Jordanes Sixth Century historian Jordanes makes two references the Aesti in his book The Origins and the Deeds ..., the Vidivarii dwell, a people gathered out of various tribes. Beyond them the Aesti, a subject race, likewise hold the shore of Ocean. The next quote concerns the subjugation of the Aesti by Hermanaric , king of the Gothic Greuthungi This ruler also subdued by his wisdom and might the race of the Aesti ... left 250px thumb The yellow area is a Baltic culture possibly the Aesti the red area is the extent ... from the Aesti, partly on the basis of his family s origin in East Prussia, and partly the fact that his ... Age Europe Category Baltic peoples als stier ca Aesti de stier et Aestii es Aesti lt Ais iai pt ... more details
Latinisation is the practice of rendering a non Latin name or word ref http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en gb0459180 m en gb0459180.007 Latinize , on Oxford Dictionaries ref in a Latin style. This may be done so as to more closely emulate Latin authors, or to present a more impressive image. It is done by transforming the name into Latin sounds e.g. Geber for Jabir , by translating a name with a specific meaning into Latin e.g. Venator for Cacciatore , or choosing a new name based on some attribute of the person e.g. Noviomagus for Daniel Santbech , possibly from the Latin name for the town of Nijmegen . Latinisation is also common for place names, as a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often use Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of Anglicised forms or the original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are Estonia Estonian name Eesti , German Scandinavian name Estland , i.e. land of the Aesti Livonia German Scandinavian name Livland , i.e. land of the Livonian people Liv s the local tribe Ingria Finnish Inkerinmaa , German Scandinavian Ingermanland , i.e. land of the Izhorians Ingermans the local tribe Latinisation is a common practice for scientific name s. For example, Livistona , the name of a palm, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . See also List of Latinised names Romanization , expression of a language in Latin or Roman letters References reflist cite journal quotes last Nicolson first Dan H. year 1974 month August title Orthography of Names and Epithets Latinization of Personal Names journal Taxon volume 23 issue 4 pages 549 561 doi 10.2307 1218779 publisher International Association for Plant Taxonomy IAPT jstor 1218779 Category Latin language Language stub eo Latinigo literaturo es Latinizaci n nl Latinisering ... more details
, with Tacitus referring to them as the Aesti . ref name Aesti Although the Aesti are generally ... universally accepted. See Aesti . ref The territory was identified as Brus in the 8th century map ... more details
Image Przeworsk2.PNG 250px thumb The pink area is the Debczyn culture the red area is the extent of the Wielbark culture in the first half of the 3rd century. The green area is the Przeworsk culture , and the yellow area is a Baltic culture possibly the Aesti . The purple area is the Roman Empire The D bczyn group in German also Denziner is an arch ological culture in Pomerania from the 3rd to 6th centuries. It was derived from the Wielbark culture with influences from the Elbe region, and succeeded by immigrating of West Slavs , the Pomeranians Slavic tribe Pomeranian tribes . In the second half of the third century, the D bczyn Denzin culture or group succeeded the Willenberg culture between the Persante and Drage rivers, and a local, not yet classified culture between the lower Oder and Persante rivers. The adjacent areas to the east were uninhabited by this time. Whether the eastern D bczyn culture replaced or evolved from the Willenberg culture is not yet known, in the western areas, settlement was continuous. The emergence of this group is characterized by an influence of the Vistula region Willenberg culture , the expansion of the Gustow group , and many paralleles to the Elbe Germanic areas. ref Karl Heinz Otto, Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin Institut f r Ur und Fr hgeschichte, Ost Universit t Berlin, Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin Institut f r V lkerkunde und deutsche Volkskunde, Ethnographisch arch ologische Zeitschrift EAZ , v.43 no.1 4, Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2002, p.390 ref ref name Hoops281 ref name Hoops266ff The dead were buried unburned. The culture existed until the first quarter of the 6th century, when burial of the dead in grave fiels stopped. ref name Hoops281 Johannes Hoops, Hans Peter Naumann, Franziska Lanter, Oliver Szokody, Heinrich Beck, Rudolf Simek, Sebastian Brather, Detlev Ellmers, Kurt Schier, Ulrike Sprenger, Else Ebel, Klaus D wel, Wilhelm Heizmann, Heiko Uecker, J rgen Udolph, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Walte ... more details
