The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA is a neutrino telescope located beneath the Amundsen Scott South Pole Station . In 2005, after nine years of operation, AMANDA officially became part of its successor project, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory . AMANDA consists of optical modules, each containing one photomultiplier tube, sunk in Antarctica Antarctic ice cap at a depth of about 1500 to 1900 meters. In its latest development stage, known as AMANDA II, AMANDA is made up of an array of 677 optical modules mounted on 19 separate strings that are spread out in a rough circle with a diameter of 200 meters. Each string has several dozen modules, and was put in place by drilling a hole in the ice using a hot water hose, sinking the cable with attached optical modules in, and then letting the ice freeze around it. File DUMAND.svg thumb right Diagram from the related precursor Project DUMAND illustrating the strings of sensors and detail of one of the sensors AMANDA detects very high energy neutrinos 50 Electronvolt GeV which pass through the Earth from the northern hemisphere and then react just as they are leaving upwards through the Antarctic ice. The neutrino collides with Atomic nucleus nuclei of oxygen or hydrogen atoms contained in the surrounding water ice, producing a muon and a hadron ic shower. The optical modules detect the Cherenkov radiation from these latter particles, and by analysis of the timing of photon hits can approximately determine the direction of the original neutrino with a spatial resolution of approximately 2 degree angle degrees . AMANDA s goal was an attempt at neutrino astronomy , identifying and characterizing extra solar sources of neutrinos ... Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray fr Antarctic Muon and Neutrino DetectorArray it Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray la Antarctica Muona Ac Neutrina Detegens Accommodatio no Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray fi AMANDA ... more details
Telescope Array NuSTAR 4C Array Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA LOFAR LOw ...An array is a systematic arrangement of objects, usually in rows and columns. Specifically, it may refer ... at run time, including Array data structure , an arrangement of items at equally spaced addresses in computer memory Array data type , used in a programming language to specify a variable that can be indexed Associative array , an abstract data structure model that generalizes arrays to arbitrary indices or various kinds of the above, such as Bit array or bit vector Dynamic array , allocated at run time Parallel array of records, with each field stored as a separate array Sparse array , with most elements omitted, to store a sparse matrix Variable length array Jagged array , where the rows have different lengths individually or various related concepts Vector processor Array processor , a computer to process arrays of data not to be confused with a processor arrayArray programming , using matrix algebra notation in programs not the same as array processing Array slicing , the extraction of sub arrays of an array or also Global Arrays , a library for parallel processing Intel Array Visualizer , a piece of scientific graphics software In mathematics and statistics An array or matrix mathematics e.g. a Monge array , a Costas array A standard array in coding theory In statistics, arrays are a name for some kinds of Category Experimental design Intersection array a concept of category theory The thinned array curse or sparse array curse, a theorem about elecromagnetic waves In technology ... array, such as a phased array , a tower array , etc. A speaker array, used to produce directional Sound Asynchronous array of simple processors Ball grid array , pin grid array , and land grid array , ways to connect integrated circuits Cache Array Routing Protocol CARP Color filter array , placed over an imaging array Disk array , such as the RAID Field emitter array , an electron source ... more details
, which includes diode arraydetector DAD or PDA . The UV absorption of the effluent is continuously ...A chromatography detector is a device used in gas chromatography GC or liquid chromatography LC to visualize components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column. There are two general types of detectors destructive and non destructive. The destructive detectors perform continuous transformation of the column effluent burning, evaporation or mixing with reagents with subsequent measurement of some physical property of the resulting material plasma, aerosol or reaction mixture . The non ... detector . The column effluent is injected into hydrogen flame and the flame conductivity is measured. Only used in GC. Atomic emission detector AED . ref Kantor, E. A. Vozhdaeva, M. Y. Tsypysheva ... into plasma and the plasma spectrum is recorded. This detector allows for immediate determination of the elements present in the analyte. MS detector. The column effluent is continuously injected into Mass spectrometry mass spectrometer . This detector allows for immediate determination of the molecular ... about analyte. Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector , used only in GC. Evaporative light scattering detector ELD . ref http www.cyberlipid.org elsd elsd0001.htm Evaporative light scattering detector ... www.reachdevices.com Commercial UV detectors.html UV detectors ref . Thermal conductivity detector ... Fluorescence detector . Irradiates the effluent with a light of set wavelength and measure the fluorescence ... water or alcohols are used. Refractive index detector RI or RID . Continuously measures the refractive index of the effluent. Used only in LC Radio flow detector. Measures radioactivity of the effluent. This detector can be destructive if a Liquid scintillation counting scintillation cocktail is continuously added to the effluent. Chiral detector. Continuously measures the Optical activity optical ... Reflist Category Chromatography Category Detectors technology stub nl Detector chromatografie ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 A radar detectordetector RDD is a device used in areas where radar detector s are declared illegal. Radar detector s are built around a superheterodyne receiver , which has a local oscillator that radiates slightly. It is therefore possible to build a radar detectordetector, which detects such emissions usually the frequency of the radar type being detected, plus about 10 MHz for the intermediate frequency . Some radar gun s are equipped with such a device. History VG 2 Interceptor was the first device developed for this purpose, although more current technology such as the Spectre III Stalcar in Australia is now available. ref http radar.757.org VG2.htm Radar DetectorDetector RDD ref This form of electronic warfare cuts both ways and since detector detectors use a similar superheterodyne receiver, many early stealth radar detectors were equipped with a radar detectordetectordetector circuit, which shuts down the main radar receiver when the detectordetector s signal is sensed, thus preventing detection by such equipment. This technique borrows from ... detectordetectordetectordetector. However, due to escalation, the development of the radar detectordetectordetectordetectordetector was deemed necessary. In the early 1990s, BEL Tronics, Inc. of Ontario, Canada where radar detector use is prohibited found that the local oscillator frequency of the detector could be altered to be out of the range of the VG 2 Interceptor. This resulted in a wave of detector manufacturers changing their local oscillator frequency. Today, practically every radar detector on the market is immune to the VG 2 Interceptor Citation needed date February 2007 . The Spectre III detected almost every radar detector certified for operation in the United States by the Federal ... Radar DetectorDetector Category Traffic law Category Radar Category Electronic warfare ca Detector de detector de radar es Detector de detector de radar ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses Clover disambiguation A clover detector is a gamma spectroscopy gamma ray detector used in many physics laboratories. It consists of 4 coaxial N type semiconductor N type high purity germanium Ge crystals each machined to shape and mounted in a common cryostat to form a structure resembling a four leaf clover . A gamma ray may interact with a single Ge crystal and deposit its full energy. The resulting charge collected will then be proportional to this energy. However, through the process of Compton scattering , a gamma ray may interact with two or possibly more crystals resulting in the energy and thus the liberated charge being shared by the crystals. In this case, a process known as add back, where the charge collected by each of the crystals is summed, can be used to determine the energy of the incident gamma ray. There are a number of advantages offered by using clover detectors as opposed to the more conventional single crystal detectors. Large volume high purity single crystals of Ge can be expensive. By mounting four smaller crystals in a common cryostat a detector of a given volume can be created at a reduced cost. In addition, the individual smaller Ge crystals present a smaller solid angle than a large volume Ge detector thus significantly reducing the effects of Doppler broadening on the resulting spectra. A clover detector can also be used to determine the electric or magnetic nature of the incident photons ref Cite journal last Jones first P.M. journal Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. A title Calibration of the new composite clover detector as a Compton polarimeter for the EUROGAM array month August year 1985 volume 362 issue 2 3 pages 556 doi doi 10.1016 0168 9002 95 00246 4 ref e.g. if the gamma ray is an electric quadrupole or a magnetic dipole as the Compton scattering process for these two types of radiation is different. See also Germanium detector External links http www.phy.ornl.gov hribf equipment clarion CLover Array ... more details
