Ref improve date November 2010 Affirming the consequent , sometimes called converse error , is a formal fallacy , committed by reasoning in the argument form form If P , then Q . Q . Therefore, P . An argument of this form is validity invalid , i.e., the conclusion can be false even when statements 1 and 2 are true. Since P was never asserted as the only sufficient condition for Q , other factors could account for Q while P was false . The name affirming the consequent derives from the premise Q , which affirms consequent the then clause of the indicative conditional conditional premise. Examples One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example If Bill Gates owns United States Bullion Depository Fort Knox , then he is rich. Bill Gates is rich. Therefore, Bill Gates owns Fort Knox. Owning Fort Knox is not the only way to be rich. There are any number of other ways to be rich. Arguments of the same form can sometimes seem superficially convincing, as in the following example If I have the flu , then I have a sore throat . I have a sore throat. Therefore, I have the flu. But having the flu is not the only cause of a sore throat since many illnesses cause sore throat, such as the common cold or strep throat . The following is a more subtle version of the fallacy embedded into conversation. A All Republican Party United States Republicans are gun control against gun control . B That s not true. My uncle s against gun control and he s not a Republican. B attempts to falsify A s Logical conditional conditional statement if Republican then against gun control by providing evidence he believes would contradict its implication. However, B s example of his uncle does not contradict ... http www.fallacyfiles.org afthecon.html Affirming the Consequent in The Fallacy Files Refend Formal fallacy logic stub date November 2008 DEFAULTSORT Affirming The Consequent Category Propositional ... more details
Other uses Consequence disambiguation Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A consequent is the second half of a hypothetical proposition . In the standard form of such a proposition, it is the part that follows then . Examples If P, then Q. Q is the consequent of this hypothetical proposition. If X is a mammal, then X is an animal. Here, X is an animal is the consequent. If computers can think, then they are alive. They are alive is the consequent. The consequent in a hypothetical proposition is not necessarily a consequence of the Antecedent logic antecedent . If monkeys are purple, then fish speak Klingon . Fish speak Klingon is the consequent here, but intuitively is not a consequence of nor does it have anything anything to do with the claim made in the antecedent that monkeys are purple . See also Antecedent logic Category Logic Logic stub nl Gevolg ru sv Konsekvent zh ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 The logical fallacy of affirming a disjunct also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct occurs when a deductive logic deductive argument takes the following logical form A or B A Therefore, it is not the case that B Or in logical operators math p vee q math math p math math vdash math math q math Where math vdash math denotes a logical assertion . Explanation The fallacy lies in concluding that one disjunction disjunct must be false because the other disjunct is true in fact they may both be true. This results from or being defined inclusively rather than exclusively. Affirming the disjunct should not be confused with the valid form known as the disjunctive syllogism . Example The following argument indicates the invalidity of affirming a disjunct Max is a cat or Max is a mammal. Max is a cat. Therefore, Max is not a mammal. This inference is invalid. If Max is a cat then Max is also a mammal. Remember or is defined in an inclusive sense not an exclusive sense. See also Exclusive disjunction Logical disjunction Syllogistic fallacy External links http www.fallacyfiles.org afonedis.html Fallacy files affirming a disjunct Formal fallacy Category Propositional fallacies Category Syllogistic fallacies fr Affirmation d une disjonction he ja ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Portal Anglicanism Affirming Catholicism is a movement operating in several provinces of the Anglican Communion , most notably in the United Kingdom UK , Ireland , the United States where it is known as Affirming Anglican Catholicism or AAC and Canada. The movement represents a liberal strand of Anglo Catholicism and is particularly noted for holding that Anglo Catholic belief and practice is compatible with the ordination of women . It also generally supports ordination into the threefold ministry bishop s, priest s, deacon s regardless of gender or sexual orientation . ref citebook title Evangelicals Etcetera Conflict and Conviction in the