Refimprove date June 2010 An apportionmentparadox exists when the rules for Apportionment politics apportionment ... observations, or paradox es. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division , have been identified. In some cases, simple adjustments to an apportionment methodology ... but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment ... population Population Paradox http www.ams.org featurecolumn archive apportionII3.html Apportionment Balinski and Young s Contribution References Reflist DEFAULTSORT ApportionmentParadox Category ... The Alabama paradox was discovered in 1880, when it was found that increasing the total number ... a state in 1907, a recomputation of apportionment showed that the number of seats due to other states ... increased by that number. Citation needed date June 2010 The method for apportionment used during ... In 1982 two mathematicians, Michel Balinski and Peyton Young , proved that any method of apportionment ... precisely, their theorem states that there is no apportionment system that has the following properties ... the Alabama paradox If the total number of seats is increased, no party s number of seats decreases. It does not have the population paradox If party A gets more votes and party B gets fewer votes, no seat will be transferred from A to B. Examples of paradoxes Alabama paradox The Alabama paradox was the first of the apportionment paradoxes to be discovered. The US House of Representatives is United ... are required every 10 years. The United States congressional apportionment size of the House is set ... States Census Bureau , computed United States Congressional Apportionment apportionments for all ... the Hamilton method examines which states have the largest fraction. New states paradox Given a fixed ... population. However, because of how the particular apportionment rules deal with rounding methods .... example needed Population paradox The population paradox is a counterintuitive result of some ... more details
update date November 2010 This article is about apportionment in law. See also apportionment politics The legal term apportionment French apportionement Med. Latin apportionamentum derived from Latin portio ... apportionment falls into two classes apportionment in respect of estate and apportionment in respect ... of law. Apportionment by act of the parties Where a leasing lessee is eviction evicted from, or surrenders ..., 9 Barbados, No. 12 of 1891, 9. ref In the cases just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Apportionment by operation of law Apportionment by operation of law may .... To the same category belongs the apportionment of rent which takes place under various statutes ... part of a holding and the Irish Land Act 1903 61, apportionment of quit and The Crown crown rents . Apportionment in respect of time At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Such apportionment was, however, in certain cases allowed in England by the Distress for Rent Act 1737, and the Apportionment Act 1834, and is now allowed generally. Under that statute 2 all ... part specifically. The rent is recoverable by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution 4 . The Apportionment ... sums made payable in policies of insurance 6 . Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation. The apportionment created by this statute is apportionment in respect of time. The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time ... of parties occurs or apportionment of income between the representatives of a limited owner ... became due. Apportionment of rent With regard to the former of these classes, it may be noticed ... v. Patterson, 1902, 2 Ir.R. 660. ref Apportionment of income With regard to the apportionment of income ... economics capital 5 . See also wiktionary References reflist 1911 title apportionment Category ... more details
, all methods are subject to one or more apportionmentparadox anomalies . With the largest remainder ...elections image caption Refimprove date April 2008 Apportionment is the process of allocating political power among a set of principles or defined constituencies . In most representative governments, political power has most recently been apportioned among constituencies based on population, but there is a long history of different approaches. The United States Constitution , however, apportions political power differently between its upper house , the United States Senate Senate , and its lower house , the United States House of Representatives House of Representatives . Within the Senate, each state is represented by two seats, the result of compromise when the constitution was written. Seats in the US House of Representatives the House are apportioned among the states based on the relative population of each state in the total population of the union. The states then create districts from ... changes. Apportionment is also applied in party list proportional representation elections to distribute ... from population. There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment ... Main United States congressional apportionment The US Constitution apportions political power in the Senate ... The First , Alabama paradox . State legislatures Many states suffered through periods of extended ... challenged state apportionment systems, with Baker v. Carr and Reynolds v. Sims among the most important ... fedrep federal e red appendices e.htm ref The apportionment method is to grant 1 member to each ... apportionmentApportionment in the European Parliament Rotten and pocket boroughs Gerrymandering ... review of the 14th amendment s apportionment clause. http www.aceproject.org ace en topics bd ... formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them http www.rules.house.gov archives RL31074.pdf The House of Representatives Apportionment Formula An Analysis of Proposals for Change ... more details
