Image ACRI.jpg thumb 200px right Sergeant 1st Class Cassius Williams instructs Senegal ese soldiers on United Nations U.N. peacekeeping policies during training for the African Crisis Response Initiative in Thi s , Senegal . The African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance ACOTA program, formerly the African Crisis Response Initiative ACRI , is a United States program to train military trainer s and equip Africa n national militaries to conduct peace support operations and humanitarian relief . The ACOTA program, which succeeded ACRI in 2004, aims to increase the capabilities of African militaries in areas such as human rights , interaction with civil society , international law , military staff skills, and small unit operations. Over 40,000 African soldiers will be trained in peacekeeping over five years. http georgewbush whitehouse.archives.gov news releases 2005 07 20050708 3.html The African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program has a record of supporting African militaries that have afterwards participated in peacekeeping or peace support activities in the continent. The program is funded by the US Department of State peacekeeping operations account. http www.state.gov r pa prs ps 2003 22237.htm Beneficiary countries Benin Burundi C te d Ivoire Ghana Kenya Malawi Mali Senegal Uganda References This article incorporates public domain text from US government websites. http www.globalsecurity.org military agency dod acri.htm GlobalSecurity.org http www.pentagon.mil news Apr1998 n04141998 9804141.html U.S. Trained African Forces Tool for Peace , Linda D. Kozaryn, American Forces Information Service Category Politics of Africa Category Military education and training in the United States Category Non combat military operations involving the United States Category Peacekeeping ... more details
orphan date December 2008 The Assistant Chief of Staff Operations and Training , abbreviated as ACOS Ops & Trg , is the head of the Staff Department for Operations and Training of the Belgium Belgian Ministry of Defence Belgium Ministry of Defence . He reports to the Chief of Defence Belgium Chief of Defence and is responsible for the training of the Military of Belgium Belgian Armed Forces and for its operations. The current ACOS Operations and Training is Lieutenant General Fr d ric Vandingenen. The ACOS Operations and Training advises the Chief of Defence in his capacity as commander of the intervention force and has the operational command over the Armed Forces, which he, in turn, delegates this to the commanders of the four components the Belgian Army Land Component , the Belgian Air Force Air Component , the Belgian Navy Naval Component and the Medical Component. He is assisted by two Major General s, the Deputy ACOS Operations and Planning, currently Major General Marc Compernol, and the Deputy ACOS Training and Support, currently Major General Philippe Martin. Category Military appointments of Belgium Belgium stub euro mil stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Coord 41.440 93.658 region US IA type landmark display title The Distributed Training Operations Center DTOC is the Iowa Air National Guard center for Distributed Mission Operations located in Des Moines, Iowa Des Moines , Iowa United States USA . Distributed Mission Operations, or DMO, is a component of the Air Force Training Transformation initiative. The center organizes DMO events primarily for Iowa Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command aviator pilot s. It enables pilots from throughout the United States and the world to train together in a virtual world for combat missions. The DTOC facilitates training between Iowa Air National Guard fighter pilots and warfighters in the U.S. Army, Air Force Reserve, Navy, and other forces. The National Guard and Reserve Equipment Report for Fiscal Year 2008, reports that the Air National Guard ANG established the first Distributed Warfare Detachment in the Air Force at the 132 FW to house the Distributed Training Operation Center DTOC . The DTOC s one of a kind capabilities and mission will grow to keep pace with the scope of Distributed Mission Operations DMO in the Air Force over the next four years. As the Guard s DMO lynchpin, the DTOC will provide the operational environment for a virtual battlespace linking a wide array of high fidelity flight and mission crew simulators. The DTOC is responsible for all network management, event control, scenario development, unit DMO scheduling, remote maintenance, remote instruction, and realistic threat insertion. In addition, the DTOC manages the distributed network called ARCNET. The Mission Training Engineering Center MTEC , collocated with the AF Research Laboratory Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL , Mesa, AZ, coordinates technology programs with AFRL, and acts as the engineering focal point for the ARC to exploit and transition leading edge technology into hardware or software solutions. Category Facilities of the United States Air Na ... more details