Church of England s Parties author Kelvin Randall year 2005 publisher Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. isbn 0 7546 5215 7 pages 42 url http books.google.com books?id e9i 3s 0cgwC&pg PA42&ots uM3KzAA8Pc&dq 22Affirming Catholicism 22&as brr 3&ie ISO 8859 1&output html&sig g vOVGOIHqHfpDZaQeDeT0lVSBA ref The movement was formalised on 9 June 1990 at St Alban s Church Holborn in London by a number of Anglo Catholic clergy in the Diocese of London who had been marginalised within, or expelled from, existing Anglo Catholic groups because of their support for women s ordination to the priesthood. It developed a theological stance which was staunchly liberal in matters of inclusivity but traditionally Catholic in matters of liturgy and the centrality and theology of the sacrament s whilst believing that traditional restrictions on who may receive them should be re examined. Prominent supporters include the Archbishop of Canterbury ... have served on the executive committee of British Irish Affirming Catholicism in recent years ... External links http www.affirmingcatholicism.org.uk Affirming Catholicism UK http affirmingcatholicism.org index.html Affirming Catholicism USA http www.cdsp.edu mgrau courses hsst2189 studweb WebsitesFall01 ... Christianity in the United Kingdom Category Anglo Catholicism fr Affirming Catholicism ... more details
LGBT issues and Christianity Open and Affirming ONA is an official designation of congregations and other settings within the United Church of Christ UCC denomination affirming the full inclusion of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender persons LGBT in that setting s life and ministry. The Open and Affirming program is administered by the UCC Coalition for LGBT Concerns, which supports congregations and other church settings as they consider adoption of an ONA covenant and maintains the official list of ONA settings. The Coalition encourages UCC congregations, campus ministries, seminaries, regional bodies and other communities to engage their members in serious study of sexual orientation and gender identity and to declare publicly their full welcome and inclusion of LGBT people. With more than 900 congregations, the UCC s ONA program is the largest of several LGBT welcoming church movements in U.S. and Canadian churches. History In 1985 the United Church of Christ s General Synod adopted the Open and Affirming ONA resolution, encouraging UCC congregations to welcome or consider welcoming gay, lesbian, and bisexual members into their life and programs. Following subsequent General Synod resolutions affirming transgender members of the church, the welcome was extended so that, today, an ONA covenant typically welcomes members of any sexual orientation or gender identity and expression. The 1985 resolution had no legislative authority over individual congregations, which are autonomous ... UCC congregations and other settings are listed as officially Open and Affirming as of February 2011 ..., Open and Affirming , and Accessible to All A Church where everyone is welcome In reaction ... have identified themselves as Faithful and Welcoming by affirming the Lexington Confession named ... and Affirming movement. Only ten percent of UCC churches have officially adopted the ONA perspective ... view&id 640&Itemid 54 UC news history of ONA DEFAULTSORT Open And Affirming Category United Church ... more details
baptist The Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists AWAB is a group consisting of Baptist individuals, organizations, and congregations that are committed to advocating and encouraging the full inclusion of lesbian , gay , bisexuality bisexual and transgender persons in the lives and ministries of Baptist churches. It is one of many LGBT welcoming church movements to emerge in American Christianity in the 1980s. File AWAB Logo Small.png left AWAB was established by about ten congregations in 1993 during that year s ABCUSA Biennial in San Jose, California. It grew out of a group called http www.rainbowbaptists.org ambaptists.htm American Baptists Concerned for Sexual Minorities , which was founded in 1972 and which merged with AWAB in 2003. As of 2009 AWAB had 75 member congregations. These congregations are affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA , the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America , the Alliance of Baptists , and the United Church of Christ . Informal partners of AWAB include the Roger Williams Fellowship, the Coalition for Baptist Principles, and Baptists without Borders. In addition to the member congregations and informal partner organizations, AWAB has a number of local affiliated groups, member organizations, one member seminary and hundreds of individual members in all parts of the United States. Beyond Baptist circles, AWAB cooperates ecumenically with welcoming and affirming organizations in other Christian denominations and faith traditions. AWAB is partners in the Institute of Welcoming Resources and publishes a quarterly newsletter, The InSpiriter and an email newsletter, Associational . The national offices of AWAB are in Kensington ... Francisco, CA. See also Portal LGBT LGBT affirming churches Pullen Memorial Baptist Church Raleigh ... Austin, Texas External links http wabaptists.org Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists ... Of Welcoming And Affirming Baptists Category Baptist organizations Category Homosexuality and Baptist ... more details
