A budgetprocess refers to the process by which governments create and approve a budget . The Financial ... officers about budget requirements. Adjustments to the budget submission may be required as a result of this phase in the process. Typically, the budget cycles occurs in four phases. ref Smith, Robert ... the entire budgetprocess, but is considered its fourth phase. This phase is auditing and evaluating the entire process and system. Revenue Estimation performed in the executive branch by the finance director, clerk s office, budget director, manager, or a team. Budget Call issued to outline the presentation form, recommend certain goals. Budget Formulation reflecting on the past, set goals for the future and reconcile the difference. Budget Hearings can include departments, sections, the executive, and the public to discuss changes in the budget. Budget Adoption final approval by the legislative body. Budget Execution amending the budget as the fiscal year progresses. Constitutional economics ... can be used during annual budgetprocess, and if that budget planning is transparent then the rule ... public finance United States budgetprocess References http blog pfm.imf.org pfmblog 2007 10 making ... budget estimates The Administrator calls a meeting of managers and they present and discuss plans for the following ... by the managers to their Executive Officers for review and approval. Justification of the budget ... of the budget formation. The third phase is policy execution which follows budget adoption is budget ..., Defining the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009 ref Notes reflist See also Budget Economics Budget theory Political economy Constitutional economics public budgeting budget deficit budget surplus budget crisis Canadian federal budget Comprehensive income Government Accountability Office ... budget practice.html Budget practices and procedures everything you d want to know about OECD countries ... and Janko Seljak, MPRA Paper 15499, 2009 Category Government budgets Process Category Government finances ... more details
The establishment of the annual budget of the Federal Republic of Germany is known as the German budgetprocess . Purpose The primary purpose of the budget is to create an overview of the country s revenues and expenses for the following fiscal year or years. Since the budget is based on past expenditures, it is merely a prediction of the future which can lead to unexpected budget deficits as the fiscal year progresses. In the short term, such deficits are commonly financed by borrowing money which has led to the significant national debt long term debt of the German federal government. Procedure The Bundestag passes the budget as an addendum to the annual or bi annual budget act Art. 110, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law . Revenues and expenses are separated by ministry government department ministries and other administrative entities. Budget Guidelines Specific guidelines established by law govern the creation of the budget. Specifically, these are Completeness the budget must include all instances of revenues and expenditures separately. Clarity the budget must be organized along ministry and functional lines. Unity the budget must include all revenues and expenditures Accuracy revenues and expenditures must be estimated based on actual fair market value .... Historical Succession the budget must be enacted before the fiscal year starts. If there is no budget for the current fiscal year, the previous budget continues in effect. Specificity expenditures ... all debates on the budget in the Bundestag as well as the final enacted budget are publicly available ... on who can access information on those. Example Budget The budget for the 2005 fiscal year also demonstrating the basic budget structure can be found below. class wikitable Function Description Expenditures ... group note refs ref group note name fn 1 Estimated budget authority as presented in the budget in thousand ... for German Budget System, IMFSurvey Magazine Countries & Regions, Marc Robinson, IMF FAD Category ... more details
refimprove date November 2010 The process of creating the United States federal budgetbudget for the United States Government is known as the budgetprocess . The framework used by Congress to formulate the budget was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , ref http frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov cgi bin waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID 978089188734 0 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 on http www.gpoaccess.gov cfr GPO access ref the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control .... The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides ... Research http budget.senate.gov democratic the budget process.pdf The Congressional BudgetProcess an Explanation ... on the U.S. Federal budgetprocess http www.house.gov budget republicans budgettutorial.shtml BudgetProcess Tutorial From the House Budget Committee Republican Staff http www.cbo.gov The Congressional ... DEFAULTSORT United States BudgetProcess Category United States federal budgets Process Category Article ... 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 on http www.gpoaccess.gov cfr GPO access ref and by other budget legislation. Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a coherent budget. When newly elected President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds ... Budget Act created the Congressional Budget Office and directed more control of the budget to CBO and away from the President s Office of Management and the Budget. The Act passed easily ... http www.urban.org publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref The President s budget request Congressional consideration of the federal budget begins once the President of the United States submits a budget request, which is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget , the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States Executive Office of the President . The budget ... more details
