wiktionary Afferent is an anatomical term with the following meanings Convey ing towards a center, for example the afferent arteriole s conveying blood towards the Bowman s capsule in the Kidney . Opposite to Efferent . Something that so conduct s, see Afferent nerve fiber Afferent lymphatic vessels References Dorland s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 30th Ed., ISBN 0 7216 0146 4 Category Medical terms de Afferenz nl Afferent se Afferent ... more details
Visceral afferent can refer to General visceral afferent fibers Special visceral afferent disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Afferent vessels can refer to Afferent arterioles Afferent lymphatic vessels disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Afferent arterioles Latin arteriola glomerularis afferens GraySubject 253 GrayPage 1221 Image Gray1128.png Caption Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. Label Afferent vessel is visible in upper left. Image2 Gray1129.png Caption2 Distribution of bloodvessels in cortex of kidney. BranchFrom interlobular artery BranchTo Vein Supplies glomerular capillaries MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 62 DorlandsSuf 12156661 The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessel s that supply the nephron s in many Excretion excretory systems . They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery , which supplies blood to the kidney s. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the Capillary capillaries of the glomerulus kidney glomerulus . When renal blood flow is reduced indicating hypotension or there is a decrease in Sodium and Chloride ion concentration the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins , which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin , activating the renin angiotensin aldosterone system , to increase blood pressure and increase retention of Sodium ions via aldosterone . The macula densa cell can also increase the local blood pressure of the Afferent Arterioles by increasing the synthesis of Nitrous Oxide or decreasing the synthesis of Adenosine or Adenosine triphosphate ATP . If the afferent arterioles are constricted then the blood pressure in the capillaries of the kidneys will drop. See also Efferent arteriole Tubuloglomerular feedback Macula densa Additional images gallery Image Renal corpuscle.svg Renal corpuscle gallery External links GeorgiaPhysiology 7 7ch03 7ch03p10 Renal Vasculature Efferent Arterioles & Peritubular Capillaries UCDavisOrganology Urinary mammal vasc0 vasc2 Mammal, renal vasculature EM, Low kidney Category Kidney anatomy circulatory stub es Arteriola ... more details
Special somatic afferent SSA refers to afferent nerves that carry information from the special senses of Visual system vision , Hearing sense hearing and Equilibrioception balance . The cranial nerve s containing SSA fibers are the optic nerve II and the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII . SSA may also stand for special sensory afferent , however this term encompasses both special somatic and special visceral afferent s. ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References references External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca Nervous tissue Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. Somatic afferent. BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The general somatic afferent fibers GSA , or somatic sensory fibers , afferent fibers , arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves , except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of Pain and nociception pain , touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the posterior roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures. See also Afferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue neuroscience stub Category Spinal cord ru GSA DEFAULTSORT General Somatic Afferent Fibers ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Afferent nerve fiber Latin neurofibrae afferentes GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber In the nervous system , afferent neurons otherwise known as sensory neuron sensory or receptor neuron s , carry action potential nerve impulses from receptor biochemistry receptor s or sense organs towards the central nervous system . This term can also be used to describe relative connections between structures. Afferent neurons communicate with specialized interneuron s. The opposite activity of direction or flow is efferent nerve fiber efferent . In the nervous system there is a closed loop system of sensation, decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity of afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons. A touch or pain ful stimulus physiology stimulus , for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways. Afferent neurons are pseudounipolar neurons , that have a single long dendrite and a short axon Citation needed date September 2010 , and a smooth and rounded cell soma biology body . The dendrite is structurally and functionally similar to an axon, and is myelin ated it is these axon like dendrites that make up the afferent nerves. Just outside the spinal cord , thousands of afferent neuronal cell bodies are aggregated in a swelling in the dorsal root known as the dorsal root ganglion . Etymology and mnemonics Afferent is derived from Latin participle afferentem af ad to ferre bear ... between afferent and efferent a fferent connection a rrives and an e fferent connection e xits . ref MedicalMnemonics 3502 3463 367 115 ref Another mnemonic device is SAME DAVE. Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent, Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent. See also Efferent nerve fiber Motor neuron Interneuron References references Nervous tissue DEFAULTSORT Afferent Nerve Fiber Category Neurophysiology ... more details
