Annealing may refer to Annealing metallurgy , a heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in properties such as strength and hardness and ductility Annealing glass , heating a piece of glass to remove stress Annealingbiology , DNA or RNA pairing by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double stranded polynucleotide Simulated annealing , a technique for searching for a solution in a space otherwise too large for ordinary search methods to yield results Information annealing or knowledge annealing, a network based information system in which all users of the system are permitted to change the system at will Quantum annealing , a method for finding solutions to combinatorial optimisation problems and ground states of glassy systems using quantum fluctuations disambig cs h n de Annealing sk hanie ... more details
Annealing temperature may refer to Annealing glass Annealing metallurgy Polymerase chain reaction dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Annealing is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed. The process may be carried out in a temperature controlled kiln known as a Lehr glassmaking Lehr . ref E. F. Collins 1921 Electrically heated glass annealing lehr. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4 5 , 335 349. ref Glass which has not been annealed is liable to crack or shatter when subjected to a relatively small temperature change or mechanical shock. Annealing glass is critical to its durability. If glass is not annealed, it will retain many of the thermal stresses caused by quenching and significantly decrease the overall strength of the glass. The glass is heated until the temperature reaches a stress physics stress relief point, that is, the annealing temperature also called annealing point at a viscosity , , of 10 sup 13 sup Poise 10 sup 12 sup Pa s, at which the glass is still too hard to Deformation engineering deform , but is soft enough for the stresses to relax. The piece is then allowed to heat soak until its temperature is even throughout. The time necessary for this step varies depending on the type of glass and its maximum thickness. The glass is then slowly cooled at a predetermined rate until its temperature is below the strain point 10 sup 14.5 sup Poise . Following this, the temperature can safely be dropped to room temperature at a rate limited by the heat capacity , thickness, thermal conductivity , and thermal expansion coefficient of the glass. After the annealing process the material can be cut to size, drilled or polished. At the annealing point 10 sup 13 sup Poise stresses relax within several minutes, while at the strain point 10 sup 14.5 ... in glass processing, see viscous liquid Annealing metallurgy Fabrication and testing optical components ... 2007 04 22 annealing for fused glass and other fusing fun Annealing for Fused Glass http etsyglass.com blog index.php 2007 04 20 lampwork and annealing Lampwork and Annealing Glass science Category ... more details
Merge from Annealing by short circuit date November 2010 Refimprove date October 2010 Annealing , in metallurgy ..., and then cooling. Annealing is used to induce ductility , soften material, relieve internal stresses .... Thermodynamics of annealingAnnealing occurs by the diffusion of atoms within a solid material, so ... reduced by the annealing process. In practice and industry, this reduction of Gibbs free energy is termed ... at which the annealing process occurs serve to accelerate this process. Citation needed ... properties. Citation needed date January 2011 Stages of annealing There are three stages in the annealing ... called a dislocation and the internal stresses which they cause. Recovery phase covers all annealing ... those deformed by internal stresses. ref name Verhoeven If annealing is allowed to continue ... needed date January 2011 Annealing in a controlled atmosphere The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal s surface, resulting in scale. If scale is to be avoided, annealing ..., hydrogen gas , and nitrogen gas . The magnet ic properties of mu metal Espey cores are introduced by annealing ... for the annealing process. The inside of the oven is large enough to place the workpiece in a position to receive maximum exposure to the circulating heated air. For high volume process annealing, gas ... will be used in order to move the parts in and out with ease. Once the annealing process has been ... needed date January 2011 Diffusion annealing of semiconductors In the semiconductor industry, silicon ... properties of the semiconducting material. Specialized annealing cycles Normalization Normalization is an annealing process in which a metal is cooled in air after heating in order to relieve stress ... strength and not the maximum ductility achieved by annealing. It eliminates columnar grains and dendritic ... annealing Process annealing, also called intermediate annealing , subcritical annealing , or in process annealing , is a heat treatment cycle that restores some of the ductility to a work piece allowing ... more details
Other uses Annealing disambiguation Image quant annl.jpg right thumb 300px In mathematics and applications, quantum annealing QA is a general method for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions the search space , by a process analogous to quantum fluctuation s. It is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete combinatorial optimization problems with many local minimum local minima such as finding the ground state s of a glassy system . In quantum annealing, a current state the current candidate solution math s math is randomly replaced by a randomly selected neighbor state math s math if the latter has a lower energy value of the objective function . The process is controlled by the tunneling field strength math T math , a parameter that determines the extent of the neighborhood of states explored by the method. The tunneling field starts high, so that the neighborhood extends over the whole search space and is slowly reduced through the computation, until the neighborhood shrinks to those few states that differ minimally from the current states. Comparison to simulated annealing Quantum annealing can be compared to simulated annealing SA , whose temperature parameter plays a similar role to QA s tunneling field strength. However, in SA the neighborhood stays the same throughout the search, and the temperature ... simulated annealing , the neighborhood radius is also varied using acceptance rate percentages or the temperature ... minimum. In the case of annealing a purely mathematical objective function , one may consider the variables ... commuting term and the efficiency of annealing may depend on that. It has been demonstrated experimentally as well as theoretically, that quantum annealing can indeed out rate thermal annealing ... 