Image AED Open.jpg thumb upright An automatedexternaldefibrillator, open and ready for pads to be attached An automatedexternaldefibrillator or AED is a portable electronic device that automatically ... Image CPR training 03.jpg thumb Conditions that the Device Treats An automatedexternaldefibrillator ... We got a short lesson in using an AED, which is an AutomatedExternalDefibrillator. We had the thrill ... Usual placement of pads on chest Unlike regular defibrillator s, an automatedexternaldefibrillator ... treatments medicaldevices aed.html FDA Heart Health Online AutomatedExternalDefibrillator ... journal author Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB title Public use of automatedexternal ..., developed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Automatedexternal defibrillators ... in the United States to implement fully automatedexternal defibrillators at the bedside. ref http ... Guidelines 2000 for CPR and ECC ref Liability Automatedexternal defibrillators are now easy enough ... full 95 6 1677 title Automatic External Defibrillators for Public Access Defibrillation last Kerber ..., which makes it imperative for CPR to be carried out prior to the arrival of a defibrillator. Effect ... that use of a defibrillator on a woman wearing an underwire bra can lead to arcing or fire but only ... or the defibrillator is removed, some will sound a buzzer to alert nearby staff to their removal ... defibrillators why defibs2 detail.asp title Heartstart Home Defibrillator publisher Philips Electronics ... title Do It Yourself The Home Heart Defibrillator last Barnaby first Barnaby J date 2005 05 ... and pad expiration date on one model of AED An AED is external because the operator applies the electrode pads to the bare chest of the victim, as opposed to implantable cardioverter defibrillator ... to Good Samaritan laws, Ontario, Canada also has the Chase McEachern Act Heart Defibrillator ... negligence. References Reflist External links Portal Electronics http www.americanheart.org presenter.jhtml ... more details
Image Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator 1.jpg frame Image Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator 2.jpg frame The wearable cardioverter defibrillator WCD is worn by patients at risk for sudden cardiac arrest SCA , allowing their physician time to assess their long term arrhythmic risk and make appropriate plans. br br The WCD is lightweight and easy to wear, allowing patients to return to their activities of daily living, while having the peace of mind that they are protected from SCA. The WCD is non invasive and consists of two main components a garment and a monitor. The garment, worn under the clothing, detects arrhythmias and delivers treatment shocks. The monitor is worn around the waist or from a shoulder strap and records the arrhythmias. The WCD continuously monitors the patient s heart ... the first implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD founded Lifecor and began development of the WCD ... defibrillator. The Lifecor business was acquired by ZOLL Medical Corporation in 2006. Since ... cardioverter defibrillator can be useful in cases after the need has been established but prior to implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD and in cases where and ICD is contraindicated ... defibrillator. Since complications of AICD placement are low and contraindications few, it is unlikely ... Cardioverter Defibrillators as a Bridge to Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement publisher ... 987 title Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator for Patients at Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest publisher ... reflist References Reek et al., Clinical Efficacy of the Wearable Defibrillator in Acutely Terminating ..., EP Lab Digest , 2005 12 22 24 Feldman et al., Use of a Wearable Defibrillator in Terminating ... 4 9. Reek et al., Clinical Efficacy of the Wearable Defibrillator in Acutely Terminating Episodes ... , 2008 Vol. 8 Issue 7. External links http www.zoll.lifecor.com about lifevest about.asp The Zoll Lifecor LifeVest DEFAULTSORT Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator Category Medical equipment Category ... more details
, the inventor of the externaldefibrillator , stated in the journal Circulation journal Circulation ... 6 619 26. External links http www.doctorshangout.com forum topics a defibrillator in action A Defibrillator ...Refimprove date July 2010 Image ICD.jpg thumb Guidant ICD An implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICD ... File AICD.jpg thumb Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. The process of implantation ... Defibrillator url http content.nejm.org cgi content full NEJMoa0909545 publisher New England ... 650px Lead II electrocardiogram showing Torsades being shocked by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator ... Staewen. ref Mirowski M, Mower MM, Staewen WS, et al Standby automatic defibrillator An approach ... of an implantable defibrillator that would automatically sense the onset of ventricular ... coronary blood flow or ventricular malfunction. In fact, the implanted defibrillator system ... from arrhythmia. The first defibrillator was implanted at Washington State University by a team of cardiologists ... defibrillator chest X ray.jpg thumb A normal chest X ray after placement of an ICD, showing ... the 2 opaque coils along the ICD lead. People that have an implanted cardioverter defibrillator ... GH. Quality of life with defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008 359 ... with implantable cardioverter defibrillator and precipitating factors. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol ..., Conti JB. Anxiety and marital adjustment in patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator and their spouses ... Cardioverter Defibrillator. Circulation 2010 122 465 467 ref . Physical activities Almost all ... pubmed&dopt Abstract&list uids 10551706&query hl 5 . In 2002 the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator ... with defibrillator patches applied to the epicardium or pericardium . The device was attached via ... St Jude Medical Sorin Group Biotronik Wearable cardioverter defibrillator Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator Notes Reflist References Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. for the Sudden Cardiac ... more details
Automated Retail is the category of self service , standalone kiosks in heavily trafficked establishments such as airports, malls and resorts ref http www.retailcustomerexperience.com article 21514 The Body Shop deploying automated retail shops ref . Automated Retail kiosks are usually a turn key solution with the necessary hardware, technology and services required to maintain an automated, small footprint retail store. Consumers select products using a touchscreen interface, pay for their purchase using a credit or debit card and receive their product immediately via robotic arm. ref http www.pcmag.com article2 0,2817,1876717,00.asp ref ZoomShops and Redbox are examples of Automated Retail. ref http www.sj r.com features x1598947943 Now available at vending machines GPS iPods cameras ref See also Kiosks Self service kiosks ATM External links http www.zoomsystems.com ZoomSystems http www.redbox.com Redbox http www.innovativevendingsolutions.com Innovative Vending Solutions http www.avtinconline.com AVT http www.moodiereport.com document.php?c id 1178&doc id 19348 Automated Retail concept http www.ddionline.com displayanddesignideas content display magazine e3id2aec2226dc5e3dea7fdfa693cafdbb4 DDI article on Automated Retail Notes references Category Retailing ... more details
references External links Conferences and workshops International Joint Conference on Automated ...Automated reasoning is an area of computer science dedicated to understand different aspects of reasoning . The study in automated reasoning helps produce software which allows computers to reason completely or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub field of artificial ... . The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving and automated proof checking viewed ... and consistency are applied on top of the more standard automated deduction. John Pollock s Oscar system is an example of an automated argumentation system that is more specific than being just an automated theorem prover. Tools and techniques of automated reasoning include the classical logics and calculi ... role in the field of automated reasoning which itself led to the development of Artificial Intelligence ... of 1957 as the origin of the automated reasoning or automated deduction which brought together a large ... nuprl Intro AutoDeduction autoded.html Automated Deduction AD , The Nature of PRL Project . Retrieved ... 2010 . Automated reasoning, although significant and popular area of research in the eighties ... and interest of big companies and funded researchers in the automated reasoning revived the Automated Reasoning from the dead. ref Jia, Limin and Walker, David https dl web.dropbox.com get ICS 20139W Automated 20Reasoning 20Wiki ILC TR 738.pdf?w d17e723e ILC A Foundation for Automated Reasoning ... an overview . Retrieved on 2010 10 23 ref Coq Developed in France, Coq is another automated proof assistant ... a short introduction to coq Introduction to Coq . Retrieved 2010 10 23 ref Applications Automated reasoning has been most commonly used to build automated theorem provers. In some cases such provers ... less number of steps for solving a theorem than the one provided by Whitehead and Russel. Automated ... more details
Notability date September 2010 Primary sources date September 2010 Infobox software name Automated BuildStudio logo Image Abs img.jpg developer SmartBear Software released Start date 2004 by AutomatedQA latest release version 6 latest release date June 16, 2010 language English status Active license Proprietary software Proprietary website http www.automatedqa.com products abs http www.automatedqa.com products abs Portal Software Testing Automated BuildStudio developed by SmartBear Software ref http smartbear.com development tools build management ref is a Build management build and Release Management release management system that provides automation of the software development Build automation build , test and release processes. Current version, released in June 2010, contains over 750 built in operations that allow users to automate different tasks. ref http www.insidercoding.com post 2009 06 04 Automated Build Studio.aspx ref Main Features Visual Macro Designer helps to create visually constructed macros. 750 built in operations a variety of automated builds that run unattended. Distributed build support lets users distribute the execution of macro operations among multiple computers. Remote Macro Execution Control running macros located on remote computers and monitoring such macro runs. Concurrent execution of operations organizing macro operations so they can be executed ... is a key feature for creation of automated daily builds. It helps to create scheduled macro runs ... TestExecute by SmartBear Software References Reflist External links http www.automatedqa.com products abs Automated BuildStudio http www.automatedqa.com forums Automated BuildStudio forum http www.softpedia.com get Programming Other Programming Files Automated Build Studio.shtml Automated Build ... 8867 4355 a9b4 68c07e2bc38c Automated BuildStudio and Microsoft Visual Studio http www.olagoo.com automated build studio floating user.html Automated BuildStudio on Olagoo.com DEFAULTSORT Automated Buildstudio ... more details