Infobox Lymph Name Afferent lymph vessel Latin vasa afferentia lymphoglandulae GraySubject 175 GrayPage 689 Image Illu lymph node structure.png Caption Structure of the lymph node. Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom DrainsTo MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node , and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the Cortex anatomy cortical part. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths. Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes . This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen . Additional images gallery Image Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses.png Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses gallery External links BUHistology 07107loa Lymphoid Tissues and Organs lymph node, afferent arterioles BiowebUW aplab Table of Contents Lab 11 Lymph node 2 Lymph node 2b lymph node 2b.html Afferent lymph vessel http faculty.une.edu com abell histo Histolab6.htm Image at une.edu http www.cvm.okstate.edu instruction mm curr histology HistologyReference HRLym.htm Overview at okstate.edu Lymphatic flow Lymphatic organ anatomy Gray s Category Lymphatic system Lymphatic stub ... more details
Special visceral afferent SVA refers to afferent nerves that develop in association with the gastrointestinal tract . ref NormanAnatomy cranialnerves ref They carry the special senses of smell olfaction and taste gustation . The cranial nerve s containing SVA fibers are the olfactory nerve I , the facial nerve VII , the glossopharyngeal nerve IX and the vagus nerve X . The facial nerve receives taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue the glossopharyngeal from the posterior third. SVA fibres in the vagus originate in the epiglottis and pharynx . ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References references External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca Nervous tissue DEFAULTSORT Special Visceral Afferent Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General visceral afferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing pathways white grey rami are spatially reverese, possibly for clarity? of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. Parasympathetic afferent. BR Note that this image merely depicts pathways in a schematic fashion it is not anatomically correct. The efferent sympathetics exit in a loop entering the more lateral white and either exiting the more medial grey or traveling up down the chain to exit grey at other ganglia. The general visceral afferent fibers GVA , conduct sensory impulses usually pain or reflex sensations from the viscera, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. ref name Moore635 cite book last Moore first Keith title Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition year 2007 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 0 7817 6274 X pages 635 coauthors Anne Agur ref They are considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system . However, unlike the efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, the afferent fibers are not classified as either sympathetic nervous system sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic . ref name Moore34 35 cite book ... Abdomen In the abdomen, general visceral afferent fibers usually accompany sympathetic efferent fibers. This means that a signal traveling in an afferent fiber will begin at sensory receptors in the afferent ... visceral afferent nerve is located. ref name Moore180 Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M. 2007 . Essential Clinical ... and the rectum. These afferent fibers, instead, follow the path of parasympathetic efferent fibers back to the vertebral column, where the afferent fibers enter the S2 S4 sensory ganglia followed by the spinal ... experienced. ref name Moore220 See also Afferent nerve References reflist Nervous tissue ... more details
In medicine and anatomy , the special senses are the sense s that have specialized Organ anatomy organs devoted to them Visual perception vision the human eye eye Hearing sense hearing and Equilibrioception balance the ear , which includes the auditory system and vestibular system olfaction smell the Human nose nose taste the tongue The distinction between special and general senses is used to classify nerve fibres running to and from the central nervous system information from special senses is carried in special somatic afferent s and special visceral afferent s. In contrast, the other sense, touch , is a somatic sense which does not have a specialized organ but comes from all over the body, most noticeably the skin but also the internal organs viscera . Touch includes mechanoreception pressure, vibration and proprioception , pain nociception and heat thermoception , and such information is carried in general somatic afferent s and General visceral afferent fibers general visceral afferent s. ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References Reflist External links http www.lrn.org Content Lessons senses.html development Development of special senses Sensory system zh Category Sensory system ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A sensory unit is a single afferent neuron with all its receptor biochemistry receptor endings.It is the smallest unit of sensory response. DEFAULTSORT Sensory Unit Category Neurons Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General somatic efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. Somatic efferent. BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The spinal somatic efferent neurons GSE , somatomotor , or somatic motor fibers , arise from motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horns of the gray matter within the spinal cord . They exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots , carrying motor impulses to skeletal muscle . Of the somatic efferent neurons, there exist subtypes. Alpha motor neurons target extrafusal muscle fiber s. Gamma motor neurons target intrafusal muscle fibre s Cranial nerves also supply their own somatic efferent neurons to the extraocular muscles and some of the muscles of the tongue. See also Nerve fiber Efferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Transneuronal degeneration is the Neurodegeneration death of neurons resulting from the disruption of Afferent neuron input from or Efferent neuron output to other nearby neuron s. ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com transneuronal degeneration ref References Reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 18245781 Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin fibra projectionis GraySubject 189 GrayPage 843 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 219 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 05 DorlandsSuf 12362087 The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the Cerebral cortex cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord . Efferent The principal efferent strands are 1 the motor tract , occupying the genu and anterior two thirds of the occipital part of the internal capsule , and consisting of a the geniculate fibers , which Decussation of pyramids decussate and end in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves of the opposite side and b the cerebrospinal fibers , which are prolonged through the pyramid of the medulla oblongata into the medulla spinalis 2 the corticopontine fibers , ending in the nuclei pontis . Afferent The chief afferent fibers are 1 those of the lemniscus which are not interrupted in the thalamus 2 those of the superior cerebellar peduncle which are not interrupted in the red nucleus and thalamus 3 numerous fibers arising within the thalamus , and passing through its stalks to the different parts of the Cerebral cortex cortex 4 optic and acoustic fibers , the former passing to the occipital , the latter to the temporal lobe . External links http mri.kennedykrieger.org sitemap neuronal.html Diagram at kennedykrieger.org http www.mch.com doctors caregivers physicians radiologyStudies tractography classification.htm Overview at mch.com Gray s Nervous tissue Category Nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin neurofibrae efferentes GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber In the nervous system , efferent nerves otherwise known as motoneuron motor or effector neurons carry action potential nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscle s or gland s and also the ciliated cells of the inner ear . The term can also be used to describe relative connections between nervous structures for example, a neuron s efferent synapse provides input to another neuron, and not vice versa . The opposite activity of direction or flow is afferent nerve afferent . The motor nerve s are efferent nerves involved in muscular control. The cell biology cell soma biology body of the efferent neuron is connected to a single, long axon and several shorter dendrite s projecting out of the cell body itself. This axon then forms a neuromuscular junction with the effectors. The cell body of the motor neuron is satellite shaped. The motor neuron is present in the grey matter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata , and forms an electrochemical pathway to the effector organ or muscle. Besides motor nerves, there are efferent sensory nerves that often serve to adjust the sensitivity of the signal relayed by the afferent sensory nerve. Etymology and Mnemonics Both afferent and efferent come from French language French , evolved from Latin the basis of many terms in medicine and biology for the terms, respectively, ad ferens Latin verb ferre carry , meaning carrying into , and ex ferens , meaning carrying away . Ad and ex give an easy mnemonic device for remembering the relationship between afferent and efferent a fferent connection a rrives and an e fferent connection e xits . ref MedicalMnemonics 3502 3463 367 115 ref See also Nerve fiber Afferent nerve fiber Motor nerve Interneuron General somatic efferent fibers General visceral efferent fibers References references E ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 The neothalamus is part of the diencephalon , a portion of the brain of higher organisms including humans. The neothalamus receives input from the thalamus and projects to the association psychology association areas of the neocortex . It contains the largest division of nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei in the brain and is larger in animals with a well developed cerebral cortex cortex . Nociception Nociceptive signals received in the spinal cord from primary afferent neuron s are projected via secondary afferent neurons, specifically, via the neo spinothalamic tract , through the neothalamus, where the tract terminates, to the somatosensory cortex . See also List of regions in the human brain Category Neuroanatomy Category Central nervous system Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Cleanup date May 2009 Image Brain 090407.jpg thumb right 238px The human brain The Basolateral Amygdala is a major limbic related region within the brain . The basolateral amygdala projects heavily to the nucleus accumbens . The nucleus accumbens is regarded as the limbic motor interface , in view of these limbic afferent and its somatomotor and autonomic efferent connections. These afferent inputs have been suggested to converge monosynaptically on cells within the accumbens and are hypothesised to play a role in functions such as affective motivational behaviour. In