In corporate taxation, formulary apportionment is a method of allocating the profit earned, or loss incurred ... apportionment attributes profit or loss to each jurisdiction based on factors such as the proportion ... 12 ref When applied to a corporate group, formulary apportionment requires combined reporting of the group ... between the sub national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many US states formulary apportionment ..., depending on the state. The use of formulary apportionment in the United States dates back to the late ... income tax in 1911, it also used formulary apportionment based on property, cost of manufacture ... Formula had become a commonly used standard of formulary apportionment. The formula placed an equal ... apportionment is not used as a method of attributing profit between rather than within national tax jurisdictions. ref harvnb OECD 2010 para 1.16 ref The adoption of formulary apportionment has ... Jr. proposed the use of formulary apportionment within the European Union . ref harvnb McLure Weiner ... Revenue Service use formulary apportionment in the assessment of federal corporate tax in the United ... of assessing factors used in formulary apportionment worldwide unitary combination . California ... in their combined reporting. ref name MWp254 Critiques of formulary apportionment Advocates claim that transfer pricing issues increase compliance costs, that formulary apportionment reduces those ... that formulary apportionment leads to double taxation of the same profits unless there is agreement ... exchange rate movements could distort the results of the apportionment formulary apportionment does ... Apportionment publisher Brookings Institution series The Hamilton Project citation title Formulary apportionment for the internal market series Doctoral Series No. 17 publisher International Bureau ... Apportionment of Company income pages 243 292 last McLure first Charles E., Jr. last2 Weiner first2 ... EN web final version.pdf title Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union Insights ... more details
for the unratified Constitutional amendment Article the First The Apportionment Bill is an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each state shall send to the United States House of Representatives . The number of the members of the first House was 65. Following the first decennial census the House was enlarged to approximate the Constitutional maximum of Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand . As the House would, at this ratio, have become even larger than today s 435 members, the ratio, which is first settled by Congress before apportionment, has been raised after each census, as will be seen from the accompanying table. class wikitable rowspan 2 Under colspan 2 Census colspan 2 Apportionment rowspan 2 Representatives Year Population Year Ratio Constitution 1787 align right n a 1789 align right 63,000 align right 65 United States Census, 1790 First Census 1790 align right 3,929,214 1793 align right 33,000 align right 105 United States Census, 1800 Second Census 1800 align right 5,308,483 1803 align right 33,000 align right 141 United States Census, 1810 Third Census 1810 align right 7,239,881 1813 align right 35,000 align right 181 United States Census, 1820 Fourth Census 1820 align right 9,633,822 1823 align right 40,000 align right 213 United States Census, 1830 Fifth Census 1830 align right 12,866,020 1833 align right 47,700 align right 240 United States Census, 1840 Sixth Census 1840 align right 17,069,453 1843 align right 70,680 align right 223 United States Census, 1850 Seventh Census 1850 align right 23,191,876 1853 align right 93,423 align right 234 United States Census, 1860 Eighth Census 1860 align right 31,443,321 1863 align right 127,381 align right ... and its legislature does not pass an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes ... at large. See also Congressional Apportionment Amendment References 1911 Category United States ... more details
The Apportionment Act was a proposed United States federal law that would have fixed the size of the United States House of Representatives based on the United States Census of 1790 . The bill was veto ed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President s veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand as delimited by Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I Section II of the United States Constitution . ref The Library of Congress http lcweb2.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llac&fileName 003 llac003.db&recNum 267 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539 . Retrieved on 2008 10 3. ref The next day, the House attempted to override the President s veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time. ref James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 Jan. 10 12. ref Review On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington s advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson ..., intitled, An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first ... Apportionment. Past, Present, and Future. Law and Contemporary Problems 17 2 268 275. James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American ... States proposed federal legislation Category Apportionment Act Category Veto ... more details