The Subcommittee on Legislative and BudgetProcess is a subcommittee within the United States House Committee on Rules House Rules Committee According to the Committee rules, this Subcommittee has general responsibility for measures or matters related to relations between the Congress and the Executive Branch. Members, 111th Congress class wikitable Majority Minority party shading Democratic valign top Alcee Hastings , Florida, Chairman Dennis Cardoza , California Chellie Pingree , Maine Jared Polis , Colorado Louise Slaughter , New York party shading Republican valign top Lincoln Diaz Balart , Florida David Dreier , California External links http www.rules.house.gov legbudg sub lbp.htm Rules Committee, Subcommittee page United States House Rules Subcommittees USCongressCommittees Uncategorized date January 2011 US poli stub ... more details
the forecast. Business start up budget The process of calculating the costs of starting a small business ... April 2011 Budget crisis Budget Day BudgetprocessBudget overrun Budget surplus Budget theory List ... United States budgetprocess Union budget of India United Kingdom budget Variance analysis accounting ...about the rental car company Budget Rent a Car the car insurance company BudgetBudget Group of Companies refimprove date March 2011 A budget from old French language French bougette , purse is a list ...&PMDbCategoryId &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref A budget is an important concept in microeconomics , which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade offs between two or more good economics goods . In other terms, a budget is an organizational plan stated in monetary terms .... The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve ... are also included into business budgeting. Corporate budget The budget of a company law company is often compiled annually, but may not be. A finished budget, usually requiring considerable effort, is a plan for the short term future, typically one year see Budget Year . While traditionally the Finance department compiles the company s budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands ... and expenses in the final budget. If the actual figures delivered through the budget period come close to the budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been successfully driving it in the intended direction. On the other hand, if the figures diverge wildly from the budget ... budget A budget is a fundamental tool for an event management event director to predict with reasonable accuracy whether the event will result in a profit, a loss or will break even. A budget ... in the business. The focus is therefore in engaging the managers in the business more fully in the budgetprocess, and building accountability for the results. The companies that adhere to this approach ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 about the Amish newspaper budgets in general Budget The Budget is a weekly newspaper written for and by members of the Amish , Amish Mennonite , Beachy Amish , and Mennonite communities from 1890 to the present. Currently, The Budget is published in two editions a local edition and a national edition, each with different content and readership. History The founder and first editor of The Budget from 1890 though 1913 was Amish Mennonite John C. Miller, who was nicknamed Budget John . Amish Mennonite minister Samuel H. Miller was the second editor through 1920. He was followed by S.A. Smith until 1930, when Smith s son George R. Smith took over until 1969. Serving as editor for nearly 40 years, and continuing as associate editor even after that, George R. Smith contributed greatly to shaping The Budget into what it is today. The current publisher since 2000 is Keith Rathbun, formerly of the Cleveland Scene alternative weekly. Rathbun gave The Budget its first online exposure in the form of an official website , a move which surprised some of the readership and generated some Mass media mainstream media attention due to the apparent logical contradiction of an Amish website. Local edition The local edition focuses on stories of local interest in several Ohio counties, and includes several pages of non Amish specific content. It is the most read newspaper in its area including Holmes County, Ohio Holmes county as well as parts of Tuscarawas County, Ohio Tuscarawas , Wayne County, Ohio Wayne and Coshocton County, Ohio Coshocton County US counties . National ... I Saw It in the Budget publisher Diakonia Ministries location Hartville, Ohio Hartville, OH year ... 1890 1969 http www.gameo.org encyclopedia contents B8393.html Budget, The Periodical at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online DEFAULTSORT Budget, The Category Amish Category Newspapers published in Ohio pdc The Budget ... more details
The Process may refer to The Process Brave Combo album The Process Brave Combo album , a 2000 album by Brave Combo The Process Play N Skillz album The Process Play N Skillz album , a 2004 album by rap group Play N Skillz The Process Memphis Bleek album The Process Memphis Bleek album , upcoming album by rapper Memphis Bleek The Process Skinny Puppy album The Process Skinny Puppy album , a 1996 album by industrial band Skinny Puppy The Process collective , an art and philosophy collective formed in the early 1990s The Process novel The Process novel , by Brion Gysin The Process Church of The Final Judgment , a religious group that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s The MacGuffin from the film The Spanish Prisoner See also The Trial by Franz Kafka in German Der Process disambig ... more details