CLEO particle detector CLEO CUSB Others http meco.ps.uci.edu MECO from UC Irvine Under construction For ILC CALICE Without colliders Super Kamiokande Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA ... accelerators are huge, both in size and in cost. The term counter is often used instead of detector , when the detector counts the particles but does not resolve its energy or ionization. Particle ... are also massless particles, the term particle detector is still correct ref cite journal journal ... invented and used so far are ionization detectors of which gaseous ionization detector s and semiconductor detector s are most typical and scintillation detector s but other, completely ... Solid state detectors Cherenkov detector RICH Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Scintillation counter and associated Photomultiplier or Photodiode Avalanche photodiode Lucas cell Time of flight detector Semiconductor detector Silicon Vertex Detector Transition radiation detector Calorimeter particle physics Calorimeters Modern detectors main Hermetic detector Modern detectors in particle physics ... particle accelerator HERA H1 particle detector H1 HERA B HERMES experiment HERMES Zeus particle detector ZEUS At Brookhaven National Laboratory BNL for the RHIC PHENIX Phobos physics http www.star.bnl.gov ... rkb titleD.html The Particle Detector BriefBook http www.lns.cornell.edu adf4 cloud.html How to Build ... z en de Teilchendetektor es Detector de part culas fa fr D tecteur de particules ... more details
wiktionary detector A detector is a device capable of registering a specific substance or physical phenomenon. Detector may also refer to Detector radio , a device that recovers information from a modulated wave Detector film Detector film , a 2000 Norwegian film USS Detector USS Detector , two United States Navy ships USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941 USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952 disambig cs Detektor de Detektor ru uk ... more details
DetectorArray AMANDA operated from 1996 to 2004. This detector used photomultiplier tubes ... by recording the arrival time of individual photon s using a three dimensional array of detector ... to the IceCube observatory, eventually increasing the volume of the detectorarray to one cubic ... since 1998 Underice neutrino telescopes Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA 1996, merged ... below the ground in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus designed .... Neutrino detectors are often built underground to isolate the detector from cosmic ray s and other ... NO A detector will use liquid scintillator watched by avalanche photodiode s. The proposed acoustic ..., the neutrino leaves the detector after having transferred some of its energy and momentum to a target ... beams can also create muons, and a few can create taus. A detector which can distinguish among these leptons ..., the much larger KamLAND detector uses similar techniques and 53 Japanese nuclear power plants to study .... The helium is then cooled to separate out the argon. A chlorine detector in the former Homestake ... neutrino problem . A similar detector design uses a gallium germanium transformation which is sensitive ... energy typically travels faster than the speed of light in the detector medium though slower than ... of activity on the array of photomultiplier tubes. This pattern can be used to infer direction, energy ... Kamiokande and Irvine Michigan Brookhaven detector IMB recorded the neutrino burst from supernova ... it was used to directly confirm the production of solar neutrinos. The largest such detector is the water filled Super Kamiokande . This detector uses 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by 11,000 ... heavy water . In addition to the neutrino interactions available in a regular water detector, the deuterium ... equally in this dissociation reaction. The MiniBooNE detector employs pure mineral oil as its detection ... An illustration of the Antares neutrino detector deployed under water. Located about 2.5 km under ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 A bat detector is a device used to detect the presence of bat s by converting ... by the bats. There are Other bat detector types other types of detector which record bat calls ... function. Image BatDetector.jpg thumb A Bat detector To use a bat detector it is useful to have ... Common Pipistrelle call heard on a heterodyne bat detector 68kb. This is a typical echolocation ... as heard on a heterodyne bat detector 190 Kb format Ogg The FM call is heard as rapid dry clicks and the CF ... bat detector exaggerates the Doppler effect. As the bat making the CF calls swoops over the detector .... This makes the call sound different on a bat detector Listen filename Keoka020524Pip55Stereo.ogg title Bat hockey stick call description Soprano Pipistrelle call recorded on a heterodyne bat detector ... types of real time audio bat detector in common use, the Heterodyne, Frequency Division and Time Expansion. Some bat detectors combine two or all three types. Bat detector types Heterodyne Heterodyne ... is often also built into the other types of detector. A heterodyne bat detector simply shifts ... bat detector