Merge Bioconversion date June 2011 Biotransformation is the chemical modification or modifications made by an organism on a chemical compound. If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO sub 2 sub , NH sub 4 sub sup sup , or H sub 2 sub O, the biotransformation is called Mineralization biology mineralisation . Biotransformation means chemical alteration of chemicals such as but not limited to nutrient s, amino acids , toxins , and drugs in the body. It is also needed to render non Chemical polarity polar compounds polar so that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted. Drug metabolism Main drug metabolism The metabolism of a drug or toxin in a body is an example of a biotransformation. The body typically deals with a foreign compound by making it more water soluble, to increase the rate of its excretion through the urine. There are many different process that can ... molecular weight. Microbial biotransformationBiotransformation of various pollutant s is a sustainable ... 17 2 ref These bioremediation and biotransformation methods harness the naturally occurring, microbial ... of environmentally relevant microorganism s providing unprecedented insights into biotransformation ... of biochemical pathways relevant to biotransformation and to the molecular adaptation strategies ... of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes. ref name Diaz Also there is other approach of biotransformation called enzymatic biotransformation. Oil Biodegradation Petroleum ... Biodegradation Bioremediation Mineralization biology Mineralisation biotransformation is used to eliminate the drug from the body. some drugs can not be eliminated by the excretion for them biotransformation ... Biotransformation of Drugs http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation http www.horizonpress.com blogger 2007 09 microbial ... Category Microbiology Category Biodegradation cs Biotransformace de Biotransformation fr Biotransformation ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Infobox Journal title Biocatalysis & Biotransformation editor David Leak discipline Biochemistry language English abbreviation ABB publisher Informa Healthcare Country UK Frequency 6 issues per year History 1987 present openaccess no website http www.informapharmascience.com bab link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1024 2422 eISSN 1029 2446 Biocatalysis & Biotransformation is an academic journal that provides coverage of the application, both actual and potential of biological catalysts, including whole cells or isolated components thereof, natural and modified enzymes and catalytic antibodies for the synthesis, interconversion or degradation of chemical species. It is published by Informa plc Informa Healthcare . Core Areas Coverage includes Mechanistic, principles, kinetics and thermodynamics of biocatalytic processes The chemical or genetic modification of biocatalysts Metabolic engineering Activity and stability of biocatalysts in non aqueous and multi phasic environments Environmental applications of biocatalysis Editor in Chief David Leak is the Editor in Chief of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation . ref cite web url http www.informahealthcare.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode bab title Editorial Board Members accessdate 2009 09 16 format work informhealthcare.com ref Publication Format Biocatalysis & Biotransformation publishes 6 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. Subscribers to the electronic edition of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation receive access to the online archive, which dates back to 1987, as part of their subscription. ref cite web url http catalogue.informahealthcare.com pjbp product.htm?prd 20001537532 title Informa Healthcare brochure accessdate 2009 09 16 format work informahealthcare.com ref References reflist 2 External links http www.informahealthcare.com bab Biocatalysis & Biotransformation homepage of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation Category Publications ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Detoxication products are the major metabolites formed from most drug metabolism . There are two common patterns observed A drug with potent pharmacological activity is converted to a major metabolite with markedly reduced or no pharmacological activity e.g. , Pentobarbital and Hydroxypentobarbital A drug is converted to a metabolite with roughly equivalent or slightly lower pharmacological activity. Detoxication differs from detoxification . Detoxification is the process of removing toxins from the body, while detoxication is the process of preventing toxic entities from entering the body in the first place. Detoxication occurs in the liver and kidneys, through biotransformation a series of chemical alterations of a compound e.g., a drug occurring within the body, as by enzymatic activity. Often this occurs as conjugation with a polar compound making it less toxic and or easier to excrete. Example of detoxification are Administration of chelators for heavy metal poisoning, hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning and treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning with ethanol. pharma stub Category Pharmacology fi Detoksikaatio ... more details
