Candidatus ... www.wpdn.org common news events candidatus liberibacter APHIS 20SPRO 202008 32 7 14 08.pdf Candidatus ... Zebra chip is related in that Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum has been reported from Zebra ... more details
Candidatus magisterii male , Candidata magisterii female , abbreviated cand.mag. is an academic degree used in Denmark and formerly in Norway and Iceland . It was a degree awarded by Higher education in Norway universities in Norway before the provisions of the Bologna process were implemented and still is awarded in Higher education in Denmark Denmark . In Norway it required a minimum of three and a half years for faculties of mathematics and natural sciences , and four or four and a half years for faculties of arts and social sciences to be completed. In Denmark the degree requires at least five years of studies. As a result of implementing the Bologna Process , it was in Norway supplemented by the Bachelor s degree , which requires three years to complete. In Denmark the title cand.mag. is still in use, but is now equal to a Masters degree in the field of humanities, and is thus awarded after a bachelors degree plus two years of study. The English title equivalent to the cand.mag. is Master of Arts. It is not to be confused with the Magister degree magister degree magister artium or magister scientarium , a degree requiring seven years of studies with strong emphasis on the scientific thesis, and which approximates a PhD degree. Unreferenced date May 2009 Cand.nav.box. Category Bachelor s degrees Category Academic degrees of Norway Europe edu stub Norway stub Denmark stub Iceland stub da Cand.mag. no Candidatus magisterii nn Cand.mag. ... more details
unreferenced date August 2009 Expert subject Education date February 2009 Dr. univ. is an abbreviation for doctor universitatis doctor of university in English . It was a doctoral rank in Hungary classified between Master of Arts and CSc Candidatus Scientiarum old style PhD . It was abolished in the 1990s i.e., no more dr.univ. degrees were given. Many of those already having dr. univ. degree had it converted into PhD. Since that time, some universities in North America have taken to awarding a Doctor of the University or D.Univ as an honorary degree instead of the more usual LL.D . References reflist Category Academic degrees education stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox binomial Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans is a bacterial member of the order Planctomycetes and therefore lacks peptidoglycan in its cell wall , has a compartmentalized cytoplasm . Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans is the first discovered organism capable of the Anammox anaerobic oxidation of ammonium . This process dubbed the anammox process was discovered in the 1980s by the Gijs Kuenen lab in a List of waste water treatment technologies waste water treatment plant in Delft , the Netherlands . Ammonium oxidation is coupled to nitrite reduction to form the harmless dinitrogen gas. The key enzyme involved in this reaction, hydroxylamine oxidoreductase , is located in an organelle like structure called the anammoxosome . The ability to oxidize ammonium anaerobically makes Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans potentially useful for reducing&mdash or eliminating&mdash ammonium from waste water. ref name knight In waste treatment Because of its ability to eliminate ammonium, a variety of uses have been found for this bacteria, particularly removal of nitrogen from waste streams. ref B. Kartal, G.J. Kuenen and M.C.M van Loosdrecht Sewage Treatment with Anammox, Science, 2010, vol 328 p 702 3 ref The first full scale experiment employing the anammox process in the world was built at the waste water treatment plant Dokhaven Sluisjesdijk in Rotterdam , the Netherlands. ref name knight Existing treatment plants use bacteria that convert ammonium into nitrate . The bacteria that do this need oxygen, which must be supplied by electric pumps. Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrate into nitrogen gas. These require adding methanol . This process consumes an average of 44 watt hour s per day per person served by the sewage system. ref name knight Researchers estimate that a methanogenic digester coupled to a nitrification anammox bioreactor could generate 24 watt hours per person per day, a net swing of 70 watt hours. ref name knight ... more details
Civil konom , literally civil economist , is a professional title in Denmark with corresponding titles in Norway and Sweden , see below under See also used for an individual who holds a certain degree in business administration and economics after three years of studies Erhvervsvidenskabelig Afgangseksamen in Danish candidatus mercaturae in Latin language Latin . See also Civilekonom for the corresponding Sweden Swedish title Sivil konom for the corresponding Norway Norwegian title Category Academic degrees Category Business qualifications Category Titles Category Business and financial operations occupations Category Professional titles and certifications Category Scandinavian titles da Civil konom no Sivil konom nn Sivil konom sv Civilekonom ... more details
Candidate of Medicine lang la Candidatus Medicinae male , Candidata Medicinae female , abbreviated Cand. Med. is an academic degree awarded in Denmark , Iceland and Norway following a six year medical school education. The degree can also be written as Candidatus Candidata Medicin instead of AE . In Danish language Danish and Norwegian language Norwegian , the degree is, similar to other Latin degrees, generally not capitalized i.e. it s written as candidatus candidata medicinae and abbreviated cand. med. . The Latin term or its abbreviation are always used, i.e. they are not translated. The term candidate refers to those running for public office in Ancient Rome . Traditionally, many doctors and lawyers in Denmark and Norway would hold positions directly appointed by the King. In Denmark and Norway, a research doctorate or a higher doctorate of medicine is known as Doctor Medicinae Danish and Norwegian degree Dr. Med. Doctor Medicinae, literally, Doctor of Medicine . In order to be allowed to defend a Dr. Med. thesis, one must hold a Cand. Med. degree. In Denmark, there are currently two research doctorates that can be obtained in the field of medicine, the PhD the smaller doctorate and the Dr. Med. the higher doctorate . Dr. Med. was abolished in Norway in 2008 and replaced by the PhD and the Doctor Philosophiae Danish and Norwegian degree Dr. Philos. Norway In Norway the education is offered at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology , University of Bergen , University of Oslo and University of Troms . Following the education, candidates are permitted to work as rotation doctor, first at a hospital for one year and then six months as a general practitioner . After the rotation service, the candidate may receive formal qualifications as a medical practitioner. The first Norwegian to receive this degree was Carl Schultz in 1817 . Along with the cand.med.vet. ... da Cand.med. no Candidatus medicin nn Cand.med. ... more details
orphan date June 2008 Cand. it. , candidatus male or candidata female informationis technologi is a graduate academic title, which is used in Denmark. The English equivalent title is Master of Science in Information Technology . The title describes a candidate with a multidisciplinary approach to computer science and computer related fields, and aspects of human science, social science, natural science and economics can be found in the study programmes that award the title. In Denmark, the title can be obtained at the IT University of Copenhagen and through It vest a collaboration between several Danish universities . See also IT University of Copenhagen External links http www.itu.dk http www.it vest.dk Category Professional titles and certifications ... more details
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