1061 2008 Arnab Das and Bikas K Chakrabarti Eds. , Quantum Annealing and Related Optimization Methods ... K Chakrabarti Eds. , Quantum Quenching, Annealing and Computation , Lecture Note in Physics, Vol ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Simulated annealing SA is a generic probabilistic algorithm probabilistic ... . For certain problems, simulated annealing may be more effective than brute force search exhaustive ... of time, rather than the best possible solution. The name and inspiration come from annealing metallurgy annealing in metallurgy , a technique involving heating and controlled cooling of a material ... title Optimization by Simulated Annealing journal Science series New Series accessdate 2009 01 ... 1092, 1953. http dx.doi.org 10.1063 1.1699114 ref Overview In the simulated annealing SA method, each ... solutions than the current solution. Simulated Annealing in particular doesn t even try to find the best ... when math T math is small. The annealing schedule The name and inspiration of the algorithm ... , and then it is decreased at each step following some annealing schedule which may be specified by the user ... of cooling schedule on the performance of simulated annealing. The problem is to rearrange the pixel .... td tr table center It can be shown ref cite journal title Simulated annealing A proof of convergence ... annealing algorithm terminates with the global optimum global optimal solution approaches 1 as the annealing schedule is extended. This theoretical result, however, is not particularly ... pseudocode implements the simulated annealing heuristic as described above. It starts from a state ... 0, 1 math . The annealing schedule is defined by the call tt temp r tt , which should yield the temperature ... not have an analogy with physical annealing since a physical system can store a single state only. In strict ... generator procedure tt neighbour tt , the acceptance probability function tt P tt , and the annealing .... The following sections give some general guidelines. Diameter of the search graph Simulated annealing ... is symmetric. However, this acceptance probability is often used for simulated annealing even when the tt ... annealing algorithm do not correspond to the transitions of the analogous physical system, and the long ... more details
Other uses pp semi protected small yes pp move indef File Biology organism collage.png thumb 300px Biology ... , and Brachypelma smithi Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living ... Wetlands Project glossary of terms. ref Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions ... to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology ref name avila biology cite book author Avila, Vernon L. title Biology Investigating life on earth publisher Jones and Bartlett location Boston year ... and constant condition energy Living organisms consume and transform energy . Subdisciplines of biology ... them biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell biology cell physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissue biology tissues , Organ anatomy organs , and organ system s of an organism and ecology examines ... Main History of biology File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb Ernst Haeckel s Tree of Life 1879 The term wiktionary biologybiology in its modern sense appears to have been introduced independently ... , p8. ref ref Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century , pp 1 2. ref It is a classical compound ... grc wiktionary , logia , study of. Although biology in its modern form is a relatively recent ... subcontinent , and China . However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study ... 384 BC 322 BC who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important ... in the study and development of biology were promoted through the efforts of such Islamic medicine ... of life. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Antony van Leeuwenhoek s dramatic improvement ... importance of the cell biology cell . In 1838 and 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden Schleiden ... as cell theory . ref Sapp, Genesis , chapter 7 Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century , chapters ... more details
Low hydrogen annealing is a heat treatment in metallurgy for the reduction or elimination of hydrogen in a material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement . Process description The material is kept in an hydrogen annealing oven over several hours at temperatures between 200 C and 300 C. The enclosed hydrogen atom s, known for hydrogen embrittlement ref http www.springerlink.com content l3662407g3h476v7 Effect of temperature on the susceptibility of VT6ch alloy to hydrogen embrittlement ref are removed by effusion . The method is predominantly used immediately after welding or galvanizing of the parts. See also Annealing metallurgy Tempering References reflist Category Hydrogen technologies Category Metal heat treatments de Wasserstoffarmgl hen nl Waterstofarm gloeien ... more details
Adaptive simulated annealing ASA is a variant of simulated annealing SA algorithm in which the algorithm parameters that control temperature schedule and random step selection are automatically adjusted according to algorithm progress. This makes the algorithm more efficient and less sensitive to user defined parameters than canonical SA. These are in the standard variant often selected on the basis of experience and experimentation since optimal values are problem dependent , which represents a significant deficiency in practice. The algorithm works by representing the parameters of the function to be optimized as continuous numbers, and as dimensions of a hypercube N dimensional space . Some SA algorithms apply Gaussian moves to the state, while others have distributions permitting faster temperature schedules. Imagine the state as a point in a box and the moves as a rugby ball shaped cloud around it. The temperature and the step size are adjusted so that all of the search space is sampled to a coarse resolution in the early stages, whilst the state is directed to favorable areas in the late stages. See also Simulated annealing Combinatorial optimization Optimization mathematics Optimization References L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com ASA ASA CODE, ASA REPRINTS, ASA INFO Global optimization C code, Caltech Alumni Association, Pasadena, CA, 1993. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa89 vfsr.ps.gz Very fast simulated re annealing , Mathl. Comput. Modelling,Vol. 12 No. 8 ,pp. 967 973 , 1989. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa93 sapvt.ps.gz Simulated annealing Practice versus theory , Mathl. Comput. Modelling, Vol. 18 No. 11, pp.29 57, 1993. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa96 lessons.ps.gz Adaptive simulated annealing ASA Lessons learned , Control and Cybernetics,Vol. 25 No. 1,pp ... Explains some ideas behind ASA. http www.ingber.com ASA README.html Adaptive Simulated Annealing ... simulated annealing or in http www.sinopt.com learning1 desnotes globopt.htm. mathapplied stub Category ... more details
of delivery affects growth rate, uniformity and electrical performance. Oxidation and annealing ... the actually quantity of delivered water vapor. The role of UHP steam in annealing and passivation ... film. To improve the density and heal the film, annealing can be applied. Annealing and passivation ... temperature annealing can increase carrier lifetimes by injecting H into the Si SiO2 interface. Passivation, or thermal annealing, of the interface limits electron hole recombination hole electron .... Annealing typically involves heating the wafer and saturating the chamber with a gas or water vapor ... temperature steam anneal. Traditional methods used Hydrogen Radical Annealing HRA , which uses hydrogen gas and microwave energy. Forming Gas Annealing FGA uses H2 at 400 500 C. A new approach is the use of High Temperature Steam Annealing HSA , which uses water vapor at 250 400 C. In HSA, water ... less expensive and safer. ref Abe, Y. et.al. Effect of high temperature steam annealing for SiO2 ... can be replaced by a wet oxidation followed by nitrogen annealing. Best cell performance requires ... vapor plays an important role in deposition processes, as well as in annealing, release etching ... 1986 . Categories DEFAULTSORT Ultra High Purity Steam For Oxidation And Annealing Category Semiconductor ... more details
Animal biology may refer to Animal Biology journal Animal Biology journal , a scientific journal Zoology , the branch of biology that studies animals disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Membrane biology is the study of the Biology biological and Biochemistry physiochemical characteristics of Biological membrane membranes . DEFAULTSORT Membrane Biology Category Membrane biologyBiology stub ... more details
Wiktionary biologyBiology is a science discipline studying living organisms. Biology may also refer to Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life , a college level textbook compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart Biology textbook Biology , a textbook by Neil Campbell scientist Neil Campbell , first published in 1987 In music Biology band , an American rock indie band Biology song Biology song , a song by Girls Aloud See also Biosciences disambiguation disambig ... more details
saved book title Biology subtitle An introduction cover image cover color Biology An introduction Main article Biology Research Molecular biology Cell biology Genetics Developmental biology Physiology Anatomy Evolutionary biology Evolution Modern evolutionary synthesis Natural selection Taxonomy Ecology Ethology Behavior Biogeography Biochemistry DEFAULTSORT Biology Category Wikipedia books on biology ... more details
Reproductive biology is a study mainly involving the reproductive system and sex organ s. It is closely related to reproductive endocrinology and infertility . biology stub Category Reproduction ... more details
Biology of gender can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of gender . In medicine and biology it usually refers to the biology of sexual dimorphism , e.g. sex differences in humans In social sciences, gender studies , and in some feminist approaches to biology and sociobiology, particularly that of Anne Fausto Sterling , gender is understood as the social construct gender role and types of behavior associated with that, rather than sex see biology of gender specific human behavior . dab ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A test is a term used to refer to the shell of sea urchin s, and also the shell of certain microorganisms, such as testate foraminifera and testate amoebae . See also Frustule DEFAULTSORT Test Biology Category Biology biology stub es Testa protista ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Biology Letters cover Image Biology Letters cover.gif editor Brian Charlesworth FRS discipline Biology abbreviation Biol. Lett. publisher Royal Society Publishing country United Kingdom frequency Bimonthly first published 2005 license impact 3.521 impact year 2009 website http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1744 9561 eISSN 1744 957X Biology Letters is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal . It was split off as a separate journal from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Royal Society B in 2005 after having been published as a supplement. Originally it was published quarterly, but from 2007 it has been published bimonthly. The journal publishes short articles from across biology . The editor in chief is Brian Charlesworth , Fellow of the Royal Society FRS . As of 2009, Biology Letters has an Impact Factor of 3.521 and is ranked 14th in Biology. Contents and themes All content is assigned to one of the following categories Animal behaviour , Biomechanics , Community ecology , Conservation, Evolutionary biology , Evolutionary developmental biology , Genomics Genome biology , Global Change Biology, Marine biology , Molecular evolution , Neurobiology , Palaeontology , Pathogen Biology, Physiology , Phylogeny , Population ecology , or Population genetics . The journal publishes research articles, opinion pieces, scientific meeting reports, comments, and invited reply articles. External links Official http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category Bimonthly journals Category English language journals Category Evolutionary biology journals biology journal stub ru Biology Letters sl Biology Letters ... more details
Infobox journal title PLoS Biology cover File PLoS Biology cover April 2009.svg 200px discipline Biology abbreviation PLoS Biol. website http www.plosbiology.org publisher Public Library of Science country impact 12.916 impact year 2009 ISSN 1544 9173 eISSN 1545 7885 history 2003 present openaccess Yes license Creative Commons licenses Creative Commons Attribution License PLoS Biology is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology . Publication began on October 13, 2003. It was the first journal of the Public Library of Science . All content in PLoS Biology is published under the Creative Commons by attribution license. To fund the journal, the publication s business model requires that, in most cases, authors will pay publication costs. In addition to research articles, PLoS Biology publishes online e letters in which readers provide comments on articles. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 12.916, ranking it first in the category Biology . ref name WoS cite web url http isiwebofknowledge.com title Web of Science year 2010 accessdate 2011 03 24 ref The current editor in chief is Jonathan Eisen University of California, Davis . References Reflist External links Official http www.plosbiology.org commonscat Images from PLoS Biology PLoS Category Biology journals Category Creative Commons licensed journals Category Publications established in 2003 Biology journal stub es PLoS Biology fr PLoS Biology pl PLoS Biology pt PLoS Biology ru PLoS Biology sl PLoS Biology ... more details
This article is about the academic subject, for the journal see Human Biology journal Unreferenced date January 2010 Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology , biological anthropology , nutrition and medicine which focuses on human s it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. The human biology major was founded in 1970 at Stanford University . Research Human biology research encompasses Human genetic variation Genetic variation across human populations, present and past Biological variation related to climate and other elements of the natural environment Determinants, across populations, of risk for degenerative disease and infectious disease Human development biology Human growth and development Biodemography While undisputed boundaries do not exist, human biology is typically distinguished from conventional medical research by an enhanced focus on international, population level perspectives on health, and on human evolution , adaptation ... Human Biology Program undergraduate programs cover this subject matter. External links http www.humbio.org Human Biology Association http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1002 28ISSN 291520 6300 American Journal of Human Biology http www.humbiol.com Human Biology, The International Journal ... home 622964 editorialboard Economics and Human Biology http groups.anthropology.northwestern.edu lhbr Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University http humbio.stanford.edu The Program in Human Biology at Stanford http www.cambridge.org uk series sSeries.asp?code SSHB Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series http www.sqa.org.uk Scottish Qualifications Authority Biology footer Categories Category Biology Category Humans Biology Category Medical research Category Anthropology anthropology stub medicine stub biology stub Link GA de ar ca Biologia ... biologia pt Biologia humana ru sq Biologjia njer zore simple Human biology sl Biologija ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A sequence in biology is the one dimensional ordering of monomer s, covalent bond covalently linked within in a biopolymer it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule . See also Protein sequence DNA sequence Self incompatibility in plants List of geneticists Human Genome Project Dot plot bioinformatics Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Sequence analysis DEFAULTSORT Sequence Biology Category Molecular biologyBiology stub fa fr S quence biologique ... more details
Context date October 2009 Biological classification The legion , in Biology biological taxonomy , is a non obligatory taxonomic rank within the Linnaean taxonomy Linnaean hierarchy which is subordinate to the Class biology class but superordinate to the cohort biology cohort . It consists of a group of related Order biology order s and has been employed in some classifications of birds and mammals . Legions may be grouped into superlegions or subdivided into sublegions , and these again into infralegions . ref Full use is made of all of these along with cohorts and supercohorts in, for example, Mammal classification McKenna.2FBell classification McKenna and Bell s classification of mammals ref See also Mammal classification Notes reflist Taxonomic ranks Biology stub DEFAULTSORT Legion Biology Category Scientific classification Category Biology Category Botanical nomenclature fa ... more details
Catagenesis is an archaic term from evolutionary biology referring to evolutionary directions that were considered wiktionary retrogressive retrogressive . It was a term used in contrast to anagenesis , which in present usage denotes the evolution of a single population into a new form without branching lines of descent. Cladogenesis is the term used for branching lines of descent i.e., when the evolutionary origin of a new form is not accompanied by the disappearance of the ancestral form. See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology References Reflist evolution DEFAULTSORT Catagenesis Biology Category Evolutionary biology evolution stub es Catag nesis ... more details
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