Infobox settlement name K trzyn image skyline Zamek K trzyn 001.jpg image flag POL K trzyn flag.svg image caption Teutonic castle of Schloss Rastenburg image shield POL K trzyn COA 1.svg pushpin map Poland pushpin label position bottom coordinates region PL subdivision type Country subdivision name POL subdivision type1 Voivodeships of Poland Voivodeship subdivision name1 Warmian Masurian Voivodeship Warmian Masurian subdivision type2 Powiat County subdivision name2 K trzyn County subdivision type3 Gmina subdivision name3 K trzyn small urban gmina small leader title Mayor leader name Krzysztof He man established title Established established date 1329 established title3 Town rights established date3 1357 area total km2 10.34 population as of 2006 population total 28000 population density km2 auto timezone Central European Time CET utc offset 1 timezone DST Central European Summer Time CEST utc offset DST 2 latd 54 latm 5 lats latNS N longd 21 longm 23 longs longEW E postal code type Postal code postal code 11 400 area code 48 89 blank name Polish car number plates Car plates blank info NKE website http www.ketrzyn.pl K trzyn IPAc pl AUD Pl K trzyn.ogg k e n t sz y n lang de Rastenburg Audlisten Rastenburg.ogg former lang pl Rastembork , is a town in northeastern Poland with 28,351 inhabitants 2004 . Situated in the Warmian Masurian Voivodeship since 1999 , K trzyn was previously in Olsztyn Voivodeship 1975 1998 . It is the capital of K trzyn County . The city was named after Wojciech K trzy ski in 1950. History The original inhabitants of the region were the Balt tribe of the Aesti , mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania AD 98 . The town, known in German as Rastenburg and in Polish as Rastembork , was established in 1329 in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and was granted town rights in 1357. Later, the town was in East Prussia , and in 1878 1945 belonged to Germany. The town was the scene of fighting during both world wars. fact date March 2011 In 1914 it ... more details
Image Imperium Romanum Germania.png thumb 300px Map of the Roman Empire and Germania Magna in the early 2nd century, with the location of some tribes described by Tacitus as Germanic. The Germania lang la De Origine et situ Germanorum , literally Concerning the Origin and Situation of the Germanics ref Some sources translate it as Concerning the Origin and Situation of the Germans , but the Germanic peoples are intended in general rather than Germans in the modern sense. ref , written by Tacitus Gaius Cornelius Tacitus around 98, is an ethnography ethnographic work on the Germanic tribe s outside the Roman Empire . Contents The Germania begins with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the Germanic people Chapters 1&ndash 27 it then segues into descriptions of individual tribes, beginning with those dwelling closest to Roman lands and ending on the uttermost shores of the Baltic, among the amber gathering Aesti , the primitive and savage Fenni , and the unknown tribes beyond them. Tacitus says Ch. 2 that physically, the Germans appeared to be a distinct nation, not an admixture of their neighbors, as nobody would desire to migrate to a climate as horrid as Germany s. They are divided into three large branches, the Ingaevones , the Herminones and the Istaevones , deriving their ancestry from three sons of Mannus , son of Tuisto , their common forefather. In Chapter 4, he mentions that they all have common physical characteristics, blue eyes truces et caerulei oculi sky coloured, azure, dark blue, dark green , reddish hair rutilae comae red, golden red, reddish yellow and large bodies, vigorous at the first onset but not tolerant of exhausting labour, tolerant of hunger and cold but not of heat. ref unde habitus quoque corporum, tamquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus truces et caerulei oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida. 3 laboