For axonometricprojection in video games Video games with isometric graphics Mergefrom Isometric projection discuss Talk Axonometricprojection Proposal to merge Dimetric projection and Trimetric projection here date November 2009 Views Axonometricprojection is a type of parallel projection , more specifically a type of orthographic projection , used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection. ref name .... ISBN 0073655988, p.330. ref There are three main types of axonometricprojection isometric , dimetric , and trimetric projection . Axonometric means to measure along axes . Axonometricprojection ... this limitation, axonometricprojection can be useful for purposes of illustration. History File ... Three types of axonometric projections File Graphical projection comparison.png thumb right Comparison of several types of graphical projection . The three types of axonometric projections are isometric projection , dimetric projection , and trimetric projection , depending on the exact angle at which ... of space is shown as the vertical. In isometric projection , the most commonly used form of axonometric ... of a dimetric axonometric drawing from a US Patent 1874 . In dimetric projection , the direction .... Clarify date November 2009 clear Limitations of axonometricprojection Image IsometricFlaw 2.svg thumb ... , objects drawn with axonometricprojection do not appear larger or smaller as they extend ... 2009 reflist Further reading Commons category Axonometricprojection Yve Alain Bois, Metamorphosis ... of objects where the axis or plane of the object is parallel with the projection plane, ref name maynard in axonometricprojection the plane or axis of the object is always drawn not parallel to the projection plane. With axonometric projections the scale of distant features is the same as for near ... 2005 pages 22 url http books.google.com ?id 4Y YqOlXoxMC&pg PA22&lpg PA22&dq axonometric orthographic&q ... more details
wiktionary projection projector projective tocright Projection , projector , or projective may refer to The display of an image by devices such as Movie projector Video projector Overhead projector Slide projector Camera obscura Map projection , reduces a three dimensional planet to a flat map geography Graphical projection , the production of a two dimensional image of a three dimensional object Parallel projection Orthographic projection , including Plan view Plan , or floor plan view Elevation view Elevation , usually a side view of an exterior Cross section geometry Section , a view of the interior at a particular cutting plane Axonometricprojection , including Isometric projection Dimetric projection Trimetric projection Oblique projection , including Cabinet projection Cavalier projection Perspective projection anchor chemistry Chemistry Fischer projection Haworth projection Newman projection Mathematics Projection mathematics , any of several different types of functions, mappings, operations, or transformations 3D projectionProjection relational algebra Projection linear algebra Vector projectionProjection method fluid dynamics Projection set theory Projective geometry is a non Euclidean geometry that involves projective spaces. In another direction, projective module s and projective object s generalize free modules Other Projection alchemy , process in Alchemy Military power projection , the capacity of a state to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory Psychological projection , or Freudian projection ... or emotions Projection fibers , in neuroscience, white matter fibers that connect the cortex to the lower ... on current statistics and trends See also lookfrom intitle Project disambiguation Projection effect disambiguation disambig de Projektion eo Projekcio fr Projection ko it Proiezione he nl Projectie ja no Projeksjon pl Projekcja pt Proje o ru simple Projection sl Projekcija fi ... more details
Non free fair use in Senedd Non free use rationale Article Senedd Description Concept Axonometricprojectionaxonometric drawing of the Senedd , Cardiff , Wales Source http www.landliving.com articles 0000001198.aspx www.landliving.com Portion The image is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic. br It is an image of the concept drawing of the Senedd There are no copyright alternatives of such an image and not likely to be because of the length of time involved and the fact the building has now been constructed and the architecture phase is over The image used is of educational use and not of commercial value The article is improved by the prominence of this image No free equivalent exists that would effectively identify the article s subject. br The image does not in any way limit the ability of the copyright owners to market or sell their product. br The image is only used once and is rendered in low resolution to avoid piracy. br The image has been published outside Wikipedia see source above. br The image meets general Wikipedia content requirements and is encyclopedic. br The image meets Wikipedia s media specific policy. br The image is used in the article wiki linked in the section title. br The image is significant in identifying the subject of the article at the concept stage. br The image is used in the article namespace. br The image has a brief description that identifies the image, notes the source, and provides attribution to the copyright holder. Low resolution It is a low resolution image, and thus not suitable for production of counterfeit goods. Purpose The image is not used in such a way that a reader would be confused into believing that the article is authorized by the owner of the image. The image also reinforces the statement by Richard Rogers Partnership The idea was that steps rise out of the water and there is a whole public domain where people meet each other and look down on the Assembly Members . Replaceability ... more details