combines the bat call with a constant internal frequency so that sum and difference frequencies ... conversion, bat detector is the super heterodyne detector. In this case the bat signal is mixed ... issue can be addressed by using a scanning circuit to enable the detector to scan the spectrum automatically and stop scanning when a bat call is heard. One example of such a detector is the http home.earthlink.net bat detector Scanner BatScanner.html Bat Scanner . It is also possible to use a comb spectrum generator as the local oscillator so that the detector is effectively tuned to lots of frequencies ... a portable Long Wave radio to be a bat detector by adjusting the tuning frequencies and replacing ... as to the species. Pros and cons The advantages of a heterodyne bat detector is that it works in real ... CSE Lenk welcome.htm CSE stereo heterodyne detector , and this can help to track bats when visibility ... more details
USS Detector is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941. USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952. Shipindex DEFAULTSORT Detector Category United States Navy ship names ... more details
Image Vlamdetectie spectrum.jpg thumb right 350px Flame detector type regions There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that uses optical sensor s to detect flame s. There are also ionisation flame detectors, which use current flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors. Optical Types Ultraviolet Ultraviolet UV detectors work with wavelength s shorter than 300 nanometre nm . These detectors detect fires and explosions within 3 4 milliseconds due to the UV radiation emitted at the instant of their ignition. False alarms can be triggered by UV sources such as lightning , arc welding , radiation , and sunlight . In order to reduce false alarm a time delay of 2 3 seconds is often included in the UV Flame detector design. Near IR Array Near Infrared IR array flame detectors, also known as visual flame detectors employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing near IR radiation via the pixel array of a charge coupled device CCD . Infrared Infrared IR flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band. Hot gases emit a specific spectral pattern in the infrared region, which can be sensed with a thermal imaging camera TIC a type of thermographic camera . False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the area as well as blinding from water and solar energy. A typical frequency where single frequency IR flame detector is sensitive is in the 4.4 micrometre range. Typical response time is 3 5 seconds. UV IR UV and IR flame detectors compare the threshold signal in two ranges in AND configuration and their ratio to each other to confirm the fire signal and minimize false alarms. IR IR flame detection Dual IR IR IR flame detectors compare the threshold signal in two infrared ranges. In this case one sensor looks at the 4.4 micrometre range and the other ... Flame ionization detector Gas leak detection Fire alarm system References reflist Category Fire detection ... more details
switched electronically between both modes. The development of the induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector, which constantly checked and balanced the background mineralization. Pulse induction Image SD2100.jpg upright thumb A pulse induction metal detector with an array ...split Metal detector Metal detecting Metal detection part yes date November 2010 globalize date October ... detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent. The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator ... Deleted image removed Image MK III Polish Mine Detector.jpg thumb MK III Polish mine detector ... the metal coil spring bed Garfield was lying on confused the detector. ref name Grosvenor and Wesson ... detector began in the 1920s. Gerhard Fisher had developed a system of radio direction finding ..., the first patent for a metal detector. However, it was one Lieutenant J zef Kosacki Jozef ... , during the early years of World War II , who refined the design into a practical Polish mine detector ... of the detector, the knowledge that Kosacki created the first practical metal detector was kept ... the Oremaster Geiger Counter. Another leader in detector technology was Charles Garrett, who pioneered ... in the 50s and 60s, metal detector manufacturers and designers made smaller lighter machines with improved ... or the UK Detector Finds Database is encouraged. Scotland The situation in Scotland is very different ... There is also no 300 year limit to Scottish finds. Any artifact found, whether by metal detector survey ... using a metal detector There are six major types of hobbyist activities involving metal detectors ... in Food Science & Technology 9 21 27 Refend DEFAULTSORT Metal Detector Category 1881 introductions Category Measuring instruments Category Metal detector Category Archaeology ca Detector de metalls cs Detektor kov da Metaldetektor de Metalldetektor et Metallidetektor es Detector de metales fr D tecteur ... more details
