Indo European The Armenianhypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. Proto Greek would be practically equivalent to Mycenean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenianhypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimat en , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Armeno Aryan Armeno Aryan References Tamaz Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian ... of the Armenianhypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian, Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European ... hist086 material indoeuropeanlanguagemigation.jpg Image of Indo European migrations from the Armenian Highlands Category Indo European Category Armenian languages ru simple Armenianhypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
Wiktionary Armenian may refer to Something of, from, or related to Armenia , a country in the South Caucasus, between Europe and Asia Armenians , persons from Armenia, or of Armenian descent Armenian diaspora , people of ethnic Armenian origin residing in other countries e.g. Lebanese Armenians, American Armenians, French Armenians etc Armenian language , the Indo European language spoken by Armenian people Armenian cuisine Armenian alphabet Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic , one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union See also Special Allpages Armenian List of all pages beginning with Armenian Armenia disambiguation History of Armenia Demographics of Armenia Culture of Armenia Languages of Armenia List of Armenians Armenian mythology Armenian Apostolic Church , founded in the 1st century AD Armenian Catholic Church , founded in 1742 Armenian Evangelical Church , founded in 1846 disambig de Armenisch es Armenio fa gl Armenio it Armeno pt Arm nio simple Armenian ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing was devised by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson , and it is used in the Neyman Pearson lemma . It forms a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its use. ref name Cohen Jacob Cohen statistician Cohen, J. 1990. Things I have learned so far . American Psychologist 45 1304&ndash 1312. ref In Fisher s approach to testing, the central idea is to assess whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed to hold, notionally without preconceptions about what other model might hold. Modern statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis testing Category Statistical inference eo Alternativa hipotezo ko ... more details
Citation is used above. See also Armenianhypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis Category Indo European de Anatolien Hypothese eu Anatoliako hipotesia it Ipotesi anatolica ru simple Anatolian hypothesis ...Cleanup date May 2009 Indo European topics The Anatolian hypothesis is also called Renfrew s Neolithic Discontinuity Theory NDT ref http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&q renfrew NDT&spell 1 ref it proposes that the dispersal discontinuity of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. ref name Language tree divergence times support Anatolian theory of Indo European origin Cite doi 10.1038 nature02029 ref This reference is about language divergence Indoeuropean language family it s not about genetics for genetical background see DOI 10.1126 science.1118725, which argues about paleolithic divergence not Neolithic History The Anatolian hypothesis main proponent was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming by demic diffusion wave of advance . Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo European varieties with other Indo European varieties. Reacting to criticism, Renfrew by 1999 revised his proposal to the effect of taking a pronounced ... with a Balkans homeland of the non Anatolian branches. The main strength of the farming hypothesis ... now rejects it, its majority clearly favouring the Kurgan hypothesis postulating a 4th millennium ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science Main Statistical hypothesis testing The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are falsifiable using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ... proven guilty can be interpreted as saying that his or her innocence is the null hypothesis. Other legal systems may exist in which the null hypothesis is that the defendant is guilty. The term was originally ... statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary publisher Statistics.berkeley.edu ... hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena ... negation of the null hypothesis and predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis is true. The use of alternative hypotheses was not part of Fisher s formulation, but became standard. Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling statistics collecting data and measuring how probability probable the data are, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the data ... that the null hypothesis is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then no conclusion is made. In this case, the null hypothesis could be true or false the data give insufficient ... attack and this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack . The test of the hypothesis ... hypothesis is rejected. Choice of H sub 0 The choice of null hypothesis H sub 0 and consideration ... i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 of the time . A potential null hypothesis is this coin ... result of 5 tosses is 5 heads. Under this null hypothesis, the data are considered unlikely with a fair coin, the probability of this is 3 . The data refute the null hypothesis the coin is biased ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation psych stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 Notability date October 2009 A skeptical hypothesis is a hypothetical situation which can