Wiktionary process processes processing Process or processing typically describes the act of taking something ... loan , or converting computer data from one form to another. A process involves steps and decisions in the way work is accomplished. The process that one follows is as important as the results that are produced by the process. Without understanding the underlying process, it is difficult to know how ... , then process can be viewed as the vehicle that gets you there and ideally, you should ... destination Process or processing may refer to TOCright Science and technology Process engineering , in the article ..., with the transformations characterized by parameters and constraints Systems engineering process , a process for applying systems engineering techniques to the development of systems Process ... or an organism Chemical process , a method or means of changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds Thermodynamic process , the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system Process control ... Process theory , the scientific study of processes Stochastic process , in probability theory, a random process, as contrasted to a deterministic process Method patent Process patent , usually refers to a manufacturing process Food processing , transforming raw ingredients into food Information processing , change processing of information detectable by an observer Process Manufacturing , manufacturing ... values Process ontology , a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process Computers Process computing , a computer program or an instance of a program running concurrently with other programs Process group , in POSIX conformant operating systems, a collection ... models Medicine, biology, and psychology Process anatomy , a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body Biological process , a process of a living organism Cognitive process , the process of thought Mental process , functions or processes done with the mind Processing Chinese materia medica ... more details
The S process or slow neutron slow neutron capture process is a nucleosynthesis process that occurs at relatively ... beta decay beta minus decay . In the S process, a stable isotope captures a neutron but the radioactive .... This process produces stable isotopes by moving along the valley of beta decay stable isobars in the table of nuclides chart of isotopes . The S process produces approximately half of the isotopes ... galactic chemical evolution . The S process differs from the more rapid R process of neutron capture by its slow rate of neutron captures. History The S process was seen to be needed from the relative ... a matter of determining what other nuclei could be accounted for by such a process. A table apportioning the heavy isotopes between S process and R process was published in the famous B2FH B ... argued that the S process occurs in red giant stars. In a particularly illustrative case .... It also showed that no one single fluence could account for the observed S process abundances, but that a wide ... exposed became the standard model of the S process and remained so until the details of Asymptotic ..., R. A. Ward title S process studies in the light of new experimental cross sections journal Astrophysical ... the S process on the firm quantitative basis that it enjoys today. The S process in stars The S process is believed to occur mostly in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars. In contrast to the R process which is believed to occur over time scales of seconds in explosive environments, the S process is believed to occur over time scales of thousands of years. The extent to which the s process moves up ... yes Neutron Image S process elem Ag to Sb.svg thumb right 400 px The S process acting in the range from silver Ag to antimony Sb . One distinguishes the main and the weak s process component. The main ... component of the S process, on the other hand, synthesizes S process element S process isotopes of elements ... into interstellar space. The S process is often mathematically treated using the so called local approximation ... more details
In the United States Congress , a budget resolution is a legislation in the form of a concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget. The budget resolution establishes various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instruction s to designated United States House of Representatives House or United States Senate Senate United States Congressional committee committee s. The United States Congressional committee committees are responsible for drafting budget resolutions. Following the traditional calendar, by early April both the House and Senate finalize their drafts and submit it to their respective floors for consideration and adoption. The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriations process. A budget resolution binds Congress, but is not a law. It does allow for certain points of order to be made if the President does not follow the resolution ... in force. ref http www.urban.org publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref History Prior to 1974, there was no Congressional Budget Office nor budget resolution process. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that the Congress ... Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 ref http frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov cgi bin waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID 978741125627 0 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 ref created the Congressional Budget Office and directed more control of the budget to CBO and away from the President s Office of Management and the Budget. The Act passed easily as the administration ... publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref See also http www.senate.gov reference glossary term budget resolution.htm U.S. Senate Reference Home Glossary Budget Resolution References references DEFAULTSORT Budget Resolution Category Resolutions law Category ... more details