Enzyme engineering or enzyme technology is the application of modifying an enzyme s structure and thus its function or modifying the catalytic activity of isolated enzyme s to produce new metabolites, to allow new catalyzed pathways for reactions to occur, ref Designer Enzymes at http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 101236.php Accessed 22 May 2009. ref or to convert from some certain compounds into others biotransformation . These products will be useful as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fuel, food or agricultural additives. An enzyme reactor ref Enzyme reactors at http www.lsbu.ac.uk biology enztech reactors.html Accessed 22 May 2009. ref consists of a vessel containing a reactional medium that is used to perform a desired conversion by enzymatic means. Enzymes used in this process are free in the solution. References Reflist Category Biochemistry Category Catalysts Category Enzymes Category Bioengineering Category Bioprocess engineering biochem stub cs Enzymov in en rstv ko zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Toxicokinetics often abbreviated as TK is the description of what rate a chemical will enter the body and what happens to it once it is in the body. It is an application of pharmacokinetics to determine the relationship between the systemic exposure of a compound in animal testing experimental animal s and its toxin toxicity . It is used primarily for establishing relationships between exposures in toxicology experiments in animals and the corresponding exposures in humans. However, it can also be used in environmental risk assessments in order to determine the potential effects of releasing chemicals into the environment. In order to quantify toxic effects toxicokinetics can be combined with toxicodynamics. Such toxicokinetic toxicodynamic TKTD models are used in ecotoxicology see http www.ecotoxmodels.org ecotoxmodels a website on mathematical models in ecotoxicology . Similarly, physiological toxicokinetic models are PBPK physiological pharmacokinetic models developed to describe and predict the behavior of a toxicant in an animal body for example, what parts compartments of the body a chemical may tend to enter e.g. fat, liver, spleen, etc. , and whether or not the chemical is expected to be metabolized or excreted and at what rate. Four potential processes exist for a chemical interacting with an animal absorption pharmacokinetics absorption , distribution, biotransformation and excretion. Absorption describes the entrance of the chemical into the body, and can occur through the air, water, food, or soil. Once a chemical is inside a body, it can be distributed to other areas of the body through diffusion or other biological processes. At this point, the chemical may be biotransformed through metabolism into other chemicals metabolites . These metabolites can be more toxic than the parent compound. After this potential biotransformation occurs, the metabolites may leave the body, be transformed into other compounds, ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 417955916 Name Protocatechuic aldehyde ImageFile Protocatechualdehyd.svg ImageSize 150px ImageName Chemical structure of protocatechuic aldehyde ImageAlt Chemical structure of protocatechuic aldehyde IUPACName 3,4 dihydroxybenzaldehyde OtherNames Protocatechualdehyde br 3,4 Dihydroxybenzaldehyde br Rancinamycin IV br 3,4 Dihydroxybenzyl aldehyde Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 139 85 5 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASOther PubChem 8768 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 222021 SMILES C1 CC C C C1C O O O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 6 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 138.12 g mol ExactMass 138.031694 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Protocatechuic aldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde , a compound released from Cork material cork stopper s into wine. ref Polyphenolic Composition of Quercus suber Cork from Different Spanish Provenances. Elvira Conde, Estrella Cadah a, Mar a Concepci n Garc a Vallejo and Br gida Fern ndez de Sim n, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46 8 , pp 3166 3171 DOI 10.1021 jf970863k ref This molecule can be used as a precursor in the vanillin synthesis by biotransformation by Capsicum frutescens cell cultures. ref Biotransformation of protocatechuic aldehyde and caffeic acid to vanillin and capsaicin in freely suspended and immobilized cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens. Sathuluri Ramachandra Rao and Gokare Aswathanarayana Ravishankar, Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 76, Issues 2 3, 