fact there is a robust reciprocal projection between the basolateral amygdala and the hippocampus, synaptic details of which have not been fully investigated. Bidirectional projections connect the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. This circuit has been implicated to play a role in fear extinction and abnormalities in the projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala have been observed in schizophrenics. Category Brain ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Name Cutaneous sense organs Latin GraySubject anatomy and physiology GrayPage Image Caption Precursor System nervous system Artery Vein Nerve proprioceptors Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Cutneous sense organs are a simpler types of sensory receptors seen in skin. Functional Classifcation of Neurons sensory or afferent neurons carry impulses from sensory to the CNS. specialized senses receptors such as cutaneous receptors meisners and pacinan corpascles , propriocepotrs and pain receptors afferent neuron . External links eMedicineDictionary Interneurons Spinal cord Nervous tissue References Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology seventh edition by Elaine n. Marieb http www.shop4author.com Elaine 20N. 20Marieb Category Neurons neuroanatomy stub de Interneuron nl Interneuron pl Interneuron ru ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin hilum nodi lymphoidei GraySubject GrayPage Image Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses.png Caption Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses Image2 Illu lymph node structure.png Caption2 A lymph node showing Afferent lymph vessel afferent and Efferent lymph vessel efferent lymphatic vessel s Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The Hilum of lymph node is the portion of the lymph node where the efferent vessels exit. ref name urlDefinition hilum of lymph node from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?hilum of lymph node title Definition hilum of lymph node from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate 2008 10 19 ref See also Hilum anatomy References Reflist External links BUHistology 07101loa lymphatic stub Category Lymphatic system Lymphatic system ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin cortex nodi lymphoidei GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu lymph node structure.png Caption A lymph node showing Afferent lymph vessel afferent and Efferent lymph vessel efferent lymphatic vessel s Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The cortex of lymph node is the peripheral portion of the lymph node , underneath the capsule. ref name urlDefinition cortex of lymph node from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?cortex of lymph node title Definition cortex of lymph node from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate 2008 10 19 ref See also Cortex anatomy cortex References Reflist External links BUHistology 07101loa Lymphatic system Category Lymphatic system lymphatic stub ... more details
wiktionarypar efferent Efferent is an anatomy anatomical term with the following meanings Convey ing away from a center, for example the efferent arteriole s conveying blood away from the Bowman s capsule in the kidney . Opposite to afferent . Something that so Electrical conduction conduct s, see efferent nerve fiber Efferent lymph vessel See also Efferent ducts Efferent arteriole disambig ... more details
A nephron of the kidney. from Gray s Anatomy 1918. Important to note is the anatomical error that the distal tubulus does not pass by the vascular pole of the glomerulus before becoming the distal convoluted tubule. The distal tubulus together with the afferent arteriole and the extra glomerular mesangial cells together make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus . This occurs in all nephrons but was not known in 1918. PD old 100 ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General visceral efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent. BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Parasympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The general visceral efferent fibers GVE or post ganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers , probably arise from cells in the lateral column or the base of the anterior column and emerge through the anterior roots and white rami communicantes . These are preganglionic fibers which end in various sympathetic ganglia from which postganglionic fibers conduct the motor impulses to the smooth muscles of the viscera and vessels and secretory impulses to the glands . The cell bodies of GVE fibers are present from the first thoracic to the second lumbar spinal levels ie, T1 L2 . The nerves containing GVE fibers include the oculomotor nerve , the facial nerve , the glossopharyngeal nerve , and the vagus nerve . ref Mehta, Samir et al. Step Up A High Yield, Systems Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Baltimore, MD LWW, 2003. ref Additional images gallery Image Gray840.png Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. gallery See also Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Gray s Nervous tissue References reflist Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray1130.svg Caption Glomerulus. Vascular pole not labeled, but visible at bottom. Image2 Corpuscule malpighi.JPG Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 26 DorlandsSuf 13491188 The vascular pole is a location of the glomerulus . At the vascular pole, the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles enter the Bowman s capsule . The urinary pole is at the other end. External links UIUCHistologySubject 1398 genitourinary stub Category Urinary system ... more details
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