main Special Operations Capable The Special OperationsTraining Group , or SOTG , is a training section of the United States Marine Corps that provides Marine Expeditionary Force MEF commanders with training facilities and a liaison for Marine Expeditionary Units MEU . They also conduct special skills courses that trains Marines and Sailors, and other cross services as well. They participate in the MEUs Special Operations Capable Certification, by acting as the Training and Evaluation Board for the exercises and events during the MEU annual training cycles. Courses The SOTG curriculum contains ... of skills that are required to perform special operations . Scout Swimmer Course Teaches the difficulties ... DA operations, evasion and escape techniques, surveillance counter surveillance techniques and equipment, and urban communication procedures. Training will focus on reconnaissance in support of special operations and conventional missions with specific emphasis on urban operations. This course provides ... and acquisition while conducting Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain operations in urbanized areas ..., dwellings, and other man made facilities that are listed in the training curriculum. Students ... operations. In addition, students gain the qualifications to provide related instructions to other ... that consists of mountaineering skills, mountain physical endurance training, multi pitch climbs ... missions. It outlines training of coxswain s for safe insertions of a raid force from ship to shore ... spaces of the Shooting House . Security Element Training Course This course is designed ... of the Maritime Special Purpose Force Assault Element Assault Element . The training of this platoon ... raid and reconnaissance missions. The training also teaches courses of instructions on how to move ... course. Helicopter Rope Suspension Training HRST Masters Course Teaches students on how to rig ... Special Operations Capable Forces References reflist Category Military units and formations of the United ... more details
Infobox Company company name SAPO company logo Image SAPONET LOGO.png company type company slogan foundation location flagicon RSA Durban key people num employees 4,800 revenue R3.5 bn 2006 industry Port management products Port management service homepage http www.saponet.co.za SAPO operates 13 Dock maritime terminals in 6 South African port s. It is the port management division of Transnet , the South African transport giant. Operations List of ports Cape Town Durban the largest port in Africa according to the company s website East London, South Africa East London Port Elizabeth Richards Bay Saldanha Bay handles South Africa s iron ore exports. The new port of Ngqura , at Coega , 20 km northeast of Port Elizabeth, scheduled to open in 2006 , is funded by Transnet and operated by SAPO. SAPO operates in four sectors automotive , Containerization container , break bulk and bulk . A detailed description of the company s operational organization is written at its website s http www.saponet.co.za sa terminals.asp SA Terminals section. The company has budgeted R1.5 bn for improvements in its 2007 fiscal year , according to the operational report at Transnet. As of 2009 the company has rebranded as Transnet Port Terminals with new logo. External links http www.transnet.co.za AR 2006 ops saposrt.html SAPO s Operational Report at the Transnet site http www.ports.co.za coega.php South Africa s Ports and Ships website report on the new port of Ngqura http www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net Transnet National Ports Authority Category Transport operators of South Africa Category Transnet Category Government of South Africa Category Port operating companies Category Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean SouthAfrica stub ... more details
Image cpatt.jpg thumb right The Civilian Police AssistanceTraining Team or CPATT is a multinational advisory team operating within the US led coalition in Iraq to rebuild the Iraqi Police . Its officially stated mission is In partnership with the Iraqi government, the Civilian Police AssistanceTraining Team CPATT assists in the development of the Ministry of Interior, MoI , and its Forces in order to contribute to the defeat of insurgency and to create a safe and secure Iraq in which the government can establish democratic rule of law. Organization CPATT is commanded by US Major General Michael Jones and is headquartered in the International Zone, Green Zone , in Baghdad . It is one of three training teams which are part of MNSTC I Multi National Security Transition Command. Unsourced image removed Image IPlog.jpg CPATT is a subordinate command to the Multi National Security Transition Command Iraq MNSTC I that was started by General David Petraeus during the start of the Iraq war. In executing its