Orphan date April 2008 Context date November 2009 In a diagram from the book The Automated Society , ref Bloomfield, Masse, The Automated Society , Masefield Books, 1995. ref Bloomfield defines the history of man beginning over two million years ago and ending over a hundred thousand years in the future. The diagram is base on biological punctuated equilibrium and a parallel cultural evolution . The predictions of the future follow what has happened in the past. The diagram of history shows mankind having long periods of stability interrupted with short periods of transition. Mankind is currently experiencing one of those short periods of transition. Mankind is changing from a stable agricultural period going through a transitional industrial society leading to a stable automated period. Productivity is the key to the transition when it is impossible to increase productivity, mankind will have arrived at the automated society. Before mankind enters the automated society, we will suffer from two near term trends. One trend is the relentlessly increasing number of human beings. The second is the relentlessly decreasing number of jobs. Jobs will be eliminated by substituting men with machines. An example of this is agriculture where once in the peasant society there were ninety percent of the people working as farmers. With the introduction of tractors, only three percent of Americans work on the farm. Once the problems of the lack of jobs, increased pollution and fewer natural resources are solved and the food factory put in operation, there should be a reconciliation of man to automation . In the automated society, men will live in affluence along with a total control of population . The one place where man will have an unlimited future will be in space. Space can provide ... http massebloomfield.com books the automated society The Automated Society by Masse Bloomfield DEFAULTSORT Automated Society Category Future Category Sociological theories Category Technology ... more details
An automated analyser is a medical laboratory instrument designed to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance. These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease. Many methods of introducing samples into the analyser have been invented. This can involve placing test tube s of sample into racks, which can be moved along a track, or inserting tubes into circular carousels that rotate to make the sample available. Some analysers require samples to be transferred to sample cups. However, the effort to protect the health and safety of laboratory staff has prompted many manufacturers to develop analysers that feature closed tube sampling, preventing workers from direct exposure to samples., ref http www.beckman.com literature ClinDiag AU 209389 20Tanner 20Case 20Study.pdf ref ref http www.bd.com ds aboutUs news News 05227.asp ref Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously. The automation of laboratory testing does not remove the need for human expertise results must still be evaluated by medical technologist s and other qualified clinical laboratory professionals , but it does ease concerns about error reduction, staffing concerns, and safety ... , or coagulation tests. Cell counters Automated cell counters sample the blood, and quantify, classify ... consuming manual counts. Many automated reticulocyte counts, like their manual counterparts, employ ... Automated coagulation machines or Coagulometers measure the ability of blood to clot by performing ... LABORATORYWORKERSHORTAGE.pdf ref has spurred manufacturers to develop automated systems for even these rarely ... the laboratory See also Commons category Automated analysers Medical technologist Notes 1. Rosenfeld .... Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. See Wikipedia External links & Wikipedia Spam for details ... dmoz.org and link back to that category using the dmoz template. No more links DEFAULTSORT Automated ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 The Automated Mathematician AM is one of the earliest successful discovery system s. It was created by Doug Lenat in Lisp programming language Lisp , and in 1977 led to Lenat being awarded the IJCAI Computers and Thought Award . AM worked by generating and modifying short Lisp programs which were then interpreted as defining various mathematical concepts for example, a program that tested equality between the length of two lists was considered to represent the concept of numerical equality, while a program that produced a list whose length was the product of the lengths of two other lists was interpreted as representing the concept of multiplication. The system had elaborate heuristics for choosing which programs to extend and modify, based on the experiences