Summary Example of an axonometric drawing, from US Patent 150,828 , a Machine for forming Temple Teeth May 12, 1874 . Licensing PD US patent ... more details
projection , the most common form of axonometricprojection, ref name godse the direction of viewing ...Refimprove date September 2009 Views Parallel projections have lines of projection that are parallel both in reality and in the projection plane. Clarify date November 2009 Parallel projection corresponds to a perspective projection with a hypothetical viewpoint&mdash e.g., one where the camera lies ... parallel projection there is an ancillary category known as pictorials . Pictorials show an image ... projection File Camera focal length distance.gif thumb right Parallel projection corresponds to a perspective projection with a hypothetical viewpoint where the camera lies an infinite distance away from the object and has an infinite focal length, or zoom . The orthographic projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry , and is a type of parallel projection where the projection rays are perpendicular to the projection plane. ref name maynard Cite book last Maynard first ... Press date 2005 pages 22 url http books.google.com books?id 4Y YqOlXoxMC&pg PA22&lpg PA22&dq axonometric ...&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 6&ved 0CBoQ6AEwBQ v twopage&q axonometric 20orthographic&f false isbn 0801472806 ref It is the projection type of choice for Plans drawings working drawings ... the axis or plane of the object is also parallel with the projection plane. ref name maynard Pictorials AxonometricprojectionAxonometricprojection is a type of orthographic projection where the plane or axis of the object depicted is not parallel to the projection plane, ref name desai Cite book ... books.google.com books?id WQiIj8ZS0IoC&pg PA231&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric ...&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic&f false isbn 8184315589 last ... books?id H4eYq7 2YhYC&pg PA502&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic ... PA169&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic&f false isbn 0471286664 ... more details
into multiview orthographic projections and axonometricprojection s . A lens providing an orthographic projection is known as an Telecentric lens Object space telecentric lenses object space telecentric ... view, top view and right side view. Pictorials main Axonometricprojection Within orthographic projection there is the subcategory known as pictorials . Axonometric pictorials show an image of an object ...Views Orthographic projection or orthogonal projection is a means of representing a Three dimensional space three dimensional object in Two dimensional two dimensions . It is a form of parallel projection , where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, ref name maynard Cite book ... PA22&dq axonometric orthographic&q axonometric 20orthographic isbn 0801472806 ref resulting in every ... where the axis or plane of the object is also parallel with the projection plane, ref name maynard ... right 200px Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle right or First Angle left . Origin The orthographic projection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. Hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century B.C. to determine the places ... the projection to construct sundials and to compute sun positions. ref name Snyder16 Snyder, John ... orthographic from the Greek orthos straight and graph drawing for the projection. However, the name ... maps on the projection appear as woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 anonymous , 1533 ... main Multiview orthographic projection With multiview orthographic projections, up to six pictures of an object are produced, with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes ... first angle or third angle projection. In each, the appearances of views may be thought of as being ... PA169&dq axonometric orthographic v onepage&q axonometric 20orthographic isbn 0471286664 ref ... for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographic pictorials rely on the technique of axonometric ... more details
of axonometricprojection to measure along axes . Image Axonometric projections.png thumb The three Axonometricprojectionaxonometric views . Isometric projection In isometric pictorials for protocols ...Other uses Projection disambiguation Views Image Convention placement vues dessin technique.svg thumb right 200px Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle right or First Angle left . Graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of an Three dimensional space three dimensional ... the focal length and distance of the camera to infinity in a perspective projection results in a parallel projection. The projection is achieved by the use of imaginary projectors . The projected ... projection, categories each with its own protocol parallel projection Perspective graphical perspective projection gallery widths 100px heights 100px align center style padding 0px Image Isometrie.png Isometric projection . Image Milit rperspektive.PNG Oblique projection . Image Cavalier perspective 45.svg Oblique projection . Image Zentralperspektive.png Vanishing point One point perspective projection . gallery Types of projection File Graphical projection comparison.png thumb right Several types of graphical projection compared. Parallel projection In parallel projection , the lines of sight from the object to the projection plane are parallel to each other. Within parallel projection there is an ancillary ..., some liberties may be taken for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographic projection The Orthographic projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry and is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object. It is a parallel projection the lines of projection are parallel both in reality and in the projection plane . It is the projection type of choice for Plans drawings working drawings . Pictorials Axonometricprojection main Axonometricprojection Within parallel projection there is an subcategory known as Pictorials . Pictorials show an image of an object ... more details