Leak detector may refer to Leak noise correlator Helium mass spectrometer Water detector Gas detector disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A photoionization detector or PID is a type of gas detector . Typical photoionization detectors measure volatile organic compound s and other gases in concentrations from sub Parts per notation parts per billion to 10 000 Parts per notation parts per million ppm . The photoionizaton detector is the most efficient and inexpensive type of gas detector. They are capable of giving instantaneous readings and monitoring continuously. They are widely used in military, industrial, and confined working facilities for safety. PIDs are used as monitoring solutions for Lower explosive limit measurements Ammonia detection Hazardous material s handling Arson investigation Industrial hygiene and safety Indoor air quality Environmental contamination and Environmental remediation remediation Cleanroom facility maintenance Principle A PID is an GC ion detector ion detector which uses high energy photon s, typically in the ultraviolet UV range, to break molecule s into positively electric charge charged ion s. As compounds elute from the gas chromatograph GC s column they are bombarded by high energy photons and are Ionization ionized when molecules absorb high energy UV light. UV light excites the molecules, resulting in temporary loss of electrons in the molecules and the formation of positively charged ions. The gas becomes electrically charged and the ions ... detector . The greater the concentration of the component, the more ions are produced, and the greater ... after passing the detector to reform their original molecules. Application As a stand alone detector ... of the photons the detector uses. This selectivity can be useful when analyzing mixtures in which ... consume the components they detect. Therefore they can be used before other detectors in multiple detector configurations. DEFAULTSORT Photoionization Detector Category Measuring instruments Category Gas chromatography Analytical chemistry stub de Photoionisationsdetektor es Detector de fotoionizaci n ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Tevatron.jpg thumb right A currently operating hermetic detector, the Collider Detector at Fermilab . In particle physics , a hermetic detector also called a 4 detector is a particle detector designed to observe all possible decay products of an interaction between subatomic particle s in a collider by covering as large an area around the interaction point as possible and incorporating multiple types of sub detectors. They are typically roughly cyllindrical, with different types of detectors wrapped around each other each detector type specializes in particular particles so that almost any particle will be detected and identified. Such detectors are called wiktionary hermetic hermetic because they are designed to let as few particles as possible escape the name 4 detector comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4 steradian s of solid angle around the interaction point. The first such detector was the Mark I detector Mark I at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center , and the basic design has been used for all subsequent collider detectors. Prior to the building of the Mark I, it was thought that most particle decay products would have relatively low transverse momentum i.e. momentum perpendicular to the beamline ... px A schematic of the basic components of a hermetic detector I.P. refers to the region containing ... design. There are three main components of a hermetic detector. From the inside out, the first ... nuclear force . A hadronic detector is required in particular to detect heavy neutral particle s. Muon ... combinations of signals left in each detector sub system, allowing different particles to be identified ... leaving a track. See also ATLAS experiment , for a detailed description of such a detector. Compact Muon Solenoid , for a well illustrated description of another such detector. DEFAULTSORT Hermetic Detector Category Particle detectors ... more details
Infobox laboratory equipment name Daly detector image Daly Detector.jpg alt See Wikipedia Alternative text for images caption Schematic of a Daly detector acronym other names uses inventor Norman Richard Daly manufacturer model related Microchannel plate detector br Electron multiplier A Daly detector is a gas phase ion detector that consists of a metal doorknob , a scintillator phosphor screen and a photomultiplier . ref N. R. Daly, http link.aip.org link ?RSINAK 31 264 1 Scintillation Type Mass Spectrometer ion Detector . Rev. Sci. Instr. 3 , 31 , 264 267 1960 . ref It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometer s. How it works Ions that hit the doorknob release secondary electrons. A high voltage ca. 20,000 V between the doorknob and the scintillator accelerates the electrons onto the phosphor screen where they are converted to photons. These photons are detected by the photomultiplier . The advantage of the Daly detector is that the photomultiplier can be separated by a window, which lets the photons through from the high vacuum of the mass spectrometer, which an otherwise possible contamination prevented and which extends detector life span. The Daly detector also allows for a higher acceleration after the field free region of a time of flight mass spectrometer flight tube, which can improve the sensitivity for high mass ions. References reflist Mass spectrometry Category Mass spectrometry Category Measuring instruments Category Photochemistry Category Particle detectors Category Phosphors and scintillators de Daly Detektor it Rivelatore Daly zh ... more details