In the United States a Unified Budget is a budget in which receipts and outlays from federal funds and the Social Security Trust Fund are consolidated. ref Sita Nataraj, John B. Shoven. http www.nber.org papers w10953 Has the Unified Budget Undermined the Federal Government Trust Funds? , National Bureau of Economic Research , December 2004 . ref This change resulted in a single measure of the fiscal status of the government, based on the sum of all government activity. When these fund groups are consolidated to display budget totals, transactions that are outlays of one fund group i.e., interfund transactions are deducted to avoid double counting. ref name g Glossary, Mikesell, John L., Fiscal Administration Analysis and Applications for the Public Sector, 6th ed. 2003 Thompson ref History The United States government adopted a United States budgetprocess unified budget in the Johnson administration in 1968, beginning with the 1969 budget. The surplus in the Social Security OASDI Old Age Survivors and Disabilities Insurance budget offsets the total deficit , making it appear smaller than it otherwise would. ref name autogenerated6 http www.ssa.gov history BudgetTreatment.html SSA.gov ref The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, however changed this so that the two Social Security Trust Funds, and the operations of the Postal Service, are considered to be off budget and are excluded from the unified budget ref name autogenerated6 ref . This means that the Social Security Tax is not counted as revenue, and interest on the Trust Funds is counted as an expense to an external entity. Often times Federal budget reports will contain two sets of numbers for the yearly Federal Budget an off budget deficit or surplus and an on budget deficit or surplus the former of course including the receipts and outlays of these budgets, but by law for purposes of balancing the budget they are off budget . Notes reflist See also Social Security United States Category United States federal budgets ... more details
society in the budget audit process helps to analyze if the finances are being allocated and utilized ... growth and development in the process, progress and performance . The budget advocacy supports ... more on the preparation of the budget. The stage consists of the process of collecting demands from ... monitor the progress and process so that the budget is effectively utilized. The final stage, Auditing ... curriculum final participatory ba.jsp ref Participatory budgeting is the process where the budget ... intro tooshort August 2009 Terminology The term budget originated from French word bougette meaning a small bag or a briefcase containing financial proposals. The term budget is used for the annual financial plan presentation since 1733. Government budget can be regarded as a political document representing ... and efficient use of budget as per needs and concerns of people Create public pressure on issues ...?CatId 70 ref Budget advocacy is the term used to describe the increased participation , analysis and support of the civil society organizations in appreciating budget and budgetary decisions for better accomplishment of the economic , social and cultural rights. Budget analysis can be used ... . Thus, Budget advocacy is an approach used for ensuring effective participation of citizens ... curriculum final ba budgetadvocacy latest.jsp ref Principles The concept of budget analysis ... friendly budget. The budget advocacy is based on principles like Transparency social transparency ... are focused in the citizen. Budget advocacy supports in maintaining transparency behavior transparency as CSOs are scrutinizing budget and its effect with consideration of people s development. Accountability can be regarded as the responsibility of government and civil servants towards citizens . The budget analysis and audit reinforces prior commitment of the government and also helps in the process ... in the budgetary process eases equitable distribution of resources in a transparent manner ... more details
a federal policy in 1921 under the Wilson administration. The process of creating the executive budget consists of three phases. The first stage is the development of the president s budget. In this stage the president submits a comprehensive budget to Congress that covers the full range of federal activities. Next, the budget proposal is edited and revised by congress . Lastly, the budget is finalized and executed. The executive budget is given a budget bill from the legislature for designated ... initiates the congressional budgetprocess and provides a statement of the budgetary goals ... reference resources pdf RS20175.pdf title Overview of the Executive BudgetProcess last1 Heniff first1 ... budget United States Congress References CRS article Overview of the Executive BudgetProcess url ...File US OfficeOfManagementAndBudget Seal.svg thumb right 200px Seal of the Office of Management and Budget of the US Government The executive budget is the budget for the executive branch of the United ... the legislative and executive branches of the government. The legislature composes the budget bill while ... budget system which had its first application for municipal government . The federal government conducted an important study of the executive budget system during the administration of President William Howard Taft See Sec. VI The Taft Commission s Federal Budget Study, pp. 26 31 The executive budget system was adapted from the longstanding British parliamentary practice that forbade the British ... Administration which were enacted during the administration of Warren G. Harding . Process The executive budgetprocess consists of three main phases development of the President s budget interaction with Congress and execution of the budget. Development of the President s budget The legal framework originally established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the president to annually submit a comprehensive budget to Congress that covers the full range of federal activities. Current ... more details