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming denominations in Judaism also called gay affirming are Jewish religious groups that welcome LGBT members and do not consider homosexuality to be a sin . They include both entire Jewish denomination s, as well as individual synagogue s. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members. Denominations Conservative Judaism Conservative Judaism in North America Mixed support Reform Judaism North America Reform Judaism in North America Reconstructionist Judaism Humanistic Judaism Individual congregations http www.narayever.com First Narayever Congregation Toronto, Ontario, Canada http www.betmish.org Bet Mishpachah Washington, D.C. ref name DC http lgbt.dc.gov lgbt cwp view,a,3,q,554396,lgbtNav, 7C32273 7C.asp Affirming Churches, Synagogues, and Religious Groups , District of Columbia ref Fabrangen Havurah Washington, D.C. ref name DC http www.shaarzahav.org Congregation Sha har Zahav San Francisco, California http www.cbst.org Congregation Beit Simchat Torah New York, New York Denomination sanctioned programmes http www.huc.edu ijso inclusion Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation Reform Judaism Unofficial programmes Keshet Rabbis Conservative Judaism Hod Organization Hod Orthodox Judaism Bat Kol Orthodox Judaism Programmes not affiliated with any particular denomination Keshet organization Keshet Jewish Mosaic http www.nehirim.org Nehirim http www.gaygevalt.com GayGevalt LGBT Jewish Calendar http www.havruta.org.il Havruta Religious Gays See also Portal box LGBT Homosexuality and Judaism References references External links http www.huc.edu ijso inclusion Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation of Hebrew Union College Reform Judaism Religion and LGBT issues LGBT state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Lgbt Affirming Denominations In Judaism Category Homosexuality and Judaism ... more details
Userspace draft source ArticleWizard date December 2010 Affirming Pentecostal Church is an international LGBT LGBT affirming Oneness Pentecostalism Apostolic Pentecostal denomination. It was founded December 5, 2010 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and maintains headquarters in that city. ref http myapc.xbuild.com our history 4547463195 ref APC has congregations in the US, UK, Albania, and Montevideo, and missions in Kosovo and West Africa. ref http myapc.xbuild.com directory 4547466854 ref ref http myapc.xbuild.com missions 4547463597 ref The church holds four conferences each year. ref http myapc.xbuild.com events 4547465608 ref Leadership Rev. Rafael DeJesus is the Senior Bishop. Rev. Kevin Konkle and Rev. Nate Morales serve as Associate Bishops. Temporal authority, however, is vested in the General Board, which includes Rev. Erik Wise Director of Missions , Rev. Cheryl Wallace Director of Special Ministries , Rev. Joshua Carcabasis Director of Youth and Children , Rev. William Carey Director of Apostolic Education , Rev. Brinda Vaughn General Secretary , Rev. Kelsey Swope Treasurer , and the District Superintendents. ref http myapc.xbuild.com leadership 4547463903 ref Beliefs APC is a fully affirming church open to all persons. Their anti discrimination policy includes numerous categories, including race, sexual orientation, and gender identity. ref http myapc.xbuild.com our mission 4547463043 ref In matters of doctrine, their beliefs are similar to those of most Apostolic Pentecostal churches the Oneness of God, water baptism by full immersion in the name of Jesus for forgiveness of sins, the baptism of the Holy Ghost with the initial evidence of speaking in other tongues, and holiness ... Affirming Apostolic organizations. ref http myapc.xbuild.com our beliefs 4547463125 ref Education ... Tabernacle, Rockford, IL http hopeoftherockies.xbuild.com Hope of the Rockies Affirming Pentecostal ... here automatically Reflist External links http www.myapci.org Affirming Pentecostal Church ... more details
LGBT topics and Christianity Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming Christian denominations are Christian denominations that do not consider homosexuality or transgender ism to be sin s. They include entire religious denomination s, as well as individual church building churches and congregations. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members. Additionally, some denominations which are not LGBT affirming have member organized groups which are not officially sanctioned by the denomination. There are also ecumenical or para church programmes that are explicitly outreaches to LGBT ... name GLBTQ Some congregations are merely non discriminatory and LGBT affirming while others are specifically ... thumb Grace Gospel Chapel, in Seattle . FixBunching end Affirming Pentecostal Church Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists http www.ecchurch.org Ecumenical Catholic Church http www.intlccc.org ... United States Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals Metropolitan Community Church ..., USA Denomination sanctioned programmes The following denominations have LGBT welcoming or affirming ... Open and Affirming Christian Church Disciples of Christ Open and Affirming. Welcoming Community ... Light Presbyterian Church USA Open & Affirming, All are Welcome Reformed Catholic Church USA International ... Open and affirming Open and Affirming ONA United Church of Christ Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual ... Reconciling Ministries Network United Methodist Church Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists Welcoming and Affirming Baptist Programmes not affiliated with any particular denomination Gay Christian ... http www.myapci.org Affirming Pentecostal Church http www.beyondexgay.com Beyond Ex Gay Group for survivors ... Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals Gay Apostolic Pentecostals http huk.org e index.htm Homosexuals ... Affirming Christian Denominations Category LGBT topics and Christianity ... more details
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming religious groups also called gay affirming are religious groups that welcome LGBT members and do not consider homosexuality to be a sin . They include entire religious denomination s, as well as individual church building churches and synagogue s. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members. History The Abrahamic religion s of Judaism , Christianity and Islam , have traditionally forbidden sodomy , believing and teaching that such behaviour is sin ful. ref http www.catholic.org national national story.php?id 29699 Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM Homosexuality is Sinful catholic.org, accessed 29 September 2008 ref ref http oncourse.ag.org help index.cfm?targetBay 24b28860 fb44 4e27 92a1 a2fe92076e8b&ModID 2&Process DisplayArticle&RSS RSSContentID 9123&RSS OriginatingChannelID 1202&RSS OriginatingRSSFeedID 3859&RSS Source Help topics Assemblies of God USA , accessed 6 July 2009 ref Today some denominations within these religions are accepting of homosexuality and inclusive of homosexual people, such as Reform Judaism , the United Church of Christ and the Metropolitan Community Church . Judaism Main LGBT affirming denominations in Judaism Christianity Main LGBT affirming Christian denominations An ecumenical organization called Believe Out Loud, representing over twenty denominations, has undertaken to identify and map welcoming Christian congregations throughout the United States. ref name Campaign gives Christians megaphone to support gays http www.christianpost.com article 20100225 campaign gives christians megaphone to support gays index.html Campaign gives Christians megaphone to support gays Christian Post , Feb. 25th, 2010, retrieved May 20th, 2010 ref Episcopal Church United States Metropolitan Community Church United ... 2011 DEFAULTSORT Lgbt Affirming Religious Groups Category Homosexuality and religion Category LGBT issues ... more details
The Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals GAAAP is an LGBT affirming Oneness Pentecostal denomination, headquartered in Thonotosassa, Florida . GAAAP was organized in 2007 by Rev. Robert Morgan of Tampa, Florida and Rev. Kevin Konkle of Indianapolis, Indiana . GAAAP originally began as a ministerial fellowship, with 17 ministers by early 2008. By mid 2010, the organization claimed 45 ministers in 19 States and 5 nations. In April 2010, GAAAP merged with the Apostolic Restoration Mission ARM , formerly known as the National Gay Pentecostal Alliance NGPA NGPA had been the first LGBT affirming Apostolic denomination, having formed in 1980 in Schenectady, New York . ref Gay Apostolic Pentecostals ref It was in 2010 that GAAAP amended its constitution to become a denomination and began to affiliate churches. In November of that year, however, a division within GAAAP resulted in the withdrawal of some of its ministers. The organization hosts an annual leadership retreat in February, in Tampa, FL and an annual General Conference that