The electrolytic detector , or the bare point electrolytic detector as it was also called, was a type of wet demodulator used in early radio receiver s. This form of detector radio detector was in extensive use between the years 1902 and 1913, after which the superior vacuum tube amplifier became available. It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer . ref cite web url http www.ieee.ca millennium radio radio differences.html title Receiver Technology last Belrose first John S. date 5 7 September 1995 work International Conference on 100 Years of Radio publisher IEEE accessdate 28 July 2010 ref History While working to develop voice transmission, Reginald Fessenden realised that the radio detectors available would not be suitable for his purpose. Although they worked well for receiving the on off keying on off signals of spark gap transmitter s, the coherer and related types of detectors were not, in today s terms, fast enough for receiving audio frequency audio signals . In 1902 Fessenden developed what he called a barretter detector that would work to receive amplitude modulation AM signals , but it was not very sensitive. The barretter used a fine platinum wire, called Wollaston wire ... nearby, and could be used as new type of detector. This story was disputed at the time, with credit ... Image Electroldetc.jpg thumb 333px right The Bare Point Electrolytic Detector The action of this detector ... ceases, at which point the detector is in its most sensitive state. It was found that strong atmospheric ... after each strong burst of static interference. Sealed point detector Another form of electrolytic detector, the sealed point electrolytic detector , which could stand considerable rough usage, was commercially known as the Radioson Detector it had the cell sealed in a glass envelope. The operation was the same as in the bare point electrolytic detector, the advantage being that the acid was sealed ... more details
About radio electronics other types of detector sensor Modulation techniques A detector is a device that recovers .... A more up to date term is demodulator , but detector has a history of many decades of use, even if it is a misnomer. Amplitude modulation detectors Envelope detector File C Simple envelope detector.gif thumb right A simple envelope detector One major technique is known as envelope detection. The simplest form of envelope detector is the diode detector that consists of a diode connected between ... will approximate a voltage shifted version of the original signal. An early form of envelope detector was the cat s whisker detector cat s whisker , which was used in the crystal set radio receiver. Product detector A product detector is a type of demodulator used for amplitude modulation AM and Single ... waveform like an envelope detector, the product detector takes the product of the modulated ..., to which the AM detector is sensitive. Slope detection gives inferior distortion and noise rejection compared to the following dedicated FM detectors that are normally used. Phase detector A phase detector is a nonlinear device whose output represents the phase waves phase difference between the two ... is a widely used FM detector. The detector consists of a special center tapped transformer feeding ... and there is an output voltage proportional to the frequency deviation. Ratio detector File Ratio detector.png thumb right A ratio detector using solid state diodes The ratio detector ref Citation ... Modulation Detector issue date February 14, 1950 patent number 2497840 country code US ref ref Citation ... author link Stuart William Seeley first2 Jack last2 Avins title The ratio detector journal RCA Review ... value capacitor, which eliminates AM noise in the ratio detector output. While distinct from the Foster Seeley discriminator, the ratio detector will similarly not respond to Amplitude modulation .... Quadrature detector In quadrature detectors, the received FM signal is split into two signals ... more details