for isometric projection in video games Video games with isometric graphics Mergeto Axonometricprojection discuss Talk Axonometricprojection Proposal to merge Dimetric projection and Trimetric projection here date November 2009 Views Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical drawing technical and engineering drawing s. It is an axonometricprojection in which the three Cartesian coordinate system coordinate axes appear equally ... of the limitations of isometric projection. The height difference between the red and blue balls cannot be determined locally. main Axonometricprojection First formalized by Professor William Farish ... language Greek for equal measure , reflecting that the scale measurement scale along each axis of the projection is the same unlike some other forms of graphical projection . An isometric view of an object can be obtained by choosing the viewing direction in a way that the angles between the projection ... way in which isometric projection can be visualized is by considering a view within a cubical .... The term isometric is often mistakenly used to refer to axonometric projections in general. There are three types of axonometric projections isometric, dimetric and trimetric. Mathematics There are eight ... by math alpha math . This is then followed by an orthographic projection to the x y plane math begin ... of visual computing . ref name Kri00 As with all types of parallel projection , objects drawn with isometric projection do not appear larger or smaller as they extend closer to or away ... directly, the result is a perceived distortion, as unlike perspective projection , it is not how our ... are difficult to gauge, as is shown in the illustration to the right. clear See also Graphical projection Video games with isometric graphics References refs External links Commonscat Isometric projection ... graphics http herbert.gandraxa.com herbert imp.asp Isometric Projection http gersic.com blog.php ... more details
Projection effect may refer to Front projection effect , in camera visual effect Rear projection effect , in camera visual effect Insolation Projection effect , the amount of sunlight onto a portion of the Earth relative to its tilt See also Projection disambiguation Effect disambiguation dab ... more details
GS50 is a map projection . History The GS50 projection was developed by John P. Snyder of the USGS in 1982. Projection description The GS50 projection provides is a Conformal map conformal projection suitable only for maps of the 50 United States. Scale map Scale varies less than 2 throughout the area covered. Distortion is very low as well. It is not a standard projection in the sense that it uses complex polynomials of the tenth order rather than a trigonometric formulation, although it was developed from an oblique stereographic projection . External links Synder, Album of Map Projections p. 208 http www.manifold.net doc gs50 projection.htm images and projection properties Category Cartographic projections ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 About the alchemical concept Projection disambiguation ProjectionProjection was the ultimate goal of Western alchemy . Once a Philosopher s stone or powder of projection had been created, one would use the process of Projection to transmute a lesser substance into a higher form, often lead into gold . Typically, the process is described simply as casting the Stone into a molten base metal. DEFAULTSORT Projection Alchemy Category Alchemical processes occult stub Chemistry stub ... more details
disambig There are several projections used in maps carrying the name of Johann Heinrich Lambert Lambert cylindrical equal area projection preserves areas Lambert azimuthal equal area projection preserves areas Lambert conformal conic projection preserves angles, commonly used in aviation navigation maps ... more details
Image Tissot indicatrix world map Behrmann equal area proj.svg thumb upright 2.2 right The Behrmann cylindrical equal area projection with Tissot s Indicatrix Tissot s Indicatrices of deformation Image World behrmann.png right thumb Map of the Earth using a Behrmann projection The Behrmann projection is a Map projection Cylindrical cylindrical map projection . This is an orthographic projection onto a cylinder secant at the 30 parallels. It is equal area, but distortion of shape increases with distance from the standard parallels. Scale is true along the standard parallels and constant between two parallels equidistant from the Equator. This projection is not equidistant. External links http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of examples and properties of all common projections , from radicalcartography.net http www.uff.br mapprojections Behrmann en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Berhrmann Projection . Category Cartographic projections cartography stub cs Behrmannovo zobrazen ... more details