of working mathematicians in solving mathematical problems. Controversy Lenat claimed that the system was composed of hundreds of data structures called concepts, together with hundreds of heuristic rules and a simple flow of control AM repeatedly selects the top task from the agenda and tries to carry it out. This is the whole control structure Yet the heuristic rules were not always represented as separate data structures some had to be intertwined with the control flow logic. Some rules had preconditions that depended on the past history, or otherwise could not be represented in the framework of the explicit rules. What s more, the published versions of the rules often involve vague terms that are not defined further, such as If two expressions are structurally similar, ... Rule 218 or ... replace the value obtained by some other very similar value... Rule 129 . Another source of information ... system that generated enough short Lisp programs would generate ones that could be interpreted by an external ... Lenat Computer assisted proof Automated theorem proving Symbolic mathematics Experimental mathematics External links Edmund Furse http www.comp.glam.ac.uk pages staff efurse Abstracts Why did AM ... more details
Automated mineralogy is a generic term describing a range of analytical solution s, areas of commercial enterprise , and a growing field of scientific research and engineering applications involving largely automated and quantitative analysis of mineral s, rock geology rock s and man made materials. Technology Automated Mineralogy analytical solutions are characterised by integrating largely automated measurement techniques based on Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDS . Commercially available Automated Mineralogy solutions include the QEMSCAN and Mineral Liberation Analyzer Mineral Liberation Analyzer MLA from FEI Company . Business The business of Automated Mineralogy is concerned with the commercialisation of the technology and software in terms of development and provision of integrated solutions. This includes all aspects of service maintenance customer support R&D marketing and sales . Customers of Automated Mineralogy solutions include laboratory laboratory facilities Mining mine sites and research institute research institutions . Applications Automated Mineralogy solutions are applied in a variety of fields requiring statistically reliable, quantitative mineralogical information. These include the following sectors mining ref Goodall, W.R., Scales, P.J., Butcher, A.R. 2005. The use of QEMSCAN and diagnostic leaching in the characterisation of visible gold in complex ores. Minerals Engineering , 18 , 8, 877 886 http dx.doi.org 10.1016 ..., H.E. 2005. Automated SEM EDS QEMSCAN Mineral Analysis in Forensic Soil Investigations Testing ..., J., Rollinson, G.K. 2005. Mineralogical analysis and provenancing of ancient ceramics using automated ... details.jsp?R 387884 abstract ref . History of the Use of the Term The first use of the term automated ... 88 90021 0 ref , ref Sutherland, D.N., Gottlieb, P. 1991. Application of automated quantitative mineralogy ... Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy References reflist DEFAULTSORT Automated ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 In telephony , an automated attendant also auto attendant or auto attendant , or sometimes autoattendant or AA or Virtual Receptionist allows callers to be automatically transferred to an extension without the intervention of an operator typically a receptionist . They are also referred to as CAS or Customer Avoidance system. Many AAs will also offer a simple menu system for sales, press 1, for service, press 2, etc. . An auto attendant may also allow a caller to reach a live operator by dialing a number, for example 0 . Typically the Auto Attendant is included in a businesses phone system. A caller will hear the recorded greeting Virtual Receptionist first then make a selection to contact the person they need. New services allow businesses to use an AA without the business phone system. These services will route calls in the same manner to cell phones, soft phones or businesses having multiple locations using traditional phone lines. Feature Description On a purely technical level it could be argued that an automated attendant is a very simple kind of IVR , however in the telecom industry the terms IVR and Auto Attendant are generally considered distinct. An Automated Attendant serves a very specific purpose replace live operator and route calls , whereas an IVR can perform all sorts of functions telephone banking, account inquiries, etc . An AA will often include a directory which will allow a caller to dial by name in order to find user on a system. There is no standard format to these directories, and they can use combinations of first name, last name, or both. The following lists common routing steps that are components of an automated attendant any other routing steps would probably be more suitable to an IVR Transfer to Extension Transfer ..., an Automated Attendant would be expected to have values for the following 0 where to go when the caller ... routing. The specifics of these features will depend entirely on the particular automated attendant ... more details