duties, CPATT funnels its funds into its stated mission to man, train, and equip the civil security forces of the Ministry of Interior Iraq Ministry of Interior in Iraq . This includes the Iraqi Police Service, the Department of Border Enforcement, the National Police and additional specialized units. The coalition civilian police personnel consist mainly of two groups. The International Police Liaison Officers IPLOs who are contracted directly through the US Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs INL and the International Police Trainers IPTs who are contracted through the US Department of Justice . The United Kingdom provides trainers ... for the Iraqi police that had been achieved by the Coalition Military AssistanceTraining Team CMATT ... the training needs of the Iraqi police . The first civilian entity known as the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance ORHA , which was headed by retired US Army Lieutenant ... more details
POV date June 2008 update date November 2010 The Coalition Military AssistanceTraining Team CMATT was a section of the Multi National Security Transition Command Iraq MNSTC I that was responsible for organizing, training and equipping of the New Iraqi Army Iraqi Army . CMATT had plans to stand up nine infantry brigades in three divisions, a coastal defense force, and lay the framework of an aviation arm of the military. Among CMATT s goals were developing a force that was under political control, accountable to the nation, and defensive in capability Additionally, CMATT advisors developed and stood up a number of military school houses dedicated to Infantry, logistics, administration, medical services, signal, and military police. Dissolution It has now since been dissolved and has passed on the responsibility of training the Iraqi Security Forces to the Multi National Security Transition Command Iraq. This is due to their strategy of developing US style mechanized divisions to defend the country from invasion from its surrounding neighbors invaders rather than developing the necessary security forces to protect the Iraqi population from criminals and insurgents. http reform.house.gov UploadedFiles Sepp 20Testimony.pdf External articles John Pike, http www.globalsecurity.org military world iraq iraq corps.htm Iraqi Military Reconstruction . GlobalSecurity.org, 2005. Wright and Reese, On Point II, p. 433 434, Combat Studies Institute Press, Ft Leavenworth, KS, 2008 Category Multinational force involved in the Iraq War mil unit stub ... more details
The Northwest AfricanTraining Command NATC was a sub command of the Northwest African Air Forces NAAF which itself was a sub command of the Mediterranean Air Command MAC . These new Allies of World War II Allied air force organizations were created at the Casablanca Conference in January of 1943 to promote cooperation between the British Royal Air Force RAF , the American United States Army Air Force USAAF , and their respective ground and naval forces in the North African and Mediterranean Theater of Operations MTO . Effective February 18, 1943, the NATC and other MAC commands existed until December 10, 1943 when MAC was disbanded and the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces MAAF were established. ref Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 2, Chicago, Illinois ..., Washington, DC., 1991. ref BR BR Northwest AfricanTraining Command BR Brigadier General John Cannon class wikitable NATC Trained Units Training Dates Assignment 14th Fighter Group February 18 March 14, 1943 Northwest African Strategic Air Force NASAF 27th Fighter Group February 18 May 27, 1943 Northwest African Tactical Air Force NATAF 2nd Bomb Group 2nd Bombardment Group April, 1943 Northwest African Strategic Air Force NASAF 86th Fighter Group 86th Bomber Group Dive May 11 June 29, 1943 Northwest African Tactical Air Force NATAF 99th Fighter Squadron 99th Pursuit Squadron Northwest African Tactical Air Force NATAF 154th Reconnaissance Squadron 154th Weather Reconnaissance BR Squadron ... John Cannon organized and commanded NATC to provide pre combat flight training for new pilots and crews ... effective training period prior to their ultimate combat assignments. Some of the groups trained ... To establish an effective training command, Cannon and Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz , commander of Northwest African Air Forces NAAF , arranged a meeting with the Commanding General of the United ... Base, Alabama, 2001. ref In 1942, Colonel Charles D. Jones was General Cannon s Assistant A 3 Operations ... more details
