Archaeogenetics , a term coined by Colin Renfrew , refers to the application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past. This can involve the analysis of DNA recovered from archaeology archaeological remains , i.e. ancient DNA the analysis of DNA from modern populations including humans and domestic plant and animal species in order to study human past and the genetic legacy of human interaction with the biosphere and the application of statistical methods developed by molecular geneticists to archaeological data. The topic has its origins in the study of Blood type human blood groups and the realisation that this classical genetic marker provides information about the relationships between Natural language linguistic and ethnic groupings. Early work in this field included that of Ludwik Hirszfeld Ludwik and Hanka Hirszfeld , William C. Boyd William Boyd and Arthur Mourant . From the 1960s onwards, Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza Luca Cavalli Sforza used classical genetic markers to examine the Prehistory prehistoric population of Europe , culminating in the publication of The History and Geography of Human Genes in 1994. Since then, the genetic history of all of our major domestic plants e.g., wheat, rice, maize and animals e.g., cattle, goats, pigs, horses has been analysed. Models for the timing and biogeography of their domestication and subsequent husbandry have been put forward, mainly based on mitochondrial DNA variation, though other markers are currently being analysed to supplement the genetic narrative e.g., the Y chromosome for describing ... peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the British Isles Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy ... Genes . Princeton Princeton University Press. Renfrew, A.C., and Boyle, K.V., Eds , 2000, Archaeogenetics ... jgen08 00038.pdf Amorim A 1999 Archaeogenetics. Journal of Iberian Archaeology 1 15 25 Pauling L ... more details
of South Asia Early human migrations Peopling of India Archaeogenetics Genetic history of indigenous ... Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Genetics And Archaeogenetics Of South Asia Category ... more details
For a non technical introduction to genetics in general Introduction to genetics The archaeogenetics of the Near East involves the study of aDNA or ancient DNA , identifying haplogroups and haplotypes of ancient skeletal remains from both YDNA and mtDNA for populations of the Ancient Near East the modern Middle East , i.e. Egypt , Arabia , the Levant , Mesopotamia , Anatolia and Persia . To date, isolation of mtDNA has been most successful. Developments in DNA sequencing in the 1970s and 1980s provided researchers with the tools needed to study human genetic variation and the population genetics genetics of human populations to discover founder effect founder populations of modern people groups and human migrations. In 2005, National Geographic launched The Genographic Project , led by 12 prominent scientists and researchers, to study and map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world. Levant see Phoenicia Phoenicianism Canaanites Samaritans Zalloua and Wells 2004 , under the auspices of a grant from National Geographic Magazine examined the origins of the Phoenicians . The debate between Wells and Zalloua was whether haplogroup Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 M172 should be identified as that of the Phoenicians or that of its parent haplogroup M89 on the YDNA phylogenetic tree. ref http ycc.biosci.arizona.edu nomenclature system fig1.html C Documents and Settings agellon My Documents GATC Files YCC Web 2002 genres Fig 1.htm Bot generated title ref Initial consensus suggested that Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 be identified with the Canaanite Phoenician Northwest Semitic population, with avenues open for future research. ref National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. Available online http ngm.nationalgeographic.com ... biology Ancient DNA Ancient Near East Archaeogenetics Ethnic groups of the Middle East Genetic ... , October 2004. Human genetics DEFAULTSORT Archaeogenetics Of The Near East Category Modern ... more details
Paleogenetics is the application of genetics to paleontology . It has been applied to the study of parasite evolution . Emile Zuckerkandl and United States American 20th century Physical chemistry physical chemist Linus Pauling Linus Carl Pauling introduced the term paleogenetics in 1963. Further, Biology biologist Svante P bo is seen as its founding father . According to University of Florida University of Florida, Gainesville Biochemistry biochemist Steve Benner, the discipline rapidly expanded in late 2003 and early 2004. References http lifesci.rutgers.edu heylab HeyLabPapers 2001 LetUsAppreciateEvolvingGenes Evolution.pdf Book review http www.uoregon.edu joet thornton wsj.html Wall Street Journal http www.scheringstiftung.de html p2003press en.html Back to our roots See also Ancient DNA Paleobiochemistry Paleohistology Archaeogenetics Category Subfields of paleontology archaeology stub biochem stub ca Paleogen tica de Pal ogenetik es Paleogen tica lt Paleogenetika nl Paleogenetica pt Paleogen tica ru ... more details