Image Bonne projection.jpg thumb 250px right A Bonne projection of the Earth . Standard parallel is math pi 4 math . A Bonne projection is a pseudoconical equal area map projection , sometimes called a d p t de la guerre or a Sylvanus projection. Although named after Rigobert Bonne 1727 1795 , the projection was in use prior to his birth, in 1511 by Sylvano, Honter in 1561, De l Isle before 1700 and Coronelli in 1696 ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.60 62, ISBN 0 226 76747 7 ref . The projection is math x rho sin E , math math y cot phi 1 rho cos E , math where math rho cot phi 1 phi 1 phi , math math E frac lambda cos phi rho math and math phi , math is the latitude, math lambda , math is the longitude from the central meridian, and math phi 1 , math is the standard parallel of the projection ref http pubs.er.usgs.gov usgspubs pp pp1395 Map Projections A Working Manual , United States Geological Survey USGS Professional Paper 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987, pp.138 140 ref . Parallels of latitude are concentric circular arcs, and the scale ... shapes are not distorted. Special cases of the Bonne projection include the sinusoidal projection , when math phi 1 , math is zero, and the Werner projection , when math phi 1 , math is math pi 2 , math . The Bonne projection can be seen as an intermediate projection in the unwinding of a Werner projection into a Sinusoidal projection an alternative intermediate would be a Bottomley projection ref http www.cybergeo.eu index3977.html Between the Sinusoidal projection and the Werner an alternative ... Bonne Map Projection manifold.net http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of examples ... Bonne en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Bonne Projection http mathworld.wolfram.com BonneProjection.html Bonne Projection wolfram.com DEFAULTSORT Bonne Projection Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections Cartography stub fr Projection ... more details
Image Usgs map albers equal area conic.PNG frame right An Albers projection shows areas accurately, but distorts shapes. Image World albers.png right thumb Map of the Earth using an Albers projection The Albers equal area conic projection , or Albers projection named after Heinrich C. Albers , is a Map projection Conical conic , Map projection Equal area equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels. The Albers projection is the standard projection for British Columbia . ref cite web title British Columbia Map Projection Standard publisher BC Integrated Land Management Bureau url http www.ilmb.gov.bc.ca risc pubs other mappro map.htm accessdate 2010 08 05 ref It is also used by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Census Bureau . ref cite web title Projection Reference publisher Bill Rankin url http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref accessdate 2009 03 31 ref References reflist External links http mathworld.wolfram.com AlbersEqual AreaConicProjection.html Mathworld s page on the Albers projection http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of examples and properties of all common projections , from radicalcartography.net http www.environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca geomatics techweb yt albers projection.html Yukon Albers Projection http www.uff.br mapprojections Albers en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Albers Projection . Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections cartography stub de Albers Kegelprojektion nl Projectie van Albers zh fr Projection d Albers ... more details
A projection clock also called ceiling clock is an analog signal analog or digital clock equipped with a Image projector projector that creates an enlarged image of the clock face on any suitable projection ... of a projection clock is that the clock can be placed almost anywhere, even on surfaces difficult ... used, the image can be in monochrome or color. The image generated by most projection clocks is large ... or contact lenses, while an ordinary clock of similar size would be costly and impractical. Projection clocks are also used in advertising and merchandising . High brightness analog projection clocks can superimpose a business logo on top of the clock face, while there are low brightness projection clocks designed for Ferrari fans that project a Ferrari logo in addition to the time. Most of the projection ... general projection alarm clock Atomic Projection Clocks ref History Projection clocks ... project.htm . Both patents have expired by now, so any company or hobbyist can build projection clocks. Previously, projection clocks, like other clocks of that period, were universally analog. With the widespread adoption of digital clocks, digital projection clocks have also appeared. Technology A projection clock usually needs a backlight, as most clock displays do not radiate their own ... bulbs to light emitting diode LEDs . Projection clocks can be divided into two groups low brightness and high brightness. The image created by low brightness projection clocks can be viewed only in a darkened ..., but are more power hungry. Low brightness projection clocks Most modern projection clocks use a red ... is not darkened and the image generated by projector is unreadable. Such projection clocks are often ... slightly more expensive. High brightness projection clocks Modern high brightness projection ... expensive than low brightness ones. Projectors used in projection clocks are similar to other projectors ... http www.roger russell.com project project.htm History of projection clocks http wandel.ca homepage ... more details