be used in an argument for skepticism about a particular claim or class of claims. Usually the hypothesis posits the existence of a deceptive power that deceives our senses and undermines the justification of knowledge otherwise accepted as justified. Skeptical hypotheses have received much attention in modern Western philosophy. Some of the prominent skeptical hypotheses in Western philosophy include evil demon evil d mon , brain in a vat , and the five minute hypothesis , a possible more modern one epiphenomenalism . With the spread of materialism as a school of thought, numerous ideas it encompasses, which explain the mind, can be as skeptical these include The Multiple Drafts Model and Eliminative Materialism Origins of skeptical hypotheses The first skeptical hypothesis in the modern Western philosophy appears in Ren Descartes Ren Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy . At the end of the first Meditation Descartes writes I will suppose... that some evil demon of the utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies to deceive me. See also Dream argument Null hypothesis , sometimes called the skeptical hypothesis . Philosophical skepticism External links http pantheon.yale.edu kd47 responding.htm Responding to skepticism skepticism Category Epistemology sv Skeptisk hypotes ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno S 1970 . Evolution by Gene Duplication. London Allen and Unwin, ISBN 0 04 575015 7. ref is a contested hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent one or more complete genome duplication s, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even with recent data from .... 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes ... last1 Hughes first1 AL title Phylogenies of developmentally important proteins do not support the hypothesis ... Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general ... first1 W title Are we polyploids? A brief history of one hypothesis journal Genome research ... hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s, with multiple suggestions for the time and number ... years ago to after 450 million years ago. One argument for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes ... have shown patterns that are not consistent with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early ... of extensive duplication and that the parsimony tests that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable ... evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis ... more details
Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . However, mass extinctions do not show any statistically significant periodicity. ref doi 10.1073 pnas.0802597105 References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html A brief See also Tyche hypothetical planet Nemesis hypothetical star Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by Vaughn in 1988 ref cite journal title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic fields a quantitative study of Golgi impregnated spinal motor neurons author Vaughn JE, Barber RP, Sims TJ journal Synapse volume 2 pages 69 78 year 1988 pmid 2458630 issue 1 doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 ref , and remains a focus of current research efforts. ref cite journal title The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis author Hollis Cline, Kurt Haas journal J Physiol volume 586 pages 1509 17 year 2008 pmid 18202093 issue 6 doi 10.1113 jphysiol.2007.150029 pmc 2375708 ref The hypothesis proposes that the formation of new synapses Synaptogenesis can guide the growth of dendrite s. The dendrites that find a synapse that successfully activates it are encouraged to mature and stabilize. The reasons for this stabilization after the growth of a synapse are as yet undiscovered, but there are hints that the activation of a synapse, somehow changes the biochemistry of the Focus Mechanism, that reabsorbs unused dendritic fibrils as part of the preliminary stages of new fibril proliferation. References reflist Category Neurophysiology Category Cellular neuroscience Category Developmental neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
hypotheses Armenianhypothesis Anatolian hypothesis Out of India theory Paleolithic Continuity ... European topics 300 The Kurgan hypothesis also theory or model is one of the proposals about early ... see the Kurgan hypothesis ... ref An alternative model is the Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian urheimat . Many fact date December 2010 Indo Europeanists are agnostic on the question. The Kurgan hypothesis ... Anthony Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1986 1986 , Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1991 1991 ... of the Kurgan hypothesis. Gimbutas original suggestion identifies four successive stages of the Kurgan ... tend to strongly support the Kurgan hypothesis. Another marker that closely corresponds to Kurgan ... hypothesis posits that a distinct wave of expansion occurred roughly 2 to 3 millennia later, with its origin some 1000 km to the north. An alternative theory, the Anatolian hypothesis , conflates ... European people in accordance with the Kurgan hypothesis did not constitute the initial peopling of the affected ... among supporters of the Kurgan hypothesis. JP Mallory in 1989 accepted the Kurgan hypothesis ... hypothesis. Occurrence of horse riding in Europe Renfrew 1999 268 holds that on the European scene ... Anatolians, would favor a Kurgan hypothesis. Historical evidence shows that the Turkic languages ... Ages by this route in Turkic and Islamic conquests by nomadic pastoralists, the Kurgan hypothesis ... of a Prot Indo European core vocabulary. Krell 1998 , Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic ... seems to first establish a Kurgan hypothesis, based on purely archaeological observations, and then proceeds ... 