of the economy including budgetprocess . The standards of constitutional economics when used during annual budget planning, as well as the latter s transparency to the society, are of the primary ... and constitutional analysis in the legislative, first of all, budgetprocess, thus helping to overcome ... into budgetprocess. This model of CE is based on the understanding that it is necessary to narrow ... owned corporation public administration public finance United States budgetprocess Civil society Notes ...Globalize USA date December 2010 Budget theory is the academic study of political and social motivations behind government and civil society budgeting . Classic theorists in Public Budgeting include Henry Brooks Adams Henry Adams , William F. Willoughby , V. O. Key, Jr. , and, more recently, Aaron Wildavsky . Notable recent theorists include Baumgartner and Jones Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones ... , Thomas Greitens and Gary Wamsley . Budget theory was a central topic during the Progressive Era and was much ... such as the nascent Brookings Institution . The executive budget was a financial innovation designed ... in the Progressive Era . Since that time, the executive budget has become a tool by which the president ... legislative authority to change the constitution outside the amendment process ... base for what is now called the Office of Management and Budget . Budget, Civil society and Constitutional ... and the annual or mid term economic policy, budget legislation and administrative policies ... the state through budget planning and various privileges being the most dangerous , and the private ... the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009 ref See also public budgeting budget deficit budget surplus budget crisis Canadian federal budget Comprehensive income Constitutional economics ... Hildreth. Budget Theory in the Public Sector 2002 , Quorum BooksAman Khan, W. Bartley Hildreth ... 48 DEFAULTSORT Budget Theory Category Government budgets Theory Category Public administration Category ... more details
Public finance A balanced budget is when there is neither a budget deficit or a budget surplus when revenue s equal expenditure the accounts balance particularly by a government. More generally, it refers ... &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref A cyclically balanced budget is a budget ... budgets, and the associated topic of budget deficits, are a contentious point within academic economics ... budget in every year is not desirable, with budget deficits in lean times being desirable. Within ... a balanced budget amendment of some form, while conversely the US federal government has generally ... of debate. In rare cases large budget surpluses may also be banned, as in the Kicker Oregon tax rebate Oregon kicker . Economic views Mainstream economics mainly advocates a cyclically balanced budget, arguing from the perspective Keynesian economics that budget deficits provide fiscal stimulus in lean times, while budget surpluses provide restraint in boom times. Alternative currents in the mainstream and branches of heterodox economics argue differently, with some arguing that budget deficits are always harmful, and others arguing that budget deficits are both beneficial and in fact necessary. Schools which often argue against the effectiveness of budget deficits as cyclical tools include ... more generally, and the Austrian school of economics . Budget deficits are argued to be necessary by some ... state other than Vermont has a balanced budget amendment , providing some form of ban on deficits ... taxpayers in event of a budget surplus. Balanced Budget Multiplier Because of the multiplier effect, it is possible to change aggregate demand Y keeping a balanced budget. The Government increases ... is instead injected into the economy, itself becoming part of the multiplier process. In general, a change in the balanced budget will change aggregate demand by an amount equal to the change ... math math Delta T Delta G alpha alpha 0 , math See also Balanced Budget Amendment United States government ... more details