The United States Air Force Special OperationsTraining Center AFSOTC is located at Hurlburt Field , Florida. It works under the supervision of the Air Force Special Operations Command AFSOC Its primary ... units. ref Factsheets Air Force Special OperationsTraining Center. Air Force Special Operations ... Leadership The current commander of the Air Force Special OperationsTraining Center is Colonel Mark ... ref History Overview The Training Center was set up on October 6, 2008. ref New Spec Ops Training ... news 2008 10 airforce afsoc training 101808 . ref It was designed to consolidate the strengths of active duty, reserve, and Air National Guard units to form an integrated team dedicated to training Airmen and turning them into Air Commandos. Many units and squadrons make up the Training Center. These include The United States Air Force Special Operations School USAFSOS , Special Tactics Training Squadron, 5th Special Operations Squadron , 19th Special Operations Squadron , 551st Special Operations Squadron, 745th Special Operations Squadron, and a Language Center. ref Factsheets Air Force Special OperationsTraining Center. Air Force Special Operations Command Home. Web. 11 September 2010. http www.afsoc.af.mil library factsheets factsheet.asp?id 14252 . ref In its short history, the Training .... ref Special Operations Command officials host physical ability stamina test for special tactics ... annual budget, the training center utilizes state of the art simulators, cutting edge curriculum, and world class instructors to meet the Air Force s training needs. ref Air Force Special Operations Command AFSOTC. Air Force Special Operations Command Home. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. http www.afsoc.af.mil afsotc . ref The Special Operations personnel trained at the center include Pararescuemen, Combat Controllers, and Special Operations Weathermen. ref Special Operations Command officials host physical ... N, Mi 17 , C 130E , AC 130 , MC 130W , RC 26 aircrews. ref Air Force Special Operations Command AFSOTC ... more details
Campaignbox South African Border War This List of operations of the South African Border War details the military operation s conducted by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War Operation Savannah Angola Operation Savannah 1975 Operation Bruilof 1978 Operation Seiljag 1978 Operation Reindeer 1978 Operation Rekstok 1979 Operation Safraan 1979 Operation Sceptic Smokeshell 1980 Operation Vastrap July 1980 Operation Klipklop 1980 Operation Vasbyt 1981 Operation Konyn 1981 Operation Carnation 1981 Operation Protea 1981 Operation Daisy 1981 Operation Kerslig 1981 Operation Super 1982 Operation Meebos 1982 Operation Drama 1983 Operation Phoenix 1983 Operation Askari 1983 Operation Boswilger Operation Cabinda Operation Argon 1985 Operation Wallpaper Operation Alpha Centauri 1986 Operation Modular 1987 Operation Hooper 1988 Operation Packer 1988 Operation Prone 1988 Operation Vuiswys 1988 Operation Displace 1989 Operation Linger 1989 Operation Agree 1989 SouthAfrica mil stub Category Battles and operations of the South African Border War Category Lists of battles South African Border Wars ... more details
unreferenced date February 2007 The Asian African Association for Plasma poo , or AAAPT , is an organization network founded on 7 June 1988 to provide facilities for Plasma physics plasma research by small research and development research groups in developing world developing countries . Originally, it consisted of nineteen institutions from 12 countries, but it has now grown to 41 institutions from 23 countries. The AAAPT http eprints.ictp.it 273 is an affiliated network of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP , receiving funding for its collaborative activities. Assistance in the form of travel and other fellowships had also been received from the Third World Academy of Sciences TWAS , UNESCO and several other organisations. The bulk of the contributions for its activities had come from the scientists from the member institutions in terms of expertise, time and effort and from the member institutions, in terms of infrastructural support. Activities Since its formation its primary success has been the coordination of the United Nations University International Centre for Theoretical Physics Plasma Fusion Facility UNU ICTP PFF network http eprints.ictp.it 31 which carries out research on 12 UNU ICTP Dense Plasma Focus systems in 9 countries. The UNU ICTP PFF was developed during a UNU Training Programme on Laser and Plasma Technology in 1985 86 http www.unu.edu capacitybuilding Pg microproc UNU ICTP PFF.html at the University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur ... to this and subsequent training program, new plasma focus laboratories were started at Delhi University ... of the AAAPT s training project using the UNU ICTP PFF has spread to plasma focus laboratories ... 37 training activities, conferences, workshops and satellite meetings and coordinated numerous scientific ... Linear Theta Pinch Package Altogether 32 packages of equipment were transferred in the equipment assistance ... is Advisor to the AAAPT. External Links United Nations University Plasma and Laser Training Programmes ... more details
Summary Information Description 05 01 1989 Sergeant 1st Class G. Simon III, from Headquarters, Jungle Operations Training Center, instructs soldiers using M249 squad automatic weapons on a quick fire range. Source https dams.defenseimagery.mil defenselink assetcolcreate.action?name previewcol&id a52a9d83a4f085e9c5d47b056dc58f06fc675c33&scope request&nextpage vims dlink preview.jsp Date 1 May 1989 Author N A Permission Public Domain, U.S. Army photograph other versions N A Licensing PD USGov Military ... more details
For the play of this title, see The Contingency Plan . A contingency plan is a plan devised for a specific situation when things could go wrong. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses who want to be prepared for anything that could happen. Business and government contingency plans need to include planning for marketing to gain stakeholder support and understanding. Stakeholders need to be kept informed of the reasons for any changes, the vision of the end result and the proposed plan for getting there. The level of stakeholders importance and influence should be considered when determining the amount of marketing required, the timescales for implementation and completion, and the overall effectiveness of the plan. If time permits, input and consultation from the most influential stakeholders should be incorporated into the building of any contingency plan as without acceptance from these people any plan will at best encounter limited success. During times of crisis, contingency plans are often developed to explore and prepare for any eventuality. During the Cold war , many governments made contingency plans to protect themselves and their citizens from Nuclear warfare nuclear attack . Examples of contingency plans designed to inform citizens of how to survive a nuclear attack are the booklets Survival Under Atomic Attack , Protect and Survive , and Fallout Protection , which were issued by the British and American governments. Today there are still contingency ... of Standards and Technology has published a contingency planning guide for Information Technology Systems 2002 . ref http csrc.nist.gov publications nistpubs 800 34 rev1 sp800 34 rev1.pdf NIST IT Contingency Planning Guide ref In the United States In the United Sates, the Contingency Plans are industrial regulatory requirements for all HAZMAT operations. The United States Environmental Protection ... Contingency Plan ref http www.epa.gov oerrpage superfund programs er hazsubs contplan.htm Contingency ... more details
wikt Assistance may refer to Aid Assistance Bay Assistance dog Consular assistance Development assistance Directory assistance Financial assistance disambiguation General Assistance HMS Assistance , a ship Humanitarian assistance Judicial assistance Operation Assistance Operator assistance Roadside assistance Social assistance , welfare Travel assistance User Assistance Virtual assistance Wind assistance Windows Remote Assistance Writ of assistance Groups and organizations American Student Assistance Civil Assistance , 1970s British civil defence group Polish Assistance See also Aide disambiguation lookfrom intitle Assist disambiguation Assistant disambiguation Help disambiguation dab fr Assistance ... more details
for use in management theory Contingency theory Contingency management is a type of treatment used in the mental ..., contingency management emerged from the behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis traditions in mental health. By most evaluations, contingency management procedures produce one of the largest ... and related services? Teaching Exceptional Children, 29, 4 9. ref Token economies One form of contingency ... 1975 . Achievement place The training and certification of teaching parents . In W.S. Wood Ed. , Issues ... of stuttering. ref Ryan, B.P. 2004 Contingency Management and Stuttering in Children, The Behavior ... in addiction treatment Another form of contingency management is voucher programs. In voucher based contingency management patients earn vouchers exchangeable for retail items contingent upon objectively .... This particular form of contingency management was introduced in the early 1990s as a treatment for cocaine .... J. Subst Abuse Treat . ref Medication take home privileges is another form of contingency management ... . In behavior therapy , behavior modification , and applied behavior analysis , contingency ... employed as a form of contingency management system. Level systems are designed such that once ... A recent meta analysis of contingency management in drug programs showed that it has a large effect ... . Meta analysis of day treatment and contingency management dismantling research Birmingham Homeless ... L, Hebert M, Penk WE, Petry NM, Rosenheck R, Rounsaville B. 2007 . Adding contingency management .... , 44 6 851 66 ref ref Ghitza UE, Epstein DH, Preston KL. Nov. 17 2007 Contingency management reduces ... contingency management intervention on coping behaviors and PTSD symptom reduction in cocaine addicted homeless. J Trauma Stress. , 20 4 565 75. ref Overall contingency management has been ... JL, Petry NM. 2007 . Clinic variation in the cost effectiveness of contingency management. Am J Addict. , 16 6 , 457 60 ref Organizations Contingency management is a behavior therapy technique. Many organizations ... more details
