isbn 0 486 61114 0 ref Allometry is a well known study, particularly in statistical shape analysis ... component analysis . Allometry often studies shape differences in terms of ratio s of the objects ... but the shapes are similar. Studies of ontogenetic allometry often use lizards or snakes as model ... to studies that focus on growth, allometry also examines shape variation among individuals of a given age and sex , which is referred to as static allometry. Comparisons of species are used to examine interspecific or evolutionary allometry see also Phylogenetic comparative methods . Isometric scaling ... SB title Allometry and Jumping in Frogs Helping the Twain to Meet journal Evolution volume 32 ... overbuilt when small or by changing proportions during growth, called allometry. Isometric scaling ... 0 521 31987 0 ref Allometry is often expressed in terms of a scaling exponent based on body mass. An isometrically ... to scale to mass to the 0.9 power, then this would be called negative allometry , as the values are smaller ... allometry . One example of positive allometry occurs among species of monitor lizards family Varanidae ... accepted to show negative allometry, scaling to mass to a power 0.75, known as Kleiber s law . This means ... to data, with applications to allometry url journal Journal of Theoretical Biology volume 138 issue ... location New York year 1983 isbn 0 7167 5000 7 cite book author Niklas, K. J. title Plant allometry ... Reiss, M. J. title The allometry of growth and reproduction publisher Cambridge University Press ... more details
Summary Original figure by Theodore Garland, Jr. Main source of data is Main source is Harcourt, A. H., P. H. Harvey, S. G. Larson, and R. V. Short. 1981. Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates. Nature 293 55 57. See also Harvey and Pagel 1991 figure 1.3 Licensing self GFDL cc by 3.0 ... more details
, Cybernetics and Complexity . Edited by Gerald Midgley. Sage Publications Ltd. 2003. 1986. Allometry in Biology, Allometry in Systems Science , in Proc. 30th SGSR, v. 1, ed. John Dillon, pp.D51 D61, SGSR ... Allometry , in Cybernetics and Systems 88, ed. R. Trappl, pp.123 130, Kluwer, Boston, 1988. Systems ... & Systems Allometry Says About General Systems Models of Evolution Emergence , Proceedings of the 34th ... more details
Karl J. Niklas born 1948 is the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor in the Department of Botany Plant Biology at Cornell University . ref name plantbio cite web url http www.plantbio.cornell.edu cals plbio directory faculty.cfm?netId kjn2 title Karl Joseph Niklas Faculty Page date 2007 publisher Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University accessdate 11 February 2010 ref He is best known for his work on plant biomechanics , allometry , and functional morphology, and for his long standing contributions to understanding plant evolutionary biology , particularly early land plant evolutionary diversification patterns and morphospaces. ref name templeton cite web url http www.templeton.org humble approach initiative Purpose in Evolution part8.html title Purpose in Evolution Participants publisher John Templeton Foundation accessdate 11 February 2010 ref Education Niklas completed his undergraduate studies at the City College of New York . He earned his Ph.D. in paleobiology from the University of Illinois in 1974. He carried out his post doctoral work at Birkbeck, University of London Birkbeck College in London as a Fulbright Program Fulbright Hays Fellow . ref name templeton Career Niklas was curator for the New York Botanical Garden. He joined the faculty at Cornell in 1978. In 1985 he was named full professor and appointed to his current chair in 2000. He is the author of over 290 peer reviewed scientific papers and three major books, all published by the University of Chicago Press . He is a member of the Botanical Society of America and served as its President 2008 2009 and Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Botany 1995 2004 . ref name templeton Selected works Books Plant Biomechanics , 1992 ISBN 978 0226586311 Plant Allometry The Scaling of Form and Process , 1994 ISBN 978 0226580814 ref name Klinkhamer cite journal last Klinkhamer first Peter G. L. date March 1995 title Plant allometry The scaling of form and process by Karl J. Niklas University of Chicago Pr ... more details
Orphan date February 2011 Allometric engineering is the process of experimentally shifting the allometry scaling relationships of a population. More specifically, the process of experimentally breaking the tight covariance evident among component traits of a complex phenotype by altering the variance of one trait relative to another. Typically, body size is one of the two traits. The measurements of the two traits are plotted against each other and the scaling relationship can be represented as math y m x b math Manipulations of this sort alter the scaling relationships either by shifting the intercept b , slope m or both to create novel variants see allometry for more details . These novel variants can then be tested for differences in performance or fitness. Through careful testing, one could sequentially test each component of a trait suite to determine how each part contributes to the function of the entire complex phenotype , and ultimately the fitness of the organism. This technique allows for comparison within or among biological groups which differ in size by adjusting morphology to match one another and comparing their performances. ref name sinervo cite journal author Sinervo, B. and Huey, R. year 1990 title Allometric Engineering An Experimental Test of the Causes of Interpopulational Differences in Performance pages 1106 1109 journal Science volume 248 doi 10.1126 science.248.4959.1106 url http faculty.washington.edu hueyrb pdfs SinervoScience1.pdf ref Application Allometric engineering has been used to test Lack s hypothesis in the lizard Sceloporus occidentalis . ref name sinervo In this study, two populations of the lizard differed in overall body size and land speed. Smaller southern lizards were faster than their northern relatives, but it was unknown if they were faster because they were smaller overall, or simply smaller limbs or some other factor. Each ... Allometry Phenotypic plasticity Cline Further reading Category Biology Category Physiology Category ... more details
Rensch s rule is an allometric law concerning the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism SSD and which sex is larger. Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism will increase with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decrease with increasing average body size when the female is the larger sex. Examples of phylogenetic lineages that appear to follow this rule include primates , pinnipeds , and artiodactyls . ref cite journal author Fairbairn, D.J. title Allometry for Sexual Size Dimorphism Pattern and Process in the Coevolution of Body Size in Males and Females journal Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. volume 28 issue 1 pages 659 687 year 1997 doi 10.1146 annurev.ecolsys.28.1.659 ref It was proposed by Bernhard Rensch in 1950. ref Rensch, B. 1950 . Die Abhangigkeit der relativen Sexualdifferenz von der Korpergrosse. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 1 58 69. ref biology stub References reflist Category Biological rules ru ... more details
Specific leaf area is defined as the ratio of leaf area to dry weight . ref cite journal url http aob.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract mci264v1 title Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves VILE et al., 10.1093 aob mci264 Annals of Botany doi 10.1093 aob mci264 publisher Aob.oxfordjournals.org date accessdate 2010 08 08 ref ref cite journal url http ejournal.sinica.edu.tw bbas content 2005 2 Bot462 05.html title Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of plants growing in sand dunes publisher Ejournal.sinica.edu.tw date accessdate 2010 08 08 ref ref cite journal url http publications.cirad.fr une notice.php?dk 481838 title Varietal differences in specific leaf area a common physiological determinant of tillering ability and early growth vigor ? Publications des agents du Cirad publisher Publications.cirad.fr date accessdate 2010 08 08 ref Application Specific leaf area can be used to estimate the reproductive strategy of a particular plant based upon light and moisture humidity levels, among other factors ref cite journal last Milla first R. coauthors Reich P. B. date 4 Apr 2008 title Environmental and developmental controls on specific leaf area are little modified by leaf allometry journal Functional Ecology volume 22 issue 4 pages 565 576 url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 120121905 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 accessdate Nov 3 2009 ref See also Canopy biology Hemispherical photography Leaf Area Index LiDAR Photosynthetically active radiation References reflist DEFAULTSORT Specific Leaf Area Category Plant anatomy botany stub ... more details
File Treeheightmodel.JPG thumb 330px right Tree height model module of fr Field Map Field Map Invnetory Analyst used to model missing tree heights. Dendrometry is the branch of botany that is concerned with the measurement of the various dimension s of tree s, such as their diameter , size , shape , age , overall volume , thickness of the bark , etc., as well as the statistics statistical properties of tree stands, including measures of central tendency and Biological dispersal dispersion of these quantities, wood density , or yearly growth , for instance. The most frequent measurements acquired in the field include the Diameter at Breast Height DBH the height of the tree the horizontal dimension of the Canopy biology canopy These key measurements are used to infer, through allometry allometric relations, other tree properties that may be of greater interest but are harder to measure directly, such as the quantity of commercial wood retrievable, or the amount of carbon sequestered in the plants. See also fr Field Map Field Map technology for dendrometric measurements References Grosenbaugh, L. R. 1980 Avoiding Dendrometry Bias When Trees Lean or Taper , Forest Science , Vol. 26 , No. 2, 203 215. Court Picon, M., C. Gadbin Henry, F. Guibal and M. Roux 2004 Dendrometry and morphometry of Pinus pinea L. in Lower Provence France adaptability and variability of provenances , Forest Ecology and Management , Vol. 194 , No. 1 3, 319 333. http www.eionet.europa.eu gemet concept?ns 1&cp 2070 Eionet GEMET Thesaurus Category Dendrology tree stub fr Dendrom trie it Dendrometria pl Dendrometria pt Dendrometria tr Dendrometri ... more details
locomotor physiology and ecology allometry phylogenetic comparative methods e.g., http mesquiteproject.org ... Garland et al 2011 exercise and obesity.pdf PDF See also Allometry Evolutionary physiology Experimental ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Pheidologeton diversus image GRF PheidologetonDiversus 01.jpg image caption P. diversus attacking a mealworm image width 250px regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera familia Formicidae subfamilia Myrmicinae tribus Solenopsidini genus Pheidologeton species P. diversus binomial Pheidologeton diversus binomial authority Thomas C. Jerdon Jerdon , 1851 synonyms Ocodoma diversa ref name jadg Pheidologeton diversus , common name East Indian harvesting ant , is a species of Pheidologeton marauder ant widely distributed throughout Asia . ref name jadg http ant.edb.miyakyo u.ac.jp E Taxo F41301.html Japanese Ant Database Group ref ref http www.myrmecos.net myrmicinae pheidologeton.html myrmecos.net Pheidologeton marauder ants ref ref name africa http antbase.org ants africa pheidologeton pheidologeton diversus pheidologeton diversus.htm The Ants of Africa Pheidologeton diversus Jerdon ref Description Image PheidologetonCastes.jpg 200px thumb left Allometry Allometric variation of the East Indian Harvesting Ant P. diversus is a Eusociality eusocial insect and individuals have continuous Allometry allometric variation in size and morphology biology morphology to facilitate Task allocation and partitioning of social insects task allocation and partitioning of work . Minor workers are between 1.3 and 2.5 mm in length, but major workers are much larger. Between the smallest minor and largest major workers there are many intermediate forms. The largest workers can have heads approximately 10 times larger than that of their smallest counterparts. The dry weight of a large major worker can be approximately 500 times heavier that of their smallest counterparts. These size related morphological differences correspond with their division of labor. For example, small, young, minor workers specialize in caring for the larva e but extend their activities as they grow older and increase in size. ref name jadg Minor workers have ye ... more details
require several reserves, as is required for autotroph s. the allometry body size scaling of life history ... , ammonia and imply rules for the covariation of parameter values across species allometry body ... be written as function of the maximum body size. See also Allometry Comparative physiology Evolutionary ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Pre clinical development is a stage of research that begins before clinical trial s testing in humans can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and safety also known as Good Laboratory Practice or GLP data is collected. The main goals of pre clinical studies also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies are to determine a product s ultimate safety profile. Products may include new or iterated or like kind medical devices, drugs, gene therapy solutions, etc. Each class of product may undergo different types of preclinical research. For instance, drugs may undergo pharmacodynamics PD , pharmacokinetics PK , ADME , and toxicity testing through in vivo animal testing . This data allows researchers to Allometry allometrically estimate a safe starting dose of the drug for clinical trial s in humans. Medical devices that do not have drug attached will not undergo these additional tests and may go directly to GLP testing for safety of the device and its components. Some medical devices will also undergo biocompatibility testing which helps to show whether a component of the device or all components are sustainable in a living model. Most pre clinical studies must adhere to Good Laboratory Practice s GLP in International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH Guidelines to be acceptable for submission to regulatory agencies such as the Food & Drug Administration in the United States. Typically, both in vitro and in vivo tests will be performed. Studies of a drug s toxicity include which organs are targeted by that drug, as well as if there are any long term carcinogenic effects or toxic effects on mammalian reproduction . The information collected from these studies is vital so that safe human testing can begin. Typically, in drug development studies animal testing involves two species. The most commonly used models are Murinae murine and B ... more details
allometry allometric relationships . Inventories Field Map system has been originally developed for the purpose ... Dendrometry Forest management REDD plus Silviculture Tree allometry References No footnotes ... more details
refined measurement than the raw brain to body mass ratio , as it takes into account allometry ... weber.ucsd.edu jmoore courses allometry allometry.html Allometry , University of California , San ... more details
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