rotates between cities. The church is Nontrinitarianism non trinitarian in theology, holding to the belief that all the fullness of God resides bodily in Jesus , and teaches that repentance, water baptism by immersion in the name of Jesus Christ, and the Baptism of the Holy Ghost are necessary to enter into the kingdom of God . They also believe that speaking in tongues is the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost . Affiliated Churches Under His Wings Ministries Thonotosassa, FL Rev. Robert Morgan Mighty Vision Ministries Charleston, WV Rev. Tiffany Brashear Grace Assembly Houston, TX Rev. Gary Wright Open Worship Church of Hope Bloomington, IL Rev. Robert Stamper See also Portal box LGBT Religion Gay Apostolic Pentecostals ... Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals External links http refugeandsanctuary.com ... graceassembly.net Grace Assembly Categories DEFAULTSORT Global Alliance Of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals ... more details
Summary Paraphrased article description Consequent pole bipolar field magnet with two coils. From illustration caption Consequent pole bipolar field magnet with two coils on the cores. This is known as the Machester type in which the cores are connected at the ends by two yoke so named from its original place of manufacture at Manchester, England. Public Domain source Hawkins Electrical Guide, Volume 1 Chapter 16 Field Magnets Page 201, Figure 203 Copyright 1917 by Theo. Audel & Co. Printed in the United States For a list of all these illustrations used in Wikipedia please see the article Hawkins Electrical Guide . Scanned by Dale Mahalko, Gilman, WI, USA User DMahalko DMahalko User talk DMahalko talk 04 26, 13 January 2008 UTC Licensing PD US ... more details
Summary Paraphrased article description Consequent field, four pole, shunt wound DC generator From illustration caption Modern dynamo with four consequent pole field magnets. In this construction the ring shaped yoke also serves as a frame the circular form of yoke gives the least chance for magnetic leakage. Public Domain source Hawkins Electrical Guide, Volume 1 Chapter 16 Field Magnets Page 202, Figure 206 Copyright 1917 by Theo. Audel & Co. Printed in the United States For a list of all these illustrations used in Wikipedia please see the article Hawkins Electrical Guide . Scanned by Dale Mahalko, Gilman, WI, USA User DMahalko DMahalko User talk DMahalko talk 04 55, 13 January 2008 UTC Licensing PD US ... more details
Aristotelianism Sophistical Refutations Latin De sophisticis elenchis is a text in Aristotle s Organon . Aristotle identified thirteen Fallacy fallacies , as follows Verbal fallacies Accent or emphasis Amphibology Equivocation Fallacy of composition Composition Fallacy of division Division Figure of speech Material fallacies Accident fallacy Accident Affirming the consequent Converse accident Irrelevant conclusion Begging the question False cause Fallacy of many questions References http changingminds.org disciplines argument fallacies aristotle fallacies.htm ChangingMinds.org Aristotle s 13 fallacies External links HTML Greek text via http www.poesialatina.it Greek Index.htm Greco interattivo http etext.library.adelaide.edu.au a a8 sophist.html translated by W. A. Pickard Cambridge Category Works by Aristotle Category Logic literature de Sophistische Widerlegungen fr R futations sophistiques is Spekir k mk nl Sofistische weerleggingen no Sofistiske gjendrivelser ... more details
as follows Men are human. Mary is human. Therefore, Mary is a man. Affirming the consequent main Affirming the consequent Any argument that takes the following form is a non sequitur If A is true, then B ... affirming the consequent . An example of affirming the consequent would be If I am a human A then I ... of the conclusion is independent of the truth of its premises it is a non sequitur . Affirming the consequent ... . This is called denying the antecedent . Affirming a disjunct main Affirming a disjunct Affirming a disjunct .... An example of affirming a disjunct would be I am at home or I am in the city. I am at home. Therefore ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Rules of inference In logic , a hypothetical syllogism has two uses. In propositional logic it expresses one of the rules of inference , while in the history of logic , it is a short hand for the theory of consequence . Propositional logic Hypothetical syllogism is one of the proof rules in classical logic that may or may not be available in a non classical logic. The hypothetical syllogism abbr. H.S. is a validity valid logical argument argument of the following argument form form If P Q. If Q R. Then If P Q , P R. Symbolically, this is expressed math P rightarrow Q, Q rightarrow R vdash P rightarrow R math If I do not wake up, then I cannot go to work. If I cannot go to work, then I will not get paid. Therefore, if I do not wake up, then I will not get paid. See also Modus ponens Modus tollens Modus tollendo ponens Affirming the consequent Denying the antecedent Disjunctive syllogism Inference rule References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Hypothetical Syllogism Category Rules of inference ca Sil logisme hipot tic es Silogismo hipot tico he ja pt Silogismo hipot tico zh ... more details