21 January 2000, Pages 137 146 doi 10.1016 S0168 1656 99 00177 7 ref References reflist See also Phenolic compounds in wine Category Phenolic compounds in wine Category Aldehydes Natural phenol stub de Protocatechualdehyd ja pt Alde do protocatecuico ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423646115 Name Gastrodin ImageFile Gastrodin.svg ImageSize 250px ImageName Chemical structure of gastrodin ImageAlt Chemical structure of gastrodin IUPACName 2 R ,3 S ,4 S ,5 R ,6 S 2 hydroxymethyl 6 4 hydroxymethyl phenoxy oxane 3, 4,5 triol OtherNames br Gastrodine Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 62499 27 8 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASOther PubChem 115067 SMILES InChI C1 CC CC C1CO OC2C C C C O2 CO O O O MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 13 sub H sub 18 sub O sub 7 sub MolarMass 286.27 g mol ExactMass 286.105253 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Gastrodin is a natural phenol. It is the glucoside of 4 hydroxybenzyl alcohol gastrodigenin . It can be isolated from Gastrodia elata . It can be produced by biotransformation of 4 hydroxybenzaldehyde by Datura tatula cell cultures. ref Production of Gastrodin Through Biotransformation of p hydroxybenzaldehyde Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Datura tatula L. Jia Shun Gong, Wei Peng Ma, Jun Xue Pu, Shu Guan Xu, Shuang Qing Zheng and Chun Jie Xiao, Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 22, Issue 5, September 2006, Pages 800 805, doi 10.1016 S1872 2075 06 60056 3 ref References Reflist commons Category Natural phenol glucosides Natural phenol stub ... more details
The American Society of Pharmacognosy ASP is a scientific society that promotes the growth and development of pharmacognosy through presentation of research achievements and publication of meritorious research. ASP was founded in 1959 as an outgrowth of the Plant Science Seminar established in 1923. ASP currently has over 1,100 active and associate members. Appromimately 40 percent of the active members reside outside the U.S. and Canada and represent more than 60 countries throughout the world. Pharmacognosy includes the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. Research problems in pharmacognosy include studies in the areas of phytochemistry , microbial chemistry , biosynthesis , biotransformation , chemotaxonomy , and other biological and chemical sciences. ASP publishes the quartery ASP Newsletter and co publishes the Journal of Natural Products with the American Chemical Society . Honorary members include Albert Hofmann . Citation needed date May 2010 External links http www.phcog.org American Society of Pharmacognosy website http pubs.acs.org. journals jnprdf index.html Journal of Natural Products website Category Pharmaceuticals policy Category Pharmacy in the United States pharm stub nl American Society of Pharmacognosy ... more details
For the failure mechanism in lead acid batteries Lead acid battery Unreferenced date December 2010 Sulfation in biochemistry is the enzyme catalyzed addition of sulfate to another molecule. It often refers to a Drug metabolism Phase II phase II enzyme reaction. This biotransformation process uses its cosubstrate 3 Phosphoadenosine 5 phosphosulfate 3 phosphoadenosine 5 phosphosulfate PAPS to transfer sulfate to a xenobiotic . Most of the time this is effective in rendering the xenobiotic less active from a pharmacology pharmacological and toxicology toxicological standpoint, but sometimes it plays a role in the activation of xenobiotics e.g. aromatic amine s, methyl substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s . Sulfation is also a possible posttranslational modification of protein. The target amino acid is tyrosine and the reaction is called tyrosine sulfation . Another example of a biological sulfation reaction is in the creation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan s. Here, the sulfate group is being added either via oxygen O sulfation or nitrogen N sulfation . See also Methylation Hydrogenation Rosemary Waring References references Protein posttranslational modification state collapsed Category Proteins Category Posttranslational modification cs Sulfatace de Sulfatierung Akkumulator ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In organic synthesis , the Bechamp reaction is used for producing arsonic acids from activated aromatic rings such as aniline . ref A. J. Bechamp Compt. Rend. 1863 , 56 , 1172. ref ref P. Ehrlich and A. Bertheim, Ber. 1907 , 40 , 3292. ref ref H. P. Brown and C. S. Hamilton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934 , 56 , 151. ref ref Hamilton, C. S. Morgan, J. F. Organic Reactions Org. React. 1944 , 2 . ref It was first described by A. J. Bechamp in 1863. The reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution , using arsenic acid as a reactant. One example of an important arsonic acid is roxarsone . This is 4 hydroxy 3 nitrobenzenearsonic acid. It exhibits an anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals. ref Biotransformation of 3 Nitro 4 hydroxybenzene Arsonic Acid Roxarsone and Release of Inorganic Arsenic by Clostridium Species, John F. Stolz, Eranda Perera, Brian Kilonzo, Brian Kail, Bryan Crable, Edward Fisher, Mrunalini Ranganathan, Lars Wormer, and Partha Basu. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007 41 3 pp 818 823 ref Image BechampReaction.png center References reflist reaction stub Category Substitution reactions Category Name reactions es Reacci n de Bechamp zh B champ ... more details
enzyme Name methylarsonate reductase EC number 1.20.4.2 CAS number IUBMB EC number 1 20 4 2 GO code 0050610 image width caption In enzymology , a methylarsonate reductase EC number 1.20.4.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction methylarsonate 2 glutathione math rightleftharpoons math methylarsonite glutathione disulfide H sub 2 sub O Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are methylarsonate and glutathione , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are methylarsonite , glutathione disulfide , and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donor with disulfide as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is gluthathione methylarsonate oxidoreductase . This enzyme is also called MMA V reductase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Zakharyan RA, Aposhian HV date 1999 title Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems the rate limiting enzyme of rabbit liver arsenic biotransformation is MMA V reductase journal Chem. Res. Toxicol. volume 12 pages 1278&ndash 83 pmid 10604879 doi 10.1021 tx9901231 issue 12 1.20 enzyme stub Category EC 1.20.4 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Metilarsonato reduttasi ja ... more details
PBB geneid 574537 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A2 , also known as UGT2A2 , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT2A2 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 574537 accessdate ref ref name pmid16141793 cite journal author Mackenzie PI, Bock KW, Burchell B, Guillemette C, Ikushiro S, Iyanagi T, Miners JO, Owens IS, Nebert DW title Nomenclature update for the mammalian UDP glycosyltransferase UGT gene superfamily journal Pharmacogenet. Genomics volume 15 issue 10 pages 677 85 year 2005 month October pmid 16141793 doi url issn ref Function The olfactory neuroepithelium, which lines the posterior nasal cavity, is exposed to a wide range of odorants and airborne toxic compounds. Odorants, which are mostly small lipophilic molecules, enter the mucus flow and reach the odorant receptors on sensory neurons. Odorant sensing is generally a transient process, requiring an effective signal termination, which could be provided by biotransformation of the odorant in the epithelial supporting cells. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory epithelium have been suggested to catalyze inactivation and facilitate elimination of odorants. ref name entrez References reflist Glycosyltransferases NLM content gene 4 stub ... more details
Microbiofuels are next generation biofuel s produced by microorganisms like bacteria , cyanobacteria , Algae biofuel microalgae , fungi, etc. The term was first defined by Asen Nenov at TEDxBG event on 9 January, 2010. ref http vimeo.com 9175957 TEDxBG 2010 Asen Nenov on Vimeo Bot generated title ref ref http dotsub.com view b138e3c5 172e 41a2 908a dcb791b2ce69 TEDxBG 2010 Asen Nenov 1 Translation s dotSUB Bot generated title ref Microbiofuels uses state of the art biotechnologies for biofuel production Microbiofuels technology implements high yield production methods based microbiorefineries, i.e. microorganisms placed in specific environment Microbiofuel technology could be used for recycling industrial waste, incl. gaseous waste as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, etc., and producing valuable biofuels by biotransformation. References Reflist Category Biomass Category Biofuels Category Bioenergy Category Sustainable technologies Category Microorganisms Category Algae biofuels Category Algal fuel producers ar ta ... more details
Merge Biotransformation date June 2011 The term Bioconversion , also known as biotransformation refers to the use of live organisms often microorganisms to carry out a chemical reaction that is more costly or not feasible nonbiologically. These organisms converts a substance to a chemically modified form. An example is the industrial production of cortisone . One step is the bioconversion of Progesterone to 11 alpha Hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans . Another example of this is the Conversion chemistry conversion of organic material s, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy source s by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganism s, some Detritivore s or enzyme s. New cellulosic ethanol conversion processes have enabled the variety and volume of feedstock that can be bioconverted to expand rapidly. Feedstock now includes materials derived from plant or animal waste such as paper, auto fluff, tires, fabric, construction materials, municipal solid waste MSW , sludge , sewage , etc. Three different processes for bioconversion 1 Enzymatic hydrolysis a single source of feedstock, switchgrass for example, is mixed with strong enzymes which convert a portion of cellulosic material into sugars which can then be fermented into ethanol. http www.genencor.com Genencor and http www.novozymes.com Novozymes are two companies that have received United States government Department of Energy funding for research into reducing the cost of cellulase, a key enzyme in the production cellulosic ethanol by this process. 