An automated whitelist is a whitelist which was created and or is maintained by a system that analyzes bi directional email. Use by anti spam systems An automated whitelist is a whitelist which is created or maintained by a system that monitors incoming and or outgoing email , and based on preset criteria, will add or remove entries from the whitelist without a need for human intervention. Optionally, some automated whitelisting systems can review records of past email communications which were previously stored within an email server s or email client s archives for inclusion in the whitelist. This functionality is an enhancement to creating a whitelist manually , such as exporting customer, vendor, friends, or other contact lists from various sources, to then tediously assemble them into a whitelist. Additionally, the use of such a system removes the difficult task of maintaining a whitelist as new email relationships are formed. How it works P. Oscar Boykin and Vwani Roychowdhury of the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California point out, We exploit the properties of social networks to construct an automated anti spam tool which processes an individual user s personal email network to simultaneously identify the user s core trusted networks of friends, as well as subnetworks generated by spams and http xxx.lanl.gov abs cond mat 0402143v1 their extensive research discovers a surprisingly effective technique with superior levels of accuracy and automation they go on to explain, it requires no user intervention or supervised training second, it results in no false negatives i.e., spam being misclassified as non spam, or vice versa. ref Boykin, P., Roychowdhury, V. Personal Email Networks An Effective Anti Spam Tool , IEEE Computer, Vol. 38, No. 4, pages ... to require all outgoing email to be funneled through their system for analysis and automated inclusion ... describing the functionality and use of an automated whitelist are specifically tied to a particular ... more details
Infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Automated Alice title orig translator image prefer 1st edition image caption author Jeff Noon illustrator Harry Trumbore cover artist country Great Britain language English language English series Vurt series genre Science fiction Cyberpunk publisher Doubleday publisher Doubleday release date 1996 english release date media type Print Paperback & Hardcover Hardback pages isbn ISBN 0 385 40808 0 first edition, paperback oclc 37155563 preceded by Pollen novel Pollen followed by Nymphomation Automated Alice is a fantastical book by United Kingdom British author Jeff Noon , first published in 1996. The book follows Alice s travels to a future Manchester city populated by Newmonians , Civil Serpents and a vanishing cat. The book was written as both the third book in the Vurt series and the trequel to the famous Lewis Carroll books, Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass . Plot summary The story of Automated Alice tells of the character of Alice s Adventures in Wonderland Alice from Lewis Carroll Lewis Carroll s books in a future version of Manchester , England . After following her Great Aunt Ermintrude s parrot Whippoorwill through a grandfather clock, Alice and Alice s doll Celia get lost in a world inhabited by Newmonians , entities made from two objects combined, for example a zebra and a human . Characters Expand section date June 2008 Category Novels by Jeff Noon Category Books based on Alice in Wonderland Category 1996 novels Category Steampunk novels Category British science fiction novels 1990s sf novel stub ... more details
For external links in Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia External links For external links in general, please see Internal link dab ... more details
wiktionary external An external cost or benefit is an impact on any party not directly involved in an economic decision. External may also refer to External mathematics , a concept in abstract algebra Externals , a fictional group of X Men antagonists disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The external sector refers to a basket of economic measures regarding any individual country . These measures include Balance of payments Current account Capital account or financial account Foreign direct investment Portfolio investment Other investment External debt Average exchange rate of private external debt Debt service Reserves assets International investment position Export price index and import price index DEFAULTSORT External Sector Category Economics terminology Economic term stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 This article is about external storage devices. For external storage in the context of data structures, see Reference computer science External and internal storage . In computing , external storage comprises devices that temporarily store information for transporting Citation needed date April 2010 from computer to computer. Such devices are not permanently fixed inside a computer. Types of external storage devices include punched card s cassette tape s floppy disk s Zip disk s CD s DVD s microform s memory card s memory spot chip s memory stick s Compare external storage which need not have a permanent connection to a computer external hard disk drive s disk enclosure s a external storage can be used to expand you HDD for you r PC or MAC also it can be used to run other pertitions for running o other OS like Win, or linux or Leopart beqause it s more safe to run a dual boot on you r pc or mac the most people use it for storge like Photo s, Video s, games,... Category Computer storage media DEFAULTSORT External Storage Compu storage stub ... more details