Other uses See List of paradoxes Similar to circular reasoning , a paradox is a logical statement or group ... s paradox , do not yet have universally accepted resolutions. The word paradox is often used interchangeably ... irony ref Sometimes the term paradox is used for situations that are merely surprising. An example of a paradox is This statement is false. , and is explained below. The logician Willard V. O. Quine ... , from Veridical paradoxes , such as the birthday paradox , which are seeming absurdities that are nevertheless true because they are perfectly logical. ref cite book title The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays chapter The Ways of Paradox first Willard last Van Orman Quine authorlink W. V ... type, typically counterintuitive outcomes of economic theory, such as Simpson s paradox . In literature a paradox can be any contradictory or obviously untrue statement, which resolves itself upon later inspection . Logical paradox See also List of paradoxes Common themes in paradoxes include self ... . Patrick Hughes artist Patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox ref HughesBrecht1975 1 8 ref Self reference An example is This statement is false , a form of the liar paradox . The statement ... shaves himself in the barber paradox . One more example would be Is the answer to this question ... on this boy. He s my son. The apparent paradox is caused by a hasty generalization if the surgeon is the boy s father, the statement cannot be true. The paradox is resolved if it is revealed that the surgeon ... liar paradox it is a sentence which cannot be consistently interpreted as true or false, because ... . Russell s paradox , which shows that the notion of the set mathematics set of all those sets ... paradox , for example, would arise if a time travel er were to kill his own grandfather before his ... three classes of paradoxes A veridical paradox produces a result that appears absurd but is demonstrated to be true nevertheless. Thus, the paradox of Frederic s birthday in The Pirates of Penzance ... more details
even susceptible to the apportionmentparadox . Citation needed date November 2009 In 2008, however ... See also Apportionmentparadox Article the First Gerrymandering List of U.S. states by population List ...United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives ... constitutionally mandated decennial United States Census census . Each state is Apportionment ... and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census. The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state s representation ... the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment ... . Originally, the apportionment of United States House of Representatives House seats was commanded ... sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching ... D.C. voting rights bill date April 21, 2010 ref Apportionment methods Apart from the requirement that the number ... of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment ... weight. The Method of Equal Proportions See Huntington Hill method The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, ref Cite web title The History of Apportionment ... a000 .html accessdate 2008 05 13 ref ref Cite web title Computing Apportionment publisher U.S. Census Bureau url http www.census.gov population www censusdata apportionment computing.html accessdate .... ref cite journal author Edward V Huntington title The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment ... Congressional Apportionment publisher NationalAtlas.gov url http www.nationalatlas.gov articles boundaries ... CENSUS publisher U.S. Bureau of the Census url http www.census.gov population apportionment data ... publisher U.S. Bureau of the Census date 2001 02 21 url http www.census.gov population censusdata apportionment ... seat to be allocated. Past apportionments See also Apportionment Bill United States congressional ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ohio Apportionment Board is an administrative body which draws the single member legislative districts for the Ohio Ohio General Assembly General Assembly every ten years following the census . Each of the 33 Ohio State Senate senate districts is composed of three contiguous of the 99 Ohio House of Representatives house of representatives district. The board has five members the Governor of Ohio , the Ohio Secretary of State , the Ohio State Auditor , a member selected by the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives and the senate leader of the same party a member selected by the house and senate leaders of other party. This format ensures that no party can hold all five seats. At least one seat will belong to the minority party. In 2011, the board s members are Gov. John Kasich R State Auditor Dave Yost R Secretary of State Jon A. Husted R Assembly Republican Member ?, and Assembly Democratic Member ? Democrats controlled the Apportionment politics apportionment board in 1971 and 1981. Republicans controlled the apportionment board in 1991, 2001, and will in 2011. Category Government of Ohio ... more details