2 Synthesis gas fermentation a blend of feedstock, not exceeding 30 water, is gasified in a closed environment into a syngas containing mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The cooled syngas is then converted into usable products through exposure to bacteria or other catalysts. http www.brienergy.com BRI Energy, LLC is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert ... more details
For other categories, see List of MeSH codes . The following is a list of the G codes for MeSH . It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine . Source for content is http www.nlm.nih.gov mesh filelist.html here . File 2006 MeSH Trees . MeshNumber G12 Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena chemical and pharmacologic phenomena MeshNumber G12.091 Biopharmaceutics biopharmaceutics MeshNumber G12.091.690 Pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetics MeshNumber G12.091.690.064 Area Under Curve area under curve MeshNumber G12.091.690.129 Biological Availability biological availability MeshNumber G12.091.690.140 Biotransformation biotransformation MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.595 Metabolic Clearance Rate metabolic clearance rate MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600 Metabolic Detoxication, Drug metabolic detoxication, drug MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600.500 Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I metabolic detoxication, phase i MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600.750 Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II metabolic detoxication, phase ii MeshNumber G12.091.690.898 Therapeutic Equivalency therapeutic equivalency MeshNumber G12.091.690.949 Tissue Distribution tissue distribution MeshNumber G12.200 Cytoprotection cytoprotection MeshNumber G12.254 Depression, Chemical depression, chemical MeshNumber G12.297 Dose Response Relationship, Drug dose response relationship, drug MeshNumber G12.307 Down Regulation down regulation MeshNumber G12.350 Drug Design drug design MeshNumber G12.361 Drug Interactions drug interactions MeshNumber G12.361.310 Drug Antagonism drug antagonism MeshNumber G12.361.477 Drug Synergism drug synergism MeshNumber G12.361.511 Food Drug Interactions food drug interactions MeshNumber G12.361.755 Herb Drug Interactions herb drug interactions MeshNumber G12.392 Drug Resistance drug resistance MeshNumber G12.392.269 Drug Resistance, Microbial drug resistance, microbial MeshNumber G12.392.269.347 Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug resistance, bacterial MeshNumber G12.392.269.347.500 bet ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 444241198 ImageFile valencene.png ImageSize IUPACName 2R 8,8,8a trimethyl 2 prop 1 en 2 yl 1,2,3,4,6,7 hexahydronaphthalene OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 8031495 InChI 1 C15H24 c1 11 2 13 8 9 14 7 5 6 12 3 15 14,4 10 13 h7,12 13H,1,5 6,8 10H2,2 4H3 t12 ,13 ,15 m1 s1 InChIKey QEBNYNLSCGVZOH NFAWXSAZBT StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C15H24 c1 11 2 13 8 9 14 7 5 6 12 3 15 14,4 10 13 h7,12 13H,1,5 6,8 10H2,2 4H3 t12 ,13 ,15 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QEBNYNLSCGVZOH NFAWXSAZSA N CASNo 4630 07 3 PubChem 9855795 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 96H21P91IG ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 61700 SMILES C 12 C CC C H C 1 C C H C C C CC2 C C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 24 sub MolarMass 204.35 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt 123 C at 11 mmHg Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Valencene is a sesquiterpene that is an aroma component of citrus fruit and citrus derived odorants. It is cheaply obtained from Valencia orange fruit oranges . ref cite journal last Furusawa first Mai authorlink coauthors Toshihiro Hashimoto, Yoshiaki Noma, and Yoshinori Asakawa title Highly Efficient Production of Nootkatone, the Grapefruit Aroma from Valencene, by Biotransformation journal Chem. Pharm. Bull. volume 53 issue 11 pages 1513 1514 publisher location date November 2005 url doi 10.1248 cpb.53.1513 id accessdate pmid 16272746 ref Valencene is biosynthesized from Farnesyl pyrophosphate FPP by the CVS enzyme CVS enzyme . See also Nootkatone References reflist Category