In the theory of capital structure , External financing is the phrase used to describe fund s that firms obtain from outside of the firm. It is contrasted to internal financing which consists mainly of profits retained by the firm for investment. There are many kinds of external financing. The two main ones are equity issues, IPO s or Seasoned equity offering SEO s , but trade credit is also considered external financing as are accounts payable , and tax es owed to the government . External financing is generally thought to be more expensive than internal financing , because the firm often has to pay a transaction cost to obtain it. See also Internal financing Capital structure Finance Category Financial markets Category Debt ... more details
An external degree is a Academic degree degree offered by a university to students who have not been required to be physically present within the geographic territory of the institution. These undergraduates may be called external students and may study at classes unconnected with the university, or independently, or by distance learning . They may obtain the degree by passing examinations once they have reached the required standard, or by having successfully completed a programme put together from various courses or modules. In 1858 the University of London became the first English university to offer external degrees, holding exams open to people in other cities, or to London students who had attended evening classes. In various UK towns university college s were established, where students could study towards a London external degree. The colleges were among the approved centres for London s exams. Soon centres overseas were approved, starting with one in Mauritius in 1865. References Malcolm Tight, Higher Education A Part Time Perspective OU 1991 http www.londonexternal.ac.uk about us history.shtml History of University of London External Programme See also Lady Literate in Arts DEFAULTSORT External Degree Category Distance education education stub ru uk ... more details
Image Debt.PNG thumb Map of countries by external debt based on 2005 CIA factbook figures External debt ... financial institutions such as the IMF and World Bank . Definition PEP defines it as Gross external ... and that are owed to nonresidents by residents of an economy . ref http www.imf.org external pubs ... amount outstanding are known as principal payments. However, the definition of external ... need be known for a liability to be classified as debt. Residence To qualify as external ... are not included in the definition of external debt. These are defined as arrangements under .... Generally external debt is classified into four heads 1 public and publicly guaranteed debt ..., ref http www.cbe.org.eg External 20Debt 20Statistics SDDS.htm ref in India it is classified ..., f NRI Deposits,and g Rupee Debt, and h NPR Debt. External debt sustainability Sustainable debt is the level ..., while allowing an acceptable level of economic growth. UNCTAD UNDP, 1996 External debt sustainability ... Related Indicators of External Vulnerability, Policy Paper, 2000 World Bank and IMF hold that a country can be said to achieve external debt sustainability if it can meet its current and future external ... and without compromising growth . According to these two institutions, external debt sustainability can be obtained by a country by bringing the net present value NPV of external public debt down ... external np hipc 2001 lt 042001.pdf ref High external debt is believed ... Institute accessdate 2007 07 08 page 2 title US external debt obligations ref Indicators of external debt sustainability There are various indicators for determining a sustainable level of external ... the policy makers in their external debt management exercise. These indicators can be thought of as measures ... foreign exchange reserves minus external debt.png thumb Map of countries by foreign currency reserves and gold minus external debt based on 2009 data from CIA Factbook Examples of debt burden indicators ... more details
External Risks In Contract Law In contract law , are risks that are produced by a non human source and are beyond human control. They are unexpected but happen regularly enough in a general population to be broadly predictable, and may be the subject of casualty insurance . Good examples of external risks are natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanoes . In Project Management In project management Risks that are external to the project and the project manager cannot control. Good examples of external risks are changes in government legislation , changes in strategy from senior managers, and the economy . References Giddens, Anthony 1999 . Risk and Responsibility . Modern Law Journal , Vol. 62 No. 1, p. 4. See also Force Majeure Act of God Mutual assent Contract law Impossibility Category Contract law Category Tort law Category Insurance law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The external examiner plays an important role in all university degree degree level examination s in Universities in the United Kingdom higher education in the United Kingdom . The external examiner system was introduced into the UK during the 19th century, and it is therefore also found in countries whose higher education systems were developed on the basis of United Kingdom practice, or strongly influenced by it, after its introduction, including New Zealand , and