Infobox U.S. legislation name Apportionment Act of 1911 fullname An Act For the apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States under the Thirteenth Census. acronym nickname Apportionment ... cite public law 62 5 cite statutes at large USStat 37 13 acts amended Apportionment Act of 1901 title ... v. Johnson 1966 br United States Dept. of Commerce v. Montana 1992 The Apportionment Act of 1911 , also ... of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states. Previous apportionment ... ten year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of Apportionment politics apportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation ... see Apportionment Act . ref 3 Annals of Cong. 539 1792 ref The D Hondt method D Hondt and Jefferson Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census ..., USStat 5 491 ref Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Alexander Hamilton Hamilton Samuel ... 31 733 ref In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Daniel Webster Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives ... of Arizona and New Mexico shall become States in the Union before the apportionment ... are to that extent hereby repealed. Section 3. That in each State entitled under this apportionment ... State under this apportionment such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected by the State ... as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State. Subsequent apportionment For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 ... and the maximum of 435 representatives. ref Act of June 18, 1929, USStat 46 21 ref The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self executing after each decennial census. ref Act of Nov. 15, 1941, USStat 55 761 762 ref This lifted Congress s responsibility to pass an apportionment ... more details
Mechanistic models for niche apportionment are biological models used to explain relative species abundance ... within species or the relative biomass of individuals within species. History Niche apportionment ... with purely statistical models , presenting instead 3 mechanistic niche apportionment models ..., M. 1990 Tokeshi, M. 1990 . Niche apportionment or random assortment species abundance patterns ... roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful starting point for describing the species composition of communities. Description A niche apportionment ... fragment Figure 2 . Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe ... apportionment models than abundance measured strictly as the number of individuals. ref Gaston, K ... s mechanistic models of niche apportionment Seven mechanistic models that describe niche apportionment ... model of niche apportionment the species colonize random portion between 50 and 100 of the smallest ... . Modeling stream fish assemblages with niche apportionment models patterns. processes, and scale ... in niche apportionment over time and thus species appear to have no relationship between ... for acquisition. The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power ... stick model of niche apportionment, suggesting a relatively even distribution of freshwater ... relative to the niche apportionment models described above because the largest niche is always broken ... model exists when a combination of niche apportionment models are acting in different portions ... of freshwater Diptera , in that different niche apportionment models fit different functional ... niche apportionment models, thus the entire species assemblage was a combination of models in different regions of the species range. Fitting mechanistic models of niche apportionment to empirical data Mechanistic models of niche apportionment are intended to describe communities. Researchers ... more details
The New Jersey Apportionment Commission is a New Jersey Constitution constitutionally created ten member commission responsible for Apportionment politics apportioning the forty New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2001 apportionment districts of the New Jersey Legislature . The commission is convened after each decennial U.S. Census , and the districts are to be in use for the legislative elections in the following ten years. The commission s members are appointed by the two most successful political parties in the previous gubernatorial election. Each party appoints five members. If the commission cannot agree to an apportionment plan in a timely manner, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey is to appoint an eleventh member as a tie breaking vote. ref name NJconst s New Jersey Constitution of 1947 New Jersey Constitution of 1947 . Article IV, Section III ref The Apportionment Commission is not to be confused with the New Jersey Redistricting Commission which defines districts for the U.S. House of Representatives . The ten member commission has a deadline of either February 1st in the year following the Census or one month from the release of the census data for New Jersey, whichever is later, to produce the new district apportionment. If the ten member commission is unable to produce a new apportionment by that deadline, the Chief Justice is to appoint an eleventh ... the new district apportionment. ref name NJconst 2011 Commission File New Jersey Legislative Districts ... title Commission Membership accessdate 2011 02 18 publisher New Jersey Apportionment Commission ref ..., the ten member commission had until March 5, 2011 to produce the district apportionment. ref ... Keep our legislative districts intact, Hudson County politicians testify to Apportionment Commission ... ref The result is the New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2011 apportionment . A court case challenging ... Apportionment Commission website Category Government of New Jersey Category Politics ... more details
Politics of the European Union Apportionment in the European Parliament relates to the distribution of legislative seat s in the European Parliament among the European Union member state states of the European Union . The Parliament s Apportionment politics apportionment is not proportional to the population of the states rather, the seats are distributed by an ad hoc scheme fulfilling degressive proportionality . Background When the Parliament was established in the 1950s as the 78 member Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community the smaller states Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands were concerned about being underrepresented and hence they were granted more seats than their population would have allowed. Membership increased to 142 with the Assembly expanded to cover the European Economic Community Economic and Euratom Atomic Energy Communities . ref name ENA COMP cite web title Composition of the European Parliament publisher European NAvigator url http www.ena.lu?lang 2&doc 3999 accessdate 2007 06 12 ref It then grew further with each Enlargement of the European Union enlargement . Membership reached 626 in 1995 with the Treaty of Amsterdam setting a limit of 700. The Treaty of Nice moved this up to 732 and set out the future distribution for up to 27 states. In 2007 Romania and Bulgaria joined with 35 and 18 members respectively temporarily pushing the number of members over the ceiling to 785. ref name ENA COMP In 2009 the number of members decreased to 736. Nice system At present, the exact number of seats allocated to each country is determined by the Treaties ... of each State Nice 2007 EP apportionment influence Lisbon system Under the Lisbon Treaty , the cap ... details ref By December 2011 all countries ratified the protocol. Apportionment in the European ... History of apportionment in the European Parliament References reflist See also United States Congressional apportionment Leveling seat Europarl Category European Parliament apportionment fr Distribution ... more details
wiktionary paradox A paradox is a self contradictory or counter intuitive statement or argument. Paradox may also refer to TOC right Computing and technology Paradox database , a relational database management system PARADOX warez , a software cracking warez demo group Paradox theorem prover , an automated theorem proving system Paradox Interactive , a video game developer Literature and print media Paradox literature , a literary device Paradox magazine , a historical fiction magazine Paradox comics , a character appearing in the comic book series Marvel Preview Music Paradox John Kay and Steppenwolf album Paradox John Kay and Steppenwolf album , 1984 Paradox Nanase Aikawa album Paradox Royal Hunt album Paradox Balzac album Paradox artist , drum n bass musician Paradox Canadian band , a Canadian rock band from the late 1980 s Paradox Irish band , an alternative rock band formed in Cork in 1996 Paradox Thai band , an alternative rock band from Thailand formed in 1996 Paradox British band , an unsigned alternative rock band from Nottingham, England Place names Paradox Valley , a valley in Colorado, USA Paradox, Colorado , an unincorporated town in Paradox Valley Paradox, New York Paradox Basin , named after Paradox Valley Television Paradox TV series Paradox TV series , a science fiction crime drama by the BBC Welcome to Paradox , a 1998 science fiction television series Paradox film Paradox film , a 2010 television film starring Kevin Sorbo Professor Paradox is a recurring character on Ben 10 Alien Force . Other uses Faction Paradox , a fictional group in the Doctor Who universe Paradox formation , a geological formation deriving its name from Paradox Valley See also List of paradoxes disambig de Paradox Begriffskl rung es Paradox it Paradox mk nl Paradox ja ro Paradox sk Paradox fi Paradox th Paradox tr Paradoks anlam ayr m ... more details
There are three different paradoxes called Joseph Louis Fran ois Bertrand Bertrand s paradox or the Bertrand paradox Bertrand paradox probability Bertrand paradox economics Bertrand s box paradox disambig ko nl Paradox van Bertrand ru uk ... more details
An information paradox is a paradox about information . Such paradoxes include Arrow information paradox Arrow s information paradox &mdash the difficulty of selling information when describing the nature of the information to the buyer would, in itself, communicate the essential information. Black hole information paradox &mdash information may be lost when a black hole evaporates but this would violate the principles of quantum mechanics. Category Paradoxes de Informationsparadoxon ... more details