with budget support For the recipient government the risks include 1. Much greater levels of intrusion by donors in your budgetprocess 2. Reduced levels of flexibility about the allocation of resources ...Refimprove date April 2007 Budget support is a particular way of giving international Development aid , also known as an aid instrument or aid modality. With budget support, money is given directly to a recipient country government, usually from a donor government. Budget support differs from other types of aid modalities such as 1 Balance of payments support , which is currently mainly the domain of the International Monetary Fund . With balance of payments support the funds go to the central bank for foreign exchange purposes, while with Budget Support they generally go to the Ministry of Finance or equivalent and into the budget for public spending. 2 Project aid where development assistance funds are used by donors to implement a specific project, with donors retaining control of the project s financing and management. In practice, budget support varies dramatically and is done in a large range of different ways. One of the broadest distinctions is between general budget support and sector budget support. General budget support is budget support that is unearmarked for a specific sector of government spending. Sector budget support is budget support that is earmarked for use in a specific sector or budget line, e.g. health or education. Rationale for budget support The underlying rationale for budget support is variously seen as a Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute ODI describe how highly fragmented, ad hoc, small projects were not delivering results and cumulatively ... 3716&title general budget support General Budget Support Evaluability Study Phase 1 Final Synthesis ... of effect budget support is or even could have on these long term and highly political processes. The findings ... systems or supporting poor policies but this is partly the point of budget support also . This type ... more details
Federalism Federal budgets are the national budget s of federations , including Federal budget Australia 2009 Brazilian federal budget Federal budget Canada Federal budget United States disambig ... more details
Committee on the Budget can refer to United States House Committee on the Budget United States Senate Committee on the Budget Committee on Budgetary Control European Parliament disambig ... more details
The budgeting process is designed to be flexible the consumer should have an expectation that a budget ...File Budgetplanatm.JPG thumb Screenshot of the Personal Budget Planner, a simple Microsoft Excel Excel spreadsheet for management of personal expenses and incomes. A personal budget is a finance plan that allocates ... debt are considered when creating a personal budget. There are several methods and tools available for creating, using and adjusting a personal budget. Sample budget A budget allocates or distributes ... a personal budget. Regardless of the tool used, a budget s accuracy is only as good as the accuracy of the updated budget data an old budget that does not reflect actual income or expenses is of little use to a current budget. Computer generated budgets have become commonly used as they replace the need to rewrite and recalculate the budget every time there is a change. Pencil and paper A simple budget can be written on a piece of a paper with a pencil, and optionally, a calculator. Such budgets ... household budgeting or bookkeeping forms that creates a budget by filling in the blanks. Spreadsheet ... formulas. For example, budget spreadsheets are used to keep track of income and expenses. The major reason most people discontinue using budget spreadsheets that don t offer date shifting is that the information ... basic concepts helps to avoid several common pitfalls of budgeting. Purpose A budget should have ... events occur. Simplicity The more complicated the budgeting process is, the less likely a person is to keep up with it. The purpose of a personal budget is to identify where income and expenditure is present ... of a budget should in the next month be accounted for or prevented. For example, if a family spends 40 more than they planned on food in spite of their best efforts, next month s budget should reflect an approximate 40 increase and corresponding decrease in other parts of the budget. Busting the budget is a common pitfall in personal budgeting frequently busting the budget can allow consumers ... more details
An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure . It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another. Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiment is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds . Fishes, like all organism, use ingested food resources C consumption as building blocks in the synthesis of tissues P production and as fuel in the metabolic process that power this synthesis and other physiological processes R respiratory loss . Some of the resources are lost as waste products F faecal loss, U urinary loss . All these aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units. Fact date April 2007 The basic model of energy budget may be shown as blockquote P C R U F or blockquote blockquote P C R U F or blockquote blockquote C P R U F blockquote All the aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units e.g. joules J 1 food calorie 4.2 kJ . Energy used for metabolism will be blockquote R C F U P blockquote Energy used in the maintenance will be blockquote R F U C P blockquote The compilation of energy budget for fish has a fairly short history, with the result that literature on the subject is limited. References Kumar, Ranjan 1999 Studies on Bioenergics modelling in a fresh water fish, Mystus vittatus Bloch , Ph.D thesis, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya. B.R. Braaten 1976 Bioenergetics a review on Methodology. In Halver J,E and K. Tiews eds . Finfish nutrition and Finfish Technology vol. II, pp. 461 504. Berlin, Hennemann. Brett ... An Introduction to animal Energetics. Wiley, Newyork Prabhakar, A. K. 1997 Studies on energy budget ... J. Inland. Fish Soc. India. 19 I 71 73. Sengupta, A. and Amitta Moitra 1996 Energy Budget in relation ... pp. 56. Staples, D.J. and M. Nomura 1976 Influence of body size and food ration on the energy budget ... more details