India . It is one of the oldest systems of quality control within higher education. It is a requirement for all degree level examinations at British universities , and in countries operating a similar ... a special board is convened for each candidate. Role While the role of the external examiner varies ... by regulation, if examiners disagree the view of the external examiner takes precedence. Undergraduate examinations In undergraduate examinations, external examiners typically see, and have to approve ... assessment, it is common for external examiners to take part in them. Students may have the right to ask for their work to be considered by the external examiner. External examiners are typically ... in broad disciplines, there are commonly several external examiners with different areas ..., there are normally only two or three examiners, and the external examiner usually takes the lead in questioning ... by post, though there may also be a local external examiner who is present at the viva . Appointees ... as an external examiner is therefore usually seen as something of an honour, though often an inconvenient one although a fee is paid to external examiners, it is usually small, and a considerable amount of work is involved, often at the busiest time of the academic year. While the external examiner in the form described here and the use of the title External examiner is specific to British ... countries is widespread in other countries, especially for PhD examinations. DEFAULTSORT External ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 The term external is useful for describing certain algebraic structures. The term comes from the concept of an Binary operation External binary operations external binary operation which is a binary operation that draws from some external set . To be more specific, a left external binary operation on S over R is a function math f R times S rightarrow S math and a right external binary operation on S over R is a function math f S times R rightarrow S math where S is the set the operation is defined on, and R is the external set the set the operation is defined over . Generalizations The external concept is a generalization rather than a specialization, and as such, it is different ... S math Binary operation External binary operations external binary operation Examples dynamical ... , multiplication , permutation permutations , and the cross product . External monoids Since monoid s are defined in terms of binary operations , we can define an external monoid in terms of external binary operations . For the sake of simplicity, unless otherwise specified, a left external binary operation is implied. Using the term external , we can make the generalizations An external magma mathematics magma math S, times math over R is a set S with an external binary operation. This satisfies math r times s in S math for all math s in S, r in R math external closure mathematics closure . An external semigroup math S, times math over math R, cdot math is an external magma that satisfies ... associative . An external monoid math S, times math over math R, cdot math is an external ... has external identity element . Modules as external rings Much of the machinery of module mathematics ... yet is their distribution axioms. The external ring multiplication math otimes math is externally ... in R math Using these terminology we can make the following local generalizations An external semiring ... math and an external monoid math S, otimes math where math otimes math is externally distributive ... more details
External lamina is a structure similar to basal lamina that surrounds the sarcolemma of muscle cells. It is secreted by myocytes and consists primarily of Collagen type IV , laminin and perlecan heparan sulfate proteoglycan . Nerve cells, including perineurial cells and Schwann cells also have an external lamina like protective coating. ref Wheater s Functional Histology, 5th ed. Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath. ref References reflist Category Skin anatomy Category Histology med stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Stony coral spawning 2.jpg thumb Stony coral spawn biology spawning . External fertilization is a form of fertilization in which a sperm cell is united with an egg cell external to the bodies of the reproducing individuals. In contrast, internal fertilization takes place inside the female after insemination through copulation . In sexual reproduction , there must be some way of getting the sperm to the egg. Since sperm are designed to be mobile in a watery environment they have tails and are streamlined , aquatic animals can make use of the water in which they live. Many plants make use of external fertilization, especially ones without bright flowers or other means of attracting animals. In many aquatic animals such as coral or Hydra genus hydra , eggs and sperm are simultaneously shed into the water, and the sperm swim through the water to fertilize the egg in a process known as broadcast fertilization . In many fish species, including salmon , the female will deposit unfertilized eggs in the substrate and the male will swim by and fertilize them. External fertilization uses or needs thousands of sperm cells DEFAULTSORT External Fertilization Category Reproduction Biology stub ar ca Fecundaci externa ja no Ytre befruktning sv Yttre befruktning tr D d llenme zh ... more details
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