Sesquiterpenes Category Decalins Category Alkenes hydrocarbon stub hu Valenc n ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Aromatoleum regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Rhodocyclales familia Rhodocyclaceae genus Aromatoleum subdivision ranks Species subdivision Aromatoleum aromaticum Aromatoleum is a genus of proteobacteria capable of microbial biodegradation of organic pollutants. The 4.7 Mb genome of the facultative denitrifying Aromatoleum aromaticum strain EbN1 was the first to be determined for an anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader using toluene or ethylbenzene as Substrate chemistry substrate s . The genome sequence revealed about two dozen gene cluster s including several paralog s coding for a complex catabolic network for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The genome sequence forms the basis for current detailed studies on regulation of pathways and enzyme structures. ref name chapter1 cite book author McLeod MP and Eltis LD year 2008 chapter Genomic Insights Into the Aerobic Pathways for Degradation of Organic Pollutants title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id ISBN 978 1 904455 17 2 ref The strain EbN1 has not been Bacterial taxonomy described in detail , therefore, according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria , ref cite pmid 21089234 ref the name Aromatoleum aromaticum is not valid cf. ref lpsn allnamesac index ref and is officially it is referred to Azoarcus sp. EbN1 as it belongs to the Azoarcus Thauera cluster. ref name naming cite doi 10.1002 pmic.200600987 ref The discovery of the strain was published in 1995, ref cite pmid 7710331 ref and was subsequently referred to in the literature as Aromatoleum aromaticum and cited as Rabus, unpublished data . ref name naming References reflist External links http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation Category Biodegradation Proteobacteria stub es Aromatoleum ... more details
Infobox institute name Institute of Microbial Technology image image name image size image alt caption latin name motto founder established 1984 mission focus president chairman head label Director head Dr. Girish Sahni faculty adjunct faculty staff key people budget endowment debt num members subsidiaries owner non profit slogan former name location Chandigarh , India city state province Chandigarh country India coor address http www.imtech.res.in website dissolved footnotes The Institute of Microbial Technology IMTECH , based in Chandigarh , India , is one of the constituent establishments of the CSIR India Council of Scientific & Industrial Research CSIR . It was established in 1984. The Institute is engaged in research in many different areas of modern biology biological sciences and microbe related biotechnology , with special emphasis on research that is interdisciplinary and of a collaborative nature, such as Immunity medical immunity and infectious disease s, protein design and engineering, Fermentation biochemistry fermentation science , microbial physiology & genetics , yeast biology, bioinformatics , microbial systematics , exploitation of microbial diversity for bioactive s and enzyme s for biotransformation s. Facilities The institute is equipped with various facilities for research. They include Lab to pilot scale fermenter of various capacities, Tissue & Cell Culture facility, facility for maintenance, preservation and identification of Micro organisms, an animal house, workstations for Bioinformatics & Biocomputing, equipment for Protein and DNA Analysis, a library with around 64,000 references books, microscopy equipment, Databases for Intellectual property management, et cetera. Academics The institute offers Ph.D. jointly with the Jawaharlal Nehru University Jawaharlal Nehru University JNU . External links http www.imtech.res.in Official site coord missing Chandigarh Category Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Category Universities and ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423620106 Name Irilone ImageFile Irilone.PNG ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of irilone IUPACName 9 hydroxy 7 4 hydroxyphenyl 1,3 dioxolo 4,5 g chromen 8 one OtherNames br Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 41653 81 0 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASOther PubChem 5281779 SMILES C1OC2 C O1 C C3C C2 OC C C3 O C4 CC C C C4 O O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 16 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 298.24 g mol ExactMass 298.047738 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Irilone is an isoflavone , a type of flavonoid. It can be found in Trifolium pratense red clover ref http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 123207380 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 The red clover isoflavone irilone is largely resistant to degradation by the human gut microbiota. Annett Braune, Ronald Maul, Nils Helge Schebb, Sabine E. Kulling and Michael Blaut, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 8 Dec 2009 ref and in Iris germanica . ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 21235726 Lipase catalyzed regioselective protection deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica. Nighat Nazir, Surrinder Koul, Mushtaq Ahmad Qurishi, Subhash Chandra Taneja and Ghulam Nabi Qazi, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 1029 2446, Volume 27, Issue 2, First published on 02 December 2008 Pages 118 123 ref References reflist isoflavone Category Isoflavones Natural phenol stub ... more details