The politician s syllogism , also known as the politician s fallacy is a logical fallacy of the form We must do something This is something Therefore, we must do this. It is a Fallacy logical fallacy in the form of Equivocation , which is using one word something in two different senses. In a fashion, the argument is a recasting of a separate fallacy usually in the form of affirming the consequent To improve things, things must change We are making change Therefore we are improving things. The politician s fallacy was identified in the Power to the People Yes, Prime Minister Power to the People episode of the BBC television show Yes Minister , and has taken added life on the internet. ref http blogs.msdn.com oldnewthing archive 2007 02 26 1763692.aspx ref The syllogism invented by fictional British civil servants has been quoted in the real British Parliament . ref House of Commons, 19 Jan 2005, Column 850 http www.parliament.the stationery office.co.uk pa cm200405 cmhansrd vo050119 debtext 50119 14.htm ref See also Logical fallacies List of fallacies References references Poli term stub Category Political terms ... more details
Rules of inference In classical logic , modus ponendo ponens Latin for the way that affirms by affirming ref cite book last Stone first Jon R. year 1996 title Latin for the Illiterati Exorcizing the Ghosts of a Dead Language publisher London, UK Routledge 60. ref often abbreviated to MP or modus ponens is a validity valid , simple argument form . Another valid form of argument, modus tollens . Both Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens can be mistakenly used when proving arguments. Both respectfully have invalid arguments such as affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent and proof by contradiction or proof by contrapositive or Evidence of absence . Modus ponens is a very common rule of inference , and takes the following form If P , then Q . P . Therefore, Q . ref cite book last Jago first Mark title Formal Logic publisher http www.humanities ebooks.co.uk Humanities Ebooks LLP year 2007 isbn 978 1 84760 041 7 ref Formal notation The modus ponens rule may be written in sequent notation math P to Q, P vdash Q math or in inference rule rule form math frac P rightarrow Q, P Q . math or as a Tautology logic tautology plain propositional calculus sentence math P land P to Q to Q math Explanation The argument form has two premises. The first premise is the if then or Logical conditional conditional claim, namely that P implies Q . The second premise is that P , the Antecedent logic antecedent of the conditional claim, is true. From these two premises it can be logically concluded that Q , the consequent of the conditional claim, must be true as well. In artificial intelligence , modus ponens is often called forward chaining . An example of an argument that fits the form modus ponens If today is Tuesday, then I will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, I will go to work. This argument ..., q must also be true. See also Hypothetical syllogism Modus tollens Modus tollendo ponens Affirming the consequent Denying the antecedent Disjunctive syllogism Inference rule What the Tortoise Said to Achilles ... more details
of the new argument stems not from denying the antecedent, but denying the consequent . See also Affirming the consequent Modus ponens Modus tollens Necessary and sufficient conditions To His ... more details
Mergeto Logical form date December 2009 In logic , the argument form or test form of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra the letters represent logical Variable mathematics variables . This is of importance since the validity of an argument is determined solely by its form. The sentence forms which classify argument forms of common important arguments are studied in logic . Example To demonstrate the important notion of the form of an argument, substitute letters for similar items throughout the sentences in the original argument. Original argument All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Argument Form All H are M . S is H . Therefore, S is M . All we have done in the Argument form is to put H for human and humans , M for mortal , and S for Socrates what results is the form of the original argument. Moreover, each individual sentence of the Argument form is the sentence form of its respective sentence in the original argument. ref cite book last Hurley first Patrick J. title A concise introduction to logic publisher Wadsworth Pub. Co. location Belmont, Calif. date 1988 isbn 0534089283 ref Importance Attention is given to argument and sentence form, because form is what makes an argument validity valid or cogency cogent . Some examples of valid argument forms are modus ponens , modus tollens , disjunctive syllogism , hypothetical syllogism and dilemma . Two invalid argument forms are affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent . References reflist See also Analytic proposition logical form List of invalid argument forms List of valid argument forms Synthetic proposition logic stub date November 2008 DEFAULTSORT Argument Form Category Arguments pt Forma de um argumento ... more details
Merge to Hasty generalization date November 2010 Unreferenced date November 2006 Proof by example also known as inappropriate generalization is a logical fallacy whereby one or more examples are claimed as proof for a more general statement. ref http www.auburn.edu marchjl fallacies.htm ref This fallacy has the following structure, and argument form Structure I know that X is such. Therefore, anything related to X is also such. Argument form I know that x, which is a member of group X, has the property P. Therefore, all other elements of X have the property P. The following example demonstrates why this is a logical fallacy I ve seen a person shoot someone dead. Therefore, all people are murderers. The flaw in this argument is very evident, but arguments of the same form can sometimes seem somewhat convincing, as in the following example I ve seen Gypsies steal. So, Gypsies must be thieves. When valid However, argument by example is valid when it leads from a singular premise to an existential conclusion. For example Socrates is wise. Therefore, someone is wise. or I ve seen a person steal. Therefore, people can steal. This is an informal version of the logical rule known as List of rules of inference Rules of classical predicate calculus existential introduction also known as particularisation or existential generalization . Formally Existential Introduction math underline varphi beta alpha , math math exists alpha , varphi , math See also Modus ponens Affirming the consequent Inductive reasoning Bayesian probability Proof by construction Anecdotal evidence Counterexample References references Formal Fallacy DEFAULTSORT Proof By Example Category Quantificational fallacies ro Dovad prin exemplu ... more details
Index of logic articles header AlphanumericTOC align center nobreak numbers references externallinks top A Abacus logic Abduction logic Abductive validation Affine logic Affirming the antecedent Affirming the consequent Antecedent logic Antecedent Antinomy Argument form Aristotelian logic Axiom Axiomatic system Axiomatization B Backward chaining Barcan formula Biconditional elimination Biconditional introduction Bivalence and related laws Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra structure C Categorical logic Clocked logic Cointerpretability College logic Combinational logic Combinatory logic Computability logic Conditional Conditional proof Conjunction elimination Conjunction introduction Conjunctive normal form Consequent Constructive dilemma Contradiction Contrapositive Control logic Converse logic Converse Barcan formula Cotolerance Counterfactual conditional Curry s paradox D De Morgan s laws Deduction theorem Deductive reasoning Degree of truth Denying the antecedent Deviant logic Disjunction elimination Disjunction introduction Disjunctive normal form Disjunctive syllogism Double negative Double negative elimination E Elimination rule End term Exclusive nor Exclusive or Existential fallacy Existential quantification F Fallacy of distribution Fallacy of the four terms First order predicate First order predicate calculus First order resolution Fluidic logic Forward chaining Free variables and bound variables Fuzzy logic G Game semantics H Heyting algebra Higher order predicate Horn clause Hypothetical syllogism I Iff Illicit major Illicit minor Implicant Inductive logic Inductive logic programming Inference procedure Inference rule Infinitary logic Informal logic Intensional statement Interpretability Interpretability logic Introduction rule Intuitionistic linear logic Intuitionistic logic Invalid proof Inverse logic K Karnaugh map L language Lateral thinking Law of excluded middle Law of non contradiction Laws of logic Laws of Form Linear logic Logic Logic gate Lo ... more details
and even then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals and not the conclusions as in affirming the consequent which ultimately must match known facts usually defined as consequents whose ... more details
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