The Collignon projection is an equal area Map projection Pseudocylindrical pseudocylindrical map projection first known to be published by douard Collignon in 1865 and subsequently cited by A. Tissot in 1881 . For the smallest choices of the parameters chosen for this projection, the sphere may be mapped either to a single diamond, a pair of squares or a triangle. Another projection that maps each hemisphere to a square is the quincuncial map . It is used in the polar areas as part of the HEALPix spherical projection, which is widely used in physical cosmology in making maps of the cosmic microwave background , in particular by the WMAP and future Planck Surveyor space missions. External links http www.progonos.com furuti MapProj Normal ProjPCyl projPCyl.html Collignon Pseudocylindrical Projections Collignon Projection , Carlos A. Furuti http melusine.eu.org syracuse mluque mappemonde doc collignon collignon.html Projection COLLIGNON m ridiens et parall les rectilignes , Manuel Luque, Giuseppe Matarazzo http www.uff.br mapprojections Collignon en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Collignon Projection . Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections cartography stub ... more details
Main Conformational isomerism style border 1px solid AAA float right margin left 10px colspan 2 Molecule of butane in syn clinal sc conformation align center Image Sawhorse projection butane sc.png 120px align center Image Newman projection butane sc.png align center Sawhorse br projection align center Newman br projection A Newman projection , useful in alkane stereochemistry , visualizes chemical conformation s of a carbon carbon chemical bond from front to back, with the front carbon represented by a dot and the back carbon as a circle see below . The front carbon atom is called proximal , while the back atom is called distal . This type of representation is useful for assessing the torsional angle between bonds. A Sawhorse representation , on the other hand, views a carbon carbon bond from an oblique angle. This type of representation makes it easy to visualize the molecule as a whole in 3 D. Other methods for depicting molecules are the Fischer projection , the Haworth projection and the Natta projection . This projection is named after Melvin Spencer Newman , an American chemist of Ohio State University who introduced it in 1952. References Newman, M. S. Record. Chem. Progr. Kresge Hooker Sci. Lib. 1952 , 13 , 111. Newman, M. S. A notation for the study of certain stereochemical problems. J. Chem. Educ. 1955 , 32 , 344 347. See also commonscat Newman projection Haworth projection Fischer projection Natta projection Category Stereochemistry ar de Newman Projektion es Proyecci n de Newman fr Projection de Newman it Proiezione di Newman he hu Newman projekci nl Newmanprojectie ja pl Projekcja Newmana ru zh ... more details
The Littrow projection is the only conformal retroazimuthal map projection . A retroazimuthal projection is one in which the direction to a fixed location B the bearing at the starting location A of the shortest route corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B. The Littrow projection allows direct measurement of the azimuth from any point on the map. The Littrow projection was created in 1833 by Joseph Johann Littrow 1781 1840 . It is sometimes referred to as a Weir Azimuth diagram . External links http www.csiss.org map projections Azimuthal.html A Gallery of Map Projections Azimuthals & Related http www.csiss.org map projections Azimuthal Littrow.pdf Littrow map http www.uff.br mapprojections Littrow en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Littrow Projection . Cartography stub Category Cartographic projections ... more details
Image equirectangular projection.jpg thumb 360px An equirectangular projection of the Earth the standard parallel is the equator. Image Tissot indicatrix world map equirectangular proj.svg thumb right 360px The equirectangular projection with Tissot s Indicatrix of deformation The equirectangular projection also called the equidirectional projection , equidistant cylindrical projection , geographic projection , plate carr e or carte parallelogrammatique projection or CPP is a very simple map projection attributed to Marinus of Tyre , who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about 100 AD 100 . ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp. 5 8, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref The projection maps meridian geography meridians to equally spaced vertical straight lines, and circle of latitude circles of latitude to evenly spread horizontal straight lines. The projection is neither equal area nor Conformal map projection conformal . Because of the distortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping and finds its ... where math lambda , math is the longitude from the central meridian of the projection, math phi ... the scale of the projection is true. Note that on the right side of the equation, the coordinates ... of the resulting projection in particular, this requires the input range to be , rather than 0,2 . This projection maps longitude and latitude directly into x and y, hence is sometimes called the longitude latitude projection. The lang fr plate carr e French language French , for square ... projection Gall Peters projection with resolution regarding the use of rectangular world maps ... http wiki.panotools.org Equirectangular Panoramic Equirectangular Projection , PanoTools ... equidistante fr Projection cylindrique quidistante nl Equidistante cilinderprojectie ja ... simple Equirectangular projection uk ... more details