genetic genealogy This is a list of genetic genealogy topics . Important concepts Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroups Allele Allele frequency Electropherogram Genetic recombination Haplogroup Haplotype haplogroup Most recent common ancestor Short tandem repeat STR Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP Y STR Y chromosome short tandem repeat Related fields Archaeogenetics Genealogy Genetics Genetic fingerprinting DNA sequencing Population genetics Molecular genetics Patrilineal relationships Patrilineality XY sex determination system Y chromosomal Adam Y chromosomal Aaron Adam s Curse Paternal mtDNA transmission RecLOH Matrilineal relationships Matrilineality Mitochondrion Mitochondrial DNA Human mitochondrial genetics Mitochondrial Eve X chromosome Biogeography, ethnicity and migration Human migration Population genetics Multiregional hypothesis Single origin hypothesis Lamark Porter eyes Projects Human Genome Project International HapMap Project Molecular Genealogy Research Project Surname DNA project The Genographic Project Lists List of Y STR public databases List of Y chromosome databases List of DNA tested mummies List of DNA tested historical figures List of genetic results derived from historical figures Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups See also List of genetics related topics Category Genetic genealogy Category Biology lists Genetic genealogy Category Indexes of articles Genetic genealogy topics ... more details
expand outline see also Index of genetics articles Genetics is the study of how living things receive common traits from previous generations. These traits are described by the genetic information carried by a molecule called DNA . The instructions for constructing and operating an organism are contained in the organism s DNA. Every living thing on earth has DNA in its cells. Gene s are the hereditary components of DNA that occupy spots on chromosome s and determine characteristics in an organism . Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what determines physical appearance and behavior . Gene s also determine what traits a whole family such as the grandfather, great grandfather, etc. , will have, because genes are passed down in chromosomes from generation to generation. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics Essence of genetics main Genetics Introduction to genetics Chromosome DNA Genetic variation Heredity Branches of genetics Behavioural genetics Classical genetics Developmental genetics Conservation genetics Ecological genetics Evolutionary genetics Genetic engineering Metagenics Genetics of intelligence Genomics Human genetics Human evolutionary genetics Human mitochondrial genetics Medical genetics Microbial genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Archaeogenetics Archaeogenetics of the Near East Psychiatric genetics Quantitative genetics Multi disciplinary fields that include genetics Evolutionary anthropology History of genetics Main article History of genetics Heredity Ancient Concepts of Heredity Ancient Concepts of Heredity History of evolutionary thought History of plant systematics Experiments on Plant Hybridization Genomics History of the field History of genomics Neanderthal genome project General genetics concepts adenine adenosine deaminase deficiency ADA adenovirus Alagille syndrome allele amino acids animal model antibody antisense apoptosis ataxia telangiectasia Lymph ... more details
Archaeology is the study of Homo genus human culture s through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture , Artifact archaeology artifacts , Biofact archaeology biofact s, human remains, and landscapes . The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture , understand culture history , chronicle cultural evolution , and study human behavior and ecology , for both prehistory prehistoric and history historic societies. It is considered, in North America, to be one of the four sub fields of anthropology . The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to archaeology Essence of archaeology Main Archaeology Archaeological record Archaeological science Archaeological site Archaeological theory Artifact archaeology Artifact s Biofact archaeology Biofact s Excavation archaeology Excavation Branches of archaeology Archaeological practice Main Archaeological practice Cultural Resources Management Archaeological ethics Urban archaeology Archaeological science Main Archaeological science Archaeometry Dendrochronology Isotope analysis Palynology Radiocarbon dating Zooarchaeology Geoarchaeology Bioarchaeology Archaeogenetics Computational archaeology Archaeological subdisciplines Ethnoarchaeology Taphonomy By location African archaeology Archaeology of the Americas Australian archaeology European archaeology Russian archaeology By time period col begin col 2 Industrial archaeology Near Eastern archaeology Biblical archaeology Medieval archaeology col 2 Historical archaeology Post medieval archaeology Industrial archaeology Contemporary archaeology col end Specialities Aerial archaeology Archaeoastronomy Archaeological science Archaeozoology Archaeobotany or paleoethnobotany Battlefield archaeology Computational archaeology Experimental archaeology Environmental archaeology Forensic archaeology Landscape archaeology Maritime archaeology Museum Muse ... more details
Infobox haplogroup name R0 origin date 23,600 to 54,900 YBP ref name soares cite journal title Correcting for Purifying Selection An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock year 2009 url http www.cell.com AJHG abstract S0002 9297 09 00163 3 doi 10.1016 j.ajhg.2009.05.001 pmid 19500773 last1 Soares first1 P last2 Ermini first2 L last3 Thomson first3 N last4 Mormina first4 M last5 Rito first5 T last6 R hl first6 A last7 Salas first7 A last8 Oppenheimer first8 S last9 MacAulay first9 V volume 84 issue 6 pages 740 59 pmc 2694979 journal American journal of human genetics ref origin place Asia ancestor Haplogroup R mtDNA R descendants Haplogroup HV mtDNA HV , R0a mutations 73, 11719 ref name vanOven cite journal title Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation journal Human Mutation date 13 Oct 2008 first Mannis last van Oven coauthors Manfred Kayser volume 30 issue 2 pages E386 E394 doi 10.1002 humu.20921 url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 121449735 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 format accessdate 2009 05 20 pmid 18853457 ref In human mitochondrial genetics , Haplogroup R0 formerly known as Haplogroup pre HV ref http www.familytreedna.com hclade2.html Haplogroup H Sub clades , Family Tree DNA ref is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup . Origin Haplogroup R0 derives from the haplogroup R mtDNA macro haplogroup R . It is an ancestral haplogroup to R0a and Haplogroup HV mtDNA Haplogroup HV and therefore to Haplogroup H mtDNA Haplogroup H and Haplogroup V mtDNA Haplogroup V . Distribution Haplogroup R0 occurs frequently in the Arabian Plate with its highest frequency in Socotra Socotri Population 50,000 Yemen 38 ref name Cerny Viktor Cerny et al. 2008, http citeulike.org user Archaeogenetics article 3801223 Out of Arabia The Settlement of Island Soqotra as Revealed by Mitochondrial and Y Chromosome Genetic Diversity. ref and its also found in a high frequency in the Kalash Population 6,0 ... more details
Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn , Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. , British Academy FBA , Society of Antiquaries of London FSA , Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Fellowship HonFSAScot b. July 25, 1937 in Stockton on Tees is a prominent United Kingdom British archaeologist and highly regarded academic, noted for his work on radiocarbon dating , the paleolinguistics prehistory of languages , archaeogenetics , and the prevention of Illicit antiquities looting at archaeological sites . He developed the Anatolian hypothesis Renfrew Hypothesis , which argues that Proto Indo Europeans lived 2,000 years before the Kurgan hypothesis Kurgan s, in Anatolia , later diffusing throughout the Mediterranean and into Central and Northern Europe. This hypothesis contradicted the work of archaeologist Marija Gimbutas who, as early as 1958 in an article entitled Culture Change in Europe at the Start of the Second Millennium B.C. A Contribution to the Indo European Problem had postulated that the Indo Europeans had migrated into Europe from the north, leading to the demise of the Goddess worshipping cultures of Old Europe. Along with fellow Archaeologist Paul Bahn , Renfrew has come up with the Renfew and Bahns indicator of Religion and Ritual , a definition to determine whether the actions or conducts of Archaeological civilizations were a religious ritual. Professor Renfrew was formerly the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and is now a Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Biography Renfrew was educated at St Albans School Hertfordshire St Albans School , Hertfordshire where one of the houses is named after him and from 1956 to 1958 did National Service in the Royal Air Force . He then went up to St John s College, Cambridge where he read Archaeology and Anthropology , graduating in 1962. In 1965 he completed his PhD thesis Neolithic and Bronze ... more details
December 2010 . However recent researches regarding archaeology and archaeogenetics have indicated .... ref http hpgl.stanford.edu publications Science 2000 v290 p1155.pdf ref See also Div col Archaeogenetics ... more details
G. Thomas Eske Willerslev See also Col begin Col 3 List of DNA tested mummies Archaeogenetics Human ... of indigenous peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the British Isles Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy ... more details
Synthesis date May 2010 See Genetic history of Europe Archaeogenetics of the Near East File Genetic relations of European nations.jpg thumb Genetic kinships of European nations. Turks are in dark green TR Native Anatolians began to use Altaic languages instead of Indo European languages after the migration of Turkic speaking groups into Anatolia. Scientists have long debated the extent to which this shift in language was accompanied by a genetic replacement of the former population, ref The paradox of Turkish nationalism and the construction of official identity. Author Aye Kadiolu. DOI 10.1080 00263209608701110, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 32, Issue 2 April 1996 , pages 177 193 ref and it has been concluded that despite the overemphasis on their Central Asian roots, ref The role of culture, history and language in Turkish national identity building An overemphasis on Central Asian roots, Didem Mersin Alici, Boazii University, Istanbul, DOI 10.1080 02634939608400947, Central Asian Survey, Volume 15, Issue 2 June 1996 , pages 217 231. ref the Anatolian Turks are overwhelmingly indigenous to the area and they are in no sense Mongoloid phenotype. ref Studies show that Turks of Turkey are genetically 64 Caucasian, 21 Asian and 15 other background. William Z. Ripley and Carleton S. Coon , The Races of Europe , see http carnby.altervista.org troe 12 17.htm The Osmanli Turks. ref The migration of the Turkic people to Anatolia Cleanup rewrite DNA analysis from History of Turkish people page moved to here, now DNA section should be cleaned up section date August 2010 Anatolia has been an important center of interaction, for many peoples and their cultures, throughout the known human history. This dynamic constitute a highly diverse culture and also a significant heterogeneity ... peoples Timeline of Turks 500 1300 History of Anatolia Turkish diaspora Col 3 Archaeogenetics of the Near ... Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Col ... more details
Paleogenetics Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups Archaeogenetics Col 3 Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the British Isles Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Prehistoric ... more details
of archaeogenetics in the 1990s, scientists were able to date the out of Africa migration with some ... publisher Wsu.edu date accessdate 2011 01 11 ref Genetic reconstruction See Archaeogenetics Early human ... & Denis Geraads. ref See also Col begin Col 3 Archaeogenetics of the Near East Behavioral modernity ... Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Genetics and archaeogenetics of South ... more details
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