Paradox may refer to Paradox Canadian band , a Canadian rock band from the late 1980 s Paradox Irish band , an alternative rock band formed in Cork in 1996 Paradox Thai band , an alternative rock band from Thailand formed in 1996 Paradox British band , an unsigned alternative rock band from Nottingham, England disambiguation ... more details
Schr dinger s paradox may refer to two ideas by Erwin Schr dinger Schr dinger s cat , a thought experiment relating to quantum physics Schr dinger s paradox, the paradox that living systems increase their organization despite the Second Law of Thermodynamics. See entropy and life . Disambiguation ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Paradox image caption image size background non performing personnel birth name Dev Pandya alias Alaska & Paradox genre Drum and bass , drumfunk occupation years active label Paradox music , Outsider , Esoteric , Secret operations associated acts website http www.paradoxmusic.com Paradox is the pseudonym of Dev Pandya, a producer from ... Records http www.imorecords.co.uk drumandbass paradox biography Paradox Biography , IMO Records , London ... alias from Davies. Under the artist name of DMR artist DMR Pandya released tracks as Paradox & DMR on the label Certificate 18 in the year 1998. Pandya runs four record labels Paradox Music , Esoteric ... are inactive, which means that there are no more records released on them. Paradox released his first ... footage from paradox s 2000 tour. There was a special Japan version of the CD, released by Sony Japan ... the second Paradox album, again on Reinforced Records came out, called What You Don t Know . The LP ... & Paradox was released on Reinforced Records. Nucleus real name is Dave Sims. Sims and Pandya have released a CD album before in 1997 which is called Noise & Paradox Transmograpfication . At that time Simms went by the name Noise . Paradox released the first CD Seba & Paradox Beats Me on his label Paradox Music in 2006 featuring tracks from Seba, Paradox and Seba & Paradox collaborations. In 2007 paradox released the first CD on his label Outsider called Paradox Presents The Age Of Outsiders ... by DJ Trax. July 2006 saw the 100th release of Paradox. On this occasion the 12 release was a special red vinyl featuring remixes of the Paradox tracks The Unspoken Divide and Give The Drummer Some . In collaboration with Bill Laswell and Herbie Hancock Paradox is featured on the album Method Of Defiance Inamorata on the label Ohm Resistance with two tracks. While the track Panepha has Paradox programmed the drums, Hancock plays the keyboard and Laswell the bass. The track Humanoid has Paradox ... more details
The Paradox formation stratigraphy formation consists of gypsum , anhydrite , and salt , interbedded with shale , sandstone , and limestone . It is the oldest rock exposed in several anticline anticlines in eastern Utah and western Colorado ref name BakerDane1933 See also Paradox Valley Paradox Basin References reflist refs ref name BakerDane1933 doi 10.1306 3D932B92 16B1 11D7 8645000102C1865D ref Category Geologic formations of the United States geology stub utah stub colorado stub ... more details
File Paradox gun bullets 001.jpg thumb 12 bore Paradox gun bullets, Hollow point left and Cross cut right A Paradox gun is a firearm made by Holland & Holland with the last two to three inches of the Muzzle firearm muzzle rifling rifled and the rest smoothbore smooth , intended to be used as both a rifle and shotgun . Paradox guns were originally meant to serve the needs of hunters in India and Africa who might encounter both small and large Game food game but needed to carry only a single gun. Fact date December 2008 A Paradox gun allowed the use of standard shotgun shell s for small game and Paradox bullets shot with a spin from the rifling for large game. Modern users of Paradox guns have the same advantage, especially in areas where the bird and deer hunting seasons overlap. Paradox cartridges have been loaded with either hollow point or solid bullets of varied composition. The current ... solid. History Holland & Holland The word Paradox has been used by Holland & Holland of London since ... ratchet style of rifling. Holland & Holland purchased the rights to the Paradox gun in 1885 from ... Press Release Holland & Holland re introduce the Paradox gun after nearly 70 years. publisher Holland ... . They chose the name Paradox because shotguns are defined by their smoothbore barrels, and a rifled shotgun was thus a paradox . Holland & Holland s Paradox and Nitro Paradox guns are not slug guns as they fire standard shotgun shells and cartridges with special Paradox bullets fully interchangeably. Over the years Holland & Holland manufactured Paradox guns in 20, 16, 12, 10, and 8 gauge. Today they continue to manufacture Paradox guns of 12 gauge in the famous Royal sidelock ejector as well ... 2008 Paradox type guns were manufactured by several other firms. Other firms in Birmingham , England ... Century My Hunt.com http www.classicshooting.com paradox ball and shot guns definition.htm The Amazing Paradox ClassicShooting.com Category Firearms ru ... more details