Image Bottomley projection.gif thumb 250px right A Bottomley projection A Bottomley projection is an equal area map projection . The projection is math x frac rho sin E sin phi 1 , math math y tfrac pi 2 rho cos E , math where math rho tfrac pi 2 phi , math math E frac lambda sin phi 1 sin rho rho math and math phi , math is the latitude, math lambda , math is the longitude from the central meridian, and math phi 1 , math is the given parallel of the projection which determines its shape, all in radians. Parallels i.e. lines of latitude are concentric ellipse elliptical arcs of constant eccentricity mathematics eccentricity , centred on the north pole . On the central meridian geography meridian , shapes are not distorted, but elsewhere they are. Different projections can be produced by altering the eccentricity of the arcs, making it vary between the sinusoidal projection and the Werner projection . It was introduced by Henry Bottomley as an alternative to the Bonne projection to reduce the extent of extreme distortion at the edges and give a more satisfying overall shape. External links http www.cybergeo.eu index3977.html Cybergeo article Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections Cartography stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date October 2008 Calligraphic projection is a system, often used for laser lighting display s, whereby one or more laser beams draws an image on a screen by reflecting the laser beam from one or more mirrors attached to a deflecting mechanism. Analog oscilloscope s have customarily employed this kind of vector graphics , as did a number of computer graphics terminals in the 1970s, such as the Tektronix 4014 . Calligraphic projection is sometimes called Lissajous projection, after the mathematical figure and mathematician . See also Lissajous curve calligraphy DEFAULTSORT Calligraphic Projection Category Entertainment Category Laser image generation Compu graphics stub Optics stub ... more details
Image Sinusoid projection.jpg thumb 384px right Sinusoidal projection of the Earth . The sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical Map projection Equal area equal area map projection , sometimes called the Sanson Flamsteed or the Mercator equal area projection . It is defined by math x left lambda lambda 0 right cos phi math math y phi , math where math phi , math is the latitude, math lambda , math is the longitude, and math lambda 0 , math is the central meridian. ref http pubs.er.usgs.gov usgspubs pp pp1395 Map Projections A Working Manual , United States Geological Survey USGS Professional Paper 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987, pp.243 248 ref The north south scale is the same everywhere at the central meridian geography meridian , and the east west scale is throughout the map the same as that correspondingly, on the map, as in reality, the length of each parallel is proportional to the cosine of the latitude thus the shape of the map for the whole earth is the area between two symmetric rotated cosine curves. The true distance between two points on the same meridian corresponds to the distance on the map between the two parallels, which is smaller than the distance between the two points on the map. There is no distortion on the central meridian or the equator . Image Usgs map sinousidal equal area.PNG 350px thumb right center A sinusoidal projection shows relative sizes accurately, but distorts shapes and directions. Distortion can be reduced by interrupting the map. Image Tissot indicatrix world map sinusoidal proj.svg thumb right 350px The sinusoidal projection with Tissot s Indicatrix of deformation Similar projections which wrap the east and west parts of the sinusoidal projection around the north pole are the Werner projection Werner and the intermediate Bonne projection Bonne and Bottomley projection s. References references External links http www.cybergeo.eu ... de Sinusoidal Projektion fr Projection sinuso dale nl Sinuso deprojectie ja ... more details
Image aitoff projection.jpg 450px thumb An Aitoff projection of the Earth The Aitoff projection is a modified azimuthal map projection . Proposed by David A. Aitoff in 1889 , it is the equatorial form of the azimuthal equidistant projection , but stretched into a 2 1 ellipse while halving the longitude from the central meridian math x mathrm azeq x left frac lambda 2, phi right , math math y frac 1 2 mathrm azeq y left frac lambda 2, phi right math where math mathrm azeq x math and math mathrm azeq y math are the x and y components of the equatorial azimuthal equidistant projection. Written out explicitly, the projection is math x frac 2 cos phi sin left frac lambda 2 right mathrm sinc alpha , math math y frac sin phi mathrm sinc alpha , math where math alpha arccos left cos phi cos left frac lambda 2 right right , math and math mathrm sinc alpha math is the unnormalized sinc function with the discontinuity removed. In all of these formulas, math lambda math is the longitude from the central meridian and math phi math is the latitude. Three years later, Ernst Hermann Heinrich Hammer suggested the use of the Lambert azimuthal equal area projection in the same manner as Aitoff, producing the Hammer projection . While Hammer was careful to cite Aitoff, there has been some confusion since, wherein Aitoff has been attributed to Hammer s projection. ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.130 133, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref See also Mollweide projection Hammer projection References references External links http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of common projections http www.uff.br mapprojections Aitoff en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Aitoff Projection . http map.gsfc.nasa.gov Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP Category Cartographic projections ca Projecci d Aitoff es Proyecci n de Aitoff ja ... more details
Population projection , in the field of demography , is an estimate of a future population. In contrast with intercensal estimates and censuses, which usually involve some sort of field data gathering, projections usually involve mathematical models based only on pre existing data. A projection may be made by a governmental organization, or by those unaffiliated with a government. See also Census Unreferenced date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Population Projection Category Demography statistics stub ... more details
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