Mergeto Carbon cycle date July 2010 No footnotes date April 2010 Carbon budget refers to the contribution of various sources of carbon dioxide on the planet. Carbon budget has nothing to do with Politics of global warming political agendas, Individual and political action on climate change climate change legislation , carbon controls, Carbon capture and storage carbon storage , or geopolitical carbon footprint . Balancing the Carbon Budget Carbon budget figures are normally documented by mass of carbon . Documenting carbon budget figure by mass of carbon dioxide is limiting as sometimes the transfer of carbon from one system to another is via a Chemical compound compound other than carbon dioxide Citation needed date February 2010 . Carbon Sources Annual 80.4 Tonne Gt Carbon C by soil respiration and Fermentation biochemistry fermentation Raich et al., 2002 38 GtC and rising by 0.5 GtC per annum by cumulative photosynthesis deficit Casey, 2008 by post clearance deflation See Eswaran, 1993 7.8 GtC IPCC, 2007 Needs peer reviewed reference 2.3 GtC by process of deforestation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC , 2007 Melillo et al., 1996 Haughton & Hackler, 2002 0.03 GtC? by Volcanoes by Rift Tectonic rifts by Animal Respiration physiology Respiration by Plant Respiration physiology Respiration Carbon Sinks Annual 120 GtC by Photosynthesis Bowes, 1991 By Carbon dioxide In the oceans Ocean Carbonate Buffer Cumulative Photosynthesis Deficit Carbon pooled in photosynthesising biota ecology biota is 560 GtC Schlesinger, 1991 . Carbon released by deforestation between 1850 2000 is 156 GtC Haughton & Hackler, 2002 , reducing the total photosynthesising biomass to 540 GtC in 2000. Reduction in photosynthesis between 1850 2000 156 540 156 22 br 120 100 22 78 of 154 GtCpa a difference of 34 GtCpa in 2000 Given the increase of 0.5 GtCpa over the past eight years since 2000 ... Carbon Budget , Annual Reviews publisher Annual Review of Energy and the Environment , v. 21, pp ... more details
A budget set or opportunity set includes all possible consumption bundles that someone can afford given the price s of goods and the person s income level. The budget set is bounded above by the budget line . Graphically speaking , all the consumption bundles that lie inside the budget constraint and on the budget constraint form the budget set or opportunity set. Category Budgets Set Category Consumer theory Microeconomics stub ... more details
sources date November 2008 An operating budget is the annual budget of an activity stated in terms of Budget Classification Code, functional subfunctional categories and cost accounts. It contains estimates of the total value of factors of production resources required for the performance of the operation including reimbursable work or services for others. It also includes estimates of workload in terms of total work units identified by cost accounts. In the United States, businesses along with state and local governments divide their budgets into two types the operating budget and capital budget . The operating budget is used to keep track of maintenance operations, salaries, and interest payments. econ stub Category Budgets more information http www.plu.edu mgtacctg operational budgeting.htm ... more details
Merge to Purdah pre election period date November 2010 Budget purdah , in the United Kingdom , is the period after plans have been prepared but before the Chancellor of the Exchequer Chancellor of the Exchequer s annual budget is announced, when he refrains from discussing any matters which have relevance to the forthcoming budget. References http blogs.telegraph.co.uk ukcorrespondents homefront mar07 budget.htm http money.uk.msn.com budget2008 article.aspx?voteshowresults 1&pollcontent 1110411010&jsdisabled true&cp documentid 4750582 DEFAULTSORT Budget Purdah Category Economy of the United Kingdom ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 about budget legislation failure in a presidential system presidential style government the corresponding situation in a parliamentary system parliamentary style government Loss of supply A budget crisis is an informal name for a situation in which the legislative and the executive in a presidential system deadlock and are unable to pass a budget. In presidential systems, the legislature has the power to pass a budget, but the executive often has a veto in which there are insufficient votes in the legislature to override. If no emergency provisions are made for the government s budget, a budget crisis may develop into a government shutdown in which the government temporarily suspends non essential services until a budget is passed. Unlike parliamentary systems, where a Loss of Supply would trigger resignations and new elections, a budget crisis can often lead to an extended stand off. At the federal level in the United States , a crisis can often be averted by a continuing resolution which appropriates funding at the same level as the previous budget. A budget ... or suspension date and the budget hasn t been passed up to that point. Examples United States federal ... severe budget crisis occurred in the United States in November 1995, when the United States House of Representatives ... quarrelled over apportionments. The failure of the House and Clinton to pass a continuing budget ... offices for several weeks. 2007 Michigan Budget Crisis A budget crisis that occurred in the state ... to finalize a budget to be sent to Governor Jennifer Granholm . As a result all non essential state programs were closed for several hours on October 1, 2007. A temporary budget is currently set ... of The West Wing TV Series The West Wing , a budget crisis situation like the United States federal ... Josiah Bartlet and Jeff Haffley Republican Speaker of the House Haffley disagree over budget cuts and shuts down the government for a number of days. DEFAULTSORT Budget Crisis Category Economic problems ... more details
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