2009 Further expansion during the Bronze Age The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto ... continuity, which has led some archaeologists to declare the Kurgan hypothesis obsolete . ref Pre ... on plenty of evidence for Gimbutas s Kurgan hypothesis was discovered for decades. ref Schmoeckel ..., Kathrin 1998 . Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic critique . Chapter 11 in Archaeology ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html http www.goanimal.com newsletters 2005 man hunter man hunter.html An article critical of the hunting hypothesis anthropology stub Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science . ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref The origin and theoretical basis of the Distributional Hypothesis is discussed by Sahlgren. ref name Sahlgren http soda.swedish ict.se 3941 1 sahlgren.distr hypo.pdf The Distributional Hypothesis. Rivista di Linguistica Italian Journal of Linguistics , 20 1 . pp. 33 53. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D ... The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more ... Hypothesis Category Linguistics Category Computational linguistics ling stub ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into it s three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The training hypothesis , also known as the job training hypothesis or the on the job training hypothesis is an area of study in economics , specifically in studies of productivity and wages . It predicts that low aptitude applicants for employment or education can be made just as proficient as high aptitude applicants, by giving them extra education or experience. ref Does Work Experience Increase Productivity? A Test of the On The Job Training Hypothesis by Cheryl L. Maranto, Robert C. Rodgers. The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 19, No. 3 Summer, 1984 , pp. 341 357 http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0022 166X 198422 19 3A3 3C341 3ADWEIPA 3E2.0.CO 3B2 C J STOR ref ref The Fine Structure of Earnings and the On the Job Training Hypothesis. John C. Hause. Econometrica , Vol. 48, No. 4 May, 1980 , pp. 1013 1029 http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0012 9682 198005 48 4 3C1013 TFSOEA 3E2.0.CO 2 6 JSTOR also available at http ideas.repec.org p nbr nberwo 0025.html REPEC ref ref Minimum wages, on the job training, and wage growth. by Adam J. Grossberg , Paul Sicilian Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 65, 1999 http www.questia.com googleScholar.qst jsessionid GfdHNK2zYxS8bp8yytwPlfFcd7gY2nLKTvwWvJnzxy9GyWgn3MgV 1899162586?docId 5001233846 Questia the best test of the training hypothesis ref ref Bartel, Ann P. Earnings Growth on the Job and Between Jobs. Economic Inquiry, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, January 1980 , pp. 123 137. http www.nber.org papers W0117.pdf NBER ref To explain the hypothesis, Linda Gottfredson writes blockquote Another approach has been to provide extra instruction or experience to very low aptitude individuals so that they have more time to master job content. Both reflect what might be termed the training hypothesis, which is that, with sufficient instruction, low aptitude individuals can be trained to perform as well as high aptitude individuals. The armed services have devoted much research to such efforts, partly because they periodically have ... more details
onesource date January 2010 main Second language acquisition The noticing hypothesis was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that features of language cannot be learned unless they have been noticed. Noticing alone does not mean it is automatically acquired, but it is the essential starting point. Still debated is the question whether a learner must consciously notice something. ref Lightbown, P. M. and Spada, N. 2006 . Explaining second language learning. How Languages are Learned p. 29 50, p. 44f. ref This hypothesis is part of Cognitivism psychology cognitivist perspective of second language acquisition . See also Language acquisition Second language acquisition References reflist SLA topics Category Learning ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Heliotropic Hypothesis is the process when social system s evolve toward the most positive Self image images they hold of themselves. ref name 4cm cite web last Cooperrider first authorlink coauthors title Positive image, positive action The affirmative basis of organizing work publisher date url http www.ignitebusiness.co.nz site ignite files Positive 20Image, 20Positive 20Action Cooperrider.pdf format doi accessdate 14 March 2010 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Heliotropic Hypothesis Category Change management psychology stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 The Easterlin hypothesis Easterlin 1969, 1973 states that the positive relationship between income and fertility is dependent on relative income. The hypothesis as formulated by Richard Easterlin presumes that material aspirations are determined by experiences rooted in family background. If income is high relative to aspirations, individuals will tend to have more children. If income is scarce relative to aspirations, they will be hesitant about having more children, since children compete for resources. Children are normal goods once this influence of family background is controlled. Category Fertility Category Demography Category Economics ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter . The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. References sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neburg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication Category Marketing Category Environmental economics es Hip tesis de Porter environment stub ... more details
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