Chemical Engineering And Biotechnology Abstracts , CEABA VTB is an abstracting and indexing service that is published by DECHEMA, BASF, and Bayer Technology Services, all based in Germany. This is a bibliographic database that covers multiple disciplines. Subject coverage Subject coverage includes engineering , management , manufacturing plant s, equipment, production, and processing pertaining to various disciplines. The fields of interest are bioprocess engineering, chemical engineering , process engineering , environmental protection including safety , fermentation , enzymology, biotransformation, information technology, technology and testing of materials including corrosion , mathematical methods including modeling , measurement including control of processes , utilites including services . Also covered are production processes and process development. CAS registry numbers are also part of this database. ref name blue cite web title Chemial Engineering And Biotechnology Abstracts work publisher Dialog Bluesheets date December 7, 2007 updated url http library.dialog.com bluesheets html bl0315.html format Online web page doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref ref name info cite web title Chemial Engineering And Biotechnology Abstracts work STN database publisher American Chemical Society and FIZ Karlsruhe date March 2011 url http www.cas.org ASSETS 02004C24863242C684295F8159564907 ceabavtb.pdf format Free PDF download doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref ref name summary cite web title STN Database Summary Sheets work publisher American Chemical Society date March 2011 url http www.cas.org support stngen dbss index.html format Online web page doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref References reflist database stub Category Bibliographic databases in engineering Category Bibliographic databases in computer science ... more details
The structure activity relationship SAR is the relationship between the chemical structure chemical or 3D structure of a molecule and its biological activity . The analysis of SAR enables the determination of the chemical groups responsible for evoking a target biological effect in the organism. This allows modification of the effect or Potency pharmacology the potency of a bioactive compound typically a drug by changing its chemical structure . Medicinal chemistry Medicinal chemists use the techniques of chemical synthesis to insert new chemical groups into the biomedical compound and test the modifications for their biological effects. This method was refined to build mathematical relationships between the chemical structure and the biological activity, known as quantitative structure activity relationship s QSAR . A related term is structure affinity relationship SAFIR . SAR and SAR paradox The basic assumption for all molecule based hypotheses is that similar molecules have similar activities. ref name isbn030646425x cite book author Mezey, Paul G. Carb , Ram n Giron s, Xavier authorlink editor others title Fundamentals of molecular similarity edition language publisher Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers location New York year 2001 origyear pages quote isbn 030646425x oclc doi url accessdate ref This principle is the basis of a SAR. The underlying problem is therefore how to define a small difference on a molecular level, since each kind of activity, e.g. Chemical reaction reaction ability, biotransformation ability, solubility , target activity, and so on, might depend on another difference. A good example was given in the bioisosterism review of Patanie LaVoie. ref name pmid11848856 cite journal author Patani GA, LaVoie EJ title Bioisosterism A Rational Approach in Drug Design journal Chemical Reviews volume 96 issue 8 pages 3147 3176 year 1996 month December pmid 11848856 doi 10.1021 cr950066q issn accessdate 2011 04 13 ref In general, one is more interested i ... more details