frequency detector. The delay line avoids a dead band. On the right is a charge pump with a filter at its output. A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer , analog multiplier or Digital ... ref A Type I detector is designed to be driven by analog signals or square wave digital signals and produces an output pulse at the difference frequency. The Type I detector always produces an output ... . A type II detector is sensitive only to the relative timing of the edges of the input and reference ... phase detector The phase detector needs to compute the phase difference of its two input signals ... to the phase detector, however, are not and , but rather sinusoids such as sin and cos . In general ... beta sin beta cos alpha math The expression suggests a quadrature phase detector can be made by summing ... quadrant multiplier Gilbert cell . Instead of using two multipliers, a more common phase detector ..., so it can be filtered out. A mixer based detector e.g., a Schottky diode based double balanced ... not create finite pulse widths at the phase detector output. ref name Craw9 Another advantage of a mixer ... detector Image Pass PFD.png thumb right 500px An Example CMOS Digital Phase Frequency Detector Transistor Variety . Inputs are R and V while the outputs UP and DN feed to a charge pump. A phase detector ... remains high throughout each cycle. The XOR detector compares well to the analog mixer in that it locks ... flip flops see figure . When a phase detector that s based on logic gates is used in a PLL, it can ... the two signals being compared. This is because a digital phase detector has a nearly infinite pull in range in comparison to an XOR detector. Phase frequency detector A Phase Frequency Detector phase frequency detector is an asynchronous sequential logic circuit originally made of four flip flops ... frequency and is known as a Phase Frequency Detector . Such a detector has the advantage of producing ... frequency detector prevents a false lock condition in PLL applications, in which the PLL synchronizes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A product detector is a type of demodulator used for amplitude modulation AM and Single sideband modulation SSB signals. Rather than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector , the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator , hence the name. A product detector is a frequency mixer . Product detectors can be designed to accept either Intermediate frequency IF or Radio frequency RF frequency inputs. A product detector which accepts an IF signal would be used as a demodulator block in a superheterodyne receiver , and a detector designed for RF can be combined with an RF amplifier and a low pass filter into a Direct conversion receiver direct conversion receiver . A simple product detector The simplest form of product detector multiplies an incoming signal by its carrier, to produce a copy of the original message, and another AM signal at twice the original carrier frequency. This high frequency component can then be filtered out, leaving the original signal. Mathematical model of the simple product detector If m t is the original message, the AM signal can be shown to be math ,x t C m t cos omega t . math Multiplying the AM signal x t by an oscillator at the same frequency ... will be recovered. Drawbacks of the simple product detector Although this simple detector works ... out, leaving the original signal. Mathematical model of the detector If m t is the original .... A more sophisticated product detector A more sophisticated product detector can be constructed in a way ... and disadvantages The product demodulator has several advantages over an envelope detector. The product ... to regular AM A signal demodulated with a product detector will have a higher signal to noise ratio than the same signal demodulated with an envelope detector. The only real disadvantage of a product demodulator is the increased complexity. DEFAULTSORT Product Detector Category Communication ... more details
of the AM signal can be extracted, the original message can be recovered. Diode detector The simplest form of envelope detector is the diode detector which is shown above. A diode detector is simply a diode .... A simple filter can then be applied to filter out the DC component. Precision detector An envelope detector can also be constructed to use a precision rectifier feeding into a low pass filter . Drawbacks The envelope detector has several drawbacks The input to the detector must be band pass filter ed around the desired signal, or else the detector will simultaneously demodulate several signals ... susceptible to noise than a product detector If the signal is overmodulation overmodulated ... for the simplicity and low cost of using an envelope detector. Demodulation of signals An envelope detector can be used to demodulate a previously modulated signal by removing all high frequency ... signal is equivalent to the baseband signal. Audio An envelope detector is sometimes referred ... SSOL RADAR prjpln99 detector3.html Envelope detector http www.ele.uri.edu Courses ele436 labs ... Communication circuits Category Detectors ca Detector d envolupant de H llkurvendemodulator es Detector de envolvente ja ... more details
. This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible ... threshold. Heat detector selection Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that says Not a life ... or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire ... of the fire, facilitating evacuation from the home. Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If you were to place a rate of rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door ... the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector then a fast flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal lag. In that case the rate of rise heat detector may be preferred. See also Fire alarm Flame detector Aspirated smoke detector Carbon monoxide detector Passive infrared sensor Manual ... Fire fighting Fire protection DEFAULTSORT Heat Detector Category Active fire protection Category Safety ... more details