The Adversity Paradox is a business book written by J. Barry Griswell and Bob Jennings . Released in April 2009, ref http www.adversityparadox.com The Adversity Paradox Retrieved on 2008 09 20 ref the book was published by St. Martin s Press . ref http www.central.edu news story.cfm?ID 81 Central College Central College News Retrieved on 2008 09 21 ref The book debuted at 8 on The Wall Street Journal Best Seller List. The Adversity Paradox is written to be a guide for achieving personal and business success. The book explores the paradox of how many people from difficult and unstable backgrounds leverage adversity into success. Much of the book examines how readers can make adversity an asset instead of a liability. ref http www.agcia.info schedule.asp The Associated General Contractors of Iowa Convention 2009 Retrieved on 2008 09 20 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Adversity Paradox Category 2009 books Category Business books nonfiction book stub ... more details
Yablo s paradox is of type similar to the liar paradox published by Stephen Yablo in 1993. ref cite journal url http www.mit.edu yablo pwsr.pdf title Paradox Without Self Reference journal Analysis journal Analysis volume 53 issue 4 year 1993 pages 251 252 doi 10.1093 analys 53.4.251 ref The paradox arises from considering the following infinite set of sentences S1 for all k 1, Sk is false S2 for all k 2, Sk is false S3 for all k 3, Sk is false ... ... The set is paradoxical, because it is unsatisfiable contradictory , but this unsatisfiability defies immediate intuition. Moreover, none of the sentences refers to itself, but only to the subsequent sentences this leads Yablo to claim that his paradox does not rely on self reference. References reflist Category Paradoxes es Paradoja de Yablo ... more details
The card paradox is a non self referential variant of the liar paradox constructed by Philip Jourdain . ref name OConnorRobertson2005 It is also known as the postcard paradox , Jourdain paradox or Jourdain s paradox . The paradox Suppose there is a card with statements printed on both sides class prettytable Front The sentence on the other side of this card is TRUE. Back The sentence on the other side of this card is FALSE. Trying to assign a truth value to either of them leads to a paradox . If the first statement is true, then so is the second. But if the second statement is true, then the first statement is false. It follows that if the first statement is true, then the first statement is false. If the first statement is false, then the second is false, too. But if the second statement is false, then the first statement is true. It follows that if the first statement is false, then the first statement is true. The same mechanism applies to the second statement. Neither of the sentences employs self reference , instead this is a case of circular reference . See Yablo s paradox for a variation of the liar paradox that does not even rely on circular reference. See also Liar paradox Yablo s paradox Self reference Circular reference List of paradoxes References reflist refs ref name OConnorRobertson2005 cite web url http www groups.dcs.st and.ac.uk history Biographies Jourdain.html title Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain first1 John J. last1 O Connor first2 Edmund F. last2 Robertson authorlink1 Edmund F. Robertson authorlink2 John J. O Connor mathematician month February year 2005 work The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive publisher location accessdate 4 April 2010 ref Category Paradoxes philosophy stub logic stub ja ... more details
Mayfield s Paradox states that to keep everyone out of an information system requires an infinite amount of money, and to get everyone onto an information system also requires infinite money, while costs between these extremes are relatively low. ref Cite journal last Mayfield first coauthors Cvitanic title Mathematical Proofs of Mayfield s Paradox A Fundamental Principle of Information Security journal Information Systems Control Journal volume 2 issue pages publisher location date 2000 url http www.isaca.org Journal Past Issues 2001 Volume 2 Pages Mathematical Proofs of Mayfields Paradox A Fundamental Principle of Information Security.aspx issn accessdate 2010 07 12 ref The paradox is depicted as a U curve, where the cost of a system is on the vertical axis, and the percentage of humanity that can access the system is on the horizontal axis. Acceptance of this paradox by the information security community was immediate, because it was consistent with the professional experiences of this group. Mayfield s Paradox points out that, at some point of the curve, additional security becomes unrealistically expensive. Conversely, at some point of the curve, it becomes unrealistically expensive to add additional users. Based on the Paradox the Menz brothers developed the Menz Theorems of Information and Physical Security . The theorems present two formulas covering access and security of both information systems and physical facilities. They are used to help determin allocation of resorces and response levels. Notes reflist Category Computer security Category Data security ... more details
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