italictitle taxobox name Iris germanica fossil range image Iris germanica 250503.jpg image size 200px image caption Iris germanica regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Asparagales familia Iridaceae subfamilia Iridoideae tribus Irideae genus Iris plant Iris subgenus Iris subgenus Iris sectio Iris species I. germanica binomial Iris germanica binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus L. File Clonal colony of Iris germanica.jpg thumb right Clonal colony of Iris germanica Iris germanica , the German Iris, is a species in the genus Iris plant iris The Iris Germanica grows up to 90 cm high and 10 cm wide. The roots can go up to 10 cm deep. It is an outdoors plant that blooms most in May August, but planting it would be best in February April. . It is a European hybrid, rather than a true wild species. ref http www.pacificbulbsociety.org pbswiki index.php GardenBeardedIrises Pacific Bulb Society Garden Bearded Irises ref Varieties I. g. var. florentina I. g. var. germanica I. germanica is known to produce the isoflavone irilone . ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 21235726 Lipase catalyzed regioselective protection deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica. Nighat Nazir, Surrinder Koul, Mushtaq Ahmad Qurishi, Subhash Chandra Taneja and Ghulam Nabi Qazi, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 1029 2446, Volume 27, Issue 2, First published on 02 December 2008 Pages 118 123 ref References reflist 2 See also Orris root External links Commons category inline Iris germanica Wikispecies inline Iris germanica Category Iris germanica Category Flowers Iridaceae stub az Mavi s s n ca Lliri blau de Deutsche Schwertlilie es Iris germanica fr Iris d Allemagne hsb N mska kle ica it Iris germanica he lt M lyn iedis vilkdalgis hu Kerti n szirom nl Blauwe lis ja pl Kosaciec br dkowy qu Jamachi sr wa Cladjot d corti zh ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride , commonly due to metabolism of fluoride containing drugs, such as methoxyflurane , releasing inorganic fluoride inside the body. ref Cousins MJ, Skowronski G, Plummer JL. Anaesthesia and the kidney. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983 Nov 11 4 292 320. ref ref Baden JM, Rice SA, Mazze RI. Deuterated methoxyflurane anesthesia and renal function in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1982 Mar 56 3 203 6. ref ref Mazze RI. Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Jun 15 111 9. ref The kidney injury is characterised by failure to concentrate urine , leading to polyuria , and subsequent dehydration with hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation , leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine. Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is dose dependent, typically requiring serum fluoride levels exceeding 50 micromoles per liter to cause clinically significant renal dysfunction, ref Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effect of enflurane in men. Anesthesiology 1976 44 44 53. ref which is likely when the dose of methoxyfluorane exceeds 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration MAC hours. ref VanDyke R. Biotransformation of volatile anesthetics with special emphasis on the role of metabolism in the toxicity of anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1973 20 21 33. ref ref White AE, Stevens WC, Eger EI II, Mazze RI, Hitt BA. Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and subanesthetic concentrations. Anesth Analg 1979 58 221 4 ref Note MAC hour is the multiple of the minimum alveolar concentration MAC of the anesthetic used times the number of hours the drug is adm ... more details
Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 424965107 IUPAC name N 3 fluoro 4 2 propylamino ethoxy phenyl 4 oxo 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro 1H indole 3 carboxamide image CP 615003 structure.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 329016 45 7 ATC prefix ATC suffix PubChem 9820874 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data C 20 H 24 F 1 N 3 O 3 molecular weight 373.421 g mol smiles O C NC1 CC C OCCNCCC C F C1 C2 CNC3 C2C CCC3 O CP 615,003 is a drug which acts as a subtype selective partial agonist at GABA A receptor GABA sub A sub receptor s, and was developed by Pfizer as a potential anxiolytic , however poor blood brain barrier penetration make it primarily useful as a research ligand. ref name pmid16081672 cite journal author Shaffer CL, Gunduz M, O Connell TN, Obach RS, Yee S title Biotransformation of a GABAA receptor partial agonist in sprague dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys identification of two unique N carbamoyl metabolites journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition the Biological Fate of Chemicals volume 33 issue 11 pages 1688 99 year 2005 month November pmid 16081672 doi 10.1124 dmd.105.004630 url ref ref name pmid17470526 cite journal author Venkatakrishnan K, Tseng E, Nelson FR, Rollema H, French JL, Kaplan IV, Horner WE, Gibbs MA title Central nervous system pharmacokinetics of the Mdr1 P glycoprotein substrate CP 615,003 intersite differences and implications for human receptor occupancy projections from cerebrospinal fluid exposures journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition the Biological Fate of Chemicals volume 35 issue 8 pages 1341 9 year 2007 month ... more details
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