The Contingency Plan is the overall title of a pair of plays by the British playwright Steve Waters . It premiered from 22 April to 6 June 2009 at the Bush Theatre , with a cast including Geoffrey Streatfeild . It consists of On the Beach , dealing with the relationship between a father and son pair of climate scientists, and Resilience , in which the son from the first play takes up a post in a new Tory government. Both are set in a future United Kingdom in which global warming is about to cause massive flooding. External links http www.bushtheatre.co.uk production the contingency plan Official site DEFAULTSORT Contingency Plan, The category 2009 plays category Climate change plays category British plays play stub ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2007 Contingency markets are markets where contract s are made to exchange funds contingent upon an event or combination of events or contingencies thereof. Difference from prediction markets Prediction market s are a subset of contingency markets and specialise in independent future events and are often exploited for the predictive side effect they produce. Complex contingencies only tend to occur in the gambling industry s implementations of prediction markets. Unlike prediction markets, contingency markets also support dependent future events. These are A priori and a posteriori a priori directly influenced or controlled by those interested in a particular outcome of an event. External links http www.contingencymarket.com www.contingencymarket.com a web service, currently in development, intended to provide a trading system enabling financial exchanges contingent upon public events. See also Insurance Threshold pledge Assurance contracts Betting exchange Preorder Economy Category Prediction markets ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Contingency sponsorship is a common form of after the fact sponsorship whereby racers place stickers on their vehicles from companies that post monetary awards to race teams for winning, in exchange for visibility and the right to use images of the driver and their car in promotional literature and advertising. Common in auto racing contingency sponsorships are generally arrangements where a sponsor commercial sponsor typically a company manufacturer offers prize money to winning drivers who use their products or display their decals on their vehicles. ref http www.driftsession.com drifting sponsorship.htm ref Image ContingencyDecals.jpg In NASCAR and other major racing series, the front side panels are mottled with mostly rectangular stickers, or contingency decals , that teams are either required or financially encouraged to place there. ref http sports.espn.go.com rpm nascar icons news story?id 3315850 ref References reflist Category Auto racing marketing stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent dependent upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Max Weber Weber s bureaucracy and Frederick Winslow Taylor Taylor s scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment the contingency factors. There could not be one best way for leadership or organization. Historically, contingency theory has sought to formulate broad generalizations about the formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different technologies. The perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward 1958 , who argued that technologies directly determine differences in such organizational attributes as span of control, centralization of authority, and the formalization of rules and procedures. Gareth Morgan in his book, Special BookSources 978 1412939799 Images of Organization describes the main ideas underlying contingency in a nutshell Organizations are open systems that need careful management to satisfy and balance internal needs and to adapt to environmental circumstances There is no one best way of organizing. The appropriate form depends on the kind of task or environment one is dealing ... contingency model contingency model focused on individual leadership. William Richard Scott describes contingency theory in the following manner The best way to organize depends on the nature of the environment ... in the impact of contingency factors on organizational structure. Their structural contingency theory .... DEFAULTSORT Contingency Theory Category Management Category Organizational studies and human resource ... more details
developments and changes within the scope, and variations in market and environmental conditions. Contingency ... thinks contingency money is fat that is not needed if a project team does its job well, it is a controversial topic. In general, there are four classes of methods used to estimate contingency. . ref .... The difference between the cost estimate without contingency, and the selected cost from the distribution is contingency. For more information, AACE International has catalogued many professional ..., Contingency , 2nd Edition, AACE International, Morgantown WV, 2007. ref Contingency is included in budgets as a control account. As risks occur on a project, and money is needed to pay for them, the contingency ... for cost contingency. References references DEFAULTSORT Cost Contingency Category Cost ... more details
In statistics , a contingency table also referred to as cross tabulation or cross tab is often used to record ... frequency distribution of the variables in a matrix mathematics matrix format. The term contingency table was first used by Karl Pearson in On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association ... underlying the variables contained in high dimensional contingency tables. If some of the Conditional ... title Lectures on Contingency Tables year 2002 url http www.stats.ox.ac.uk steffen papers cont.pdf , then even ... can be expressed easily from the contingency table by the relative frequencies. Example Suppose that we ... in handedness. A contingency table can be created to display the numbers of individuals who .... Such a contingency table is shown below. center class wikitable Right handed Left handed Totals Males ... number of individuals represented in the contingency table, is the number in the bottom right ... of individuals in the different columns vary significantly between rows or vice versa , we say that there is a contingency .... If there is no contingency, we say that the two variables are independent . The example above is the simplest kind of contingency table, a table in which each variable has only two levels this is called a 2 x 2 contingency table. In principle, any number of rows and columns may be used. There may also be more than two variables, but higher order contingency tables are difficult to represent ... also be represented in contingency tables, although such a practice is rare. Measures of association ... 2 tables , the contingency coefficient C , and Cram r s V . C suffers from the disadvantage that it does ... the maximum it can reach in a 4 4 table is 0.870. It can reach values closer to 1 in contingency ... a contingency table from sampling data. TPL Tables is a tool for generating and printing cross tabs. The iterative proportional fitting procedure essentially manipulates contingency tables to match ... be used in dealing with contingency tables. References reflist Andersen, Erling B. 1980. Discrete ... more details
A contingencies fund or contingency fund is a fund for emergencies or unexpected outflows, mainly economic crisis economic crises . History In the early part of the nineteenth Century the Civil Contingencies Fund was created in the United Kingdom . It is held by the Treasury , and its use is regulated by the Miscellaneous Financial Provisions Act 1946 ref http www.statutelaw.gov.uk content.aspx?LegType All Legislation&searchEnacted 0&extentMatchOnly 0&confersPower 0&blanketAmendment 0&sortAlpha 0&PageNumber 0&NavFrom 0&parentActiveTextDocId 1089598&ActiveTextDocId 1089598&filesize 16480 ref . It may be used for urgent expenditure in anticipation that the money will be approved by Parliament, or for small payments that were not included in the year s budget estimates. The Contingencies Fund Act 1974 sets the size of the fund as two percent of the amount of the government budget in the preceding year. ref http www.statutelaw.gov.uk content.aspx?LegType All Primary&PageNumber 56&NavFrom 2&parentActiveTextDocId 1222914&ActiveTextDocId 1222914&filesize 7062 ref When Parliament votes to approve the urgent expenditure, the monies are repaid into the Contingencies Fund. As Parliament is effectively forced to approve actions ex post facto after they ve happened , the Treasury s use of the fund is actually scrutinised in detail by the Public Accounts Committee . European Union The European Union plans vast contingency fund, racing to contain crisis. ref http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2010 05 09 AR2010050901146.html ref Spain In Spain, the contingency fund is used in economic crisis for public work and similar stimulus package stimulus activities . There is social security contingencies fund called reserve fund, to pay pension s. See also wiktionary American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Keynes Social security Notes reflist References http definitions.uslegal.com c contingency fund Category Economic crises Category Public finance Econ stub ... more details
In philosophy and logic , contingency is the status of proposition s that are neither true under every possible interpretation logic valuation i.e. tautology logic tautologies nor false under every possible valuation i.e. contradiction s . A contingent proposition is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false. Propositions that are contingent may be so because they contain logical connective s which, along with the truth value of any of its atomic sentence atomic parts, determine the truth value of the proposition. This is to say that the truth value of the proposition is contingent upon the truth values of the sentences which comprise it. Contingent propositions depend on the fact s, whereas analytic proposition s are true without regard to any facts about which they speak. Along with contingent propositions, there are at least three other classes of propositions, some of which overlap Tautology logic Tautological propositions, which must be true, no matter what the circumstances are or could be example The sky is blue or it is not the case that the sky is blue. . Contradiction s which must necessarily be untrue, no matter what the circumstances are or could be example It s raining and it s not raining. . Possible worlds Possible propositions, which are true or could have been true given certain circumstances examples x y 4 There are only three planets ..., are also possible propositions. Contingency and relativism in rhetoric Attempts in the past by philosophers ... problems, and the consequences of each solution. This again raises the question of contingency ... of the others. ref Gaonkar, Dilip Parameshwar. Contingency and Probability. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric ... with the audience is constrained by time. The study of contingency and relativism as it pertains ... Fish are leading theorists in this area of study at the intersection of rhetoric and contingency. References references Also see Michael Shermer, Glorious Contingency, Metanexus Net http www.metanexus.net ... more details
primary sources date March 2011 The Kampala Convention The Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa, known as the Kampala Convention, was adopted in October 2009. To date it has been signed by 31 of the 53 member states of the African Union , but has only been ratified by 5. The treaty must be ratified by 15 states for it to enter into force. The Convention addresses internal displacement caused by armed conflict, natural disasters and large scale development projects. Article 5 4 specifically establishes state responsibilities for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons, whose displacement is the result of natural or human made disasters, including climate change . External links Text of the Kampala Convention http www.au.int en content african union convention protection and assistance internally displaced persons africa Further information from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre http www.internal displacement.org kampala convention Category African Union ... more details
otheruses Image Christer Fuglesang underwater EVA simulation for STS 116.jpg thumb An astronaut in training ... training refers to the acquisition of knowledge , skill s, and Competence human resources competencies ... or polytechnics . In addition to the basic training required for a Trade profession trade , Employment ... alt today the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications to maintain, upgrade and update ... to this sort of training as professional development . Some commentators use a similar term for workplace learning to improve performance training and development . One can generally categorize such training as on the job or off the job On the job training takes place in a normal working situation .... On the job training has a general reputation as most effective for vocational work. Off the job training takes place away from normal work situations implying that the employee does not count as a directly productive worker while such training takes place. Off the job training has the advantage that it allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly on the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective Citation needed date February 2008 in inculcating concepts and ideas. Training differs from exercise in that people may dabble in exercise as an occasional activity for fun. Training has specific goals of improving one s capability , Wiktionary capacity , and performance disambiguation performance . Compare Education Learning Types of training Physical training File Training drill, St Kilda FC 01.jpg thumb 350px The Australian Football League club St Kilda Football Club St Kilda take part in a ball handling training drill prior to the 2009 AFL Grand Final Physical training concentrates on mechanistic goals training programs in this area develop specific skills or muscles, often with a view to peaking at a particular time. Some physical training programs focus on raising overall physical fitness . In military use, training means gaining the physical ... more details
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