unreferenced date August 2008 A microstrip detector is a particle detector designed to consist of a large number of identical components laid out along one axis of a two dimensional structure, generally by lithography . The idea is that several components will react to a single passing particle, allowing an accurate reconstruction of the particle s track. Silicon microstrip detectors, in which the sensing mechanism is the production of electron hole pairs in a 300 micrometre layer of silicon , with the electron s then being attracted by an electric field created by a pattern of interdigitated anodes and cathodes on the surface of the silicon separated by SiO2 insulator, are a common design. Category Particle detectors ... more details
Infobox Single Name Radar Detector Cover Radar Detector.jpg Artist Darwin Deez Album Darwin Deez album Darwin Deez Released 25 April 2010 Digital br 26 April 2010 Physical Format music download Digital Download br gramophone record Vinyl Recorded 2009 Genre Indie rock Length 3 09 Label Lucky Number Writer Producer Certification Misc Chronology Darwin Deez singles Last single Constellations song Constellations br 2009 This single Radar Detector br 2010 Next single Up In The Clouds br 2010 Misc Radar Detector is the second single from Alternative rock Alternative band Darwin Deez . It was released as a music download digital download on 25 April 2010 and also features on the self titled debut album Darwin Deez album Darwin Deez . Track listing Digital Download tracklist title1 Radar Detector length1 3 09 title2 Lights On length2 1 54 Chart performance Radar Detector debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 62 on 11 April 2010. On its second week in the Top 100, the single fell 8 places to number 70, marking Darwin Deez s most successful single to date, having been the only one to crack the Top 100. The single also debuted on the UK Indie Chart at number 5, where it remained for two consecutive weeks. On 25 April 2010, the single fell 3 places to number 8 before falling out of the chart on 2 May 2010. class wikitable sortable Chart 2010 Peak br Position singlechart UKchartstats 62 artist Darwin Deez song Radar Detector songid 34856 singlechart UKindie 5 artist Darwin Deez song Radar Detector date 2010 04 17 Australian station triple j announced on January 26, 2011 that Radar Detector was the 28th most popular song of 2010 in its annual Hottest 100 poll. citation needed date January 2011 Release history class wikitable Region Date Format align center rowspan 2 United Kingdom 4 April 2010 Digital Download 5 April 2010 Vinyl References Reflist Darwin Deez Category 2010 singles 2010s single stub ... more details
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared IR radiation . The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic. The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena. Bolometer s and microbolometer s are based on changes in resistance. Thermocouple s and thermopile s use the thermoelectric effect . Golay cells follow thermal expansion. In IR spectrometer s the pyroelectric detector s are the most widespread. The response time and sensitivity of photonic detectors can be much higher, but usually these have to be cooled to cut thermal noise . The materials in these are semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can cause electronic excitations. In photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of the detector element is monitored. Photovoltaic detectors contain a p n junction on which photoelectric current appears upon illumination. A few detector materials Types type Spectral range m Indium gallium arsenide InGaAs photodiode 0.7 2.6 Germanium photodiode 0.8 1.7 Lead sulfide PbS photoconductive 1 3.2 Lead selenide PbSe photoconductive 1.5 5.2 Indium antimonide InSb photoconductive 1 6.7 Indium arsenide InAs photovoltaic 1 3.8 Platinum silicide PtSi photovoltaic 1 5 Indium antimonide InSb photodiode 1 5.5 Mercury cadmium telluride MCT, HgCdTe photoconductive 0.8 25 Mercury zinc telluride MZT, HgZnTe photoconductive Lithium tantalate LiTaO sub 3 sub pyroelectric triglycine sulfate TGS and DTGS pyroelectric The range of pyroelectric detector is determined by the window materials used in their construction. Vanadium pentoxide is frequently used as a detector material in uncooled microbolometer arrays. External links http sales.hamamatsu.com assets applications SSD Characteristics and use of infrared detectors.pdf Characteristics and Use of Infrared Detectors Hamamatsu Photonics http sales.hamamatsu.com assets applications SSD irdetectorvariety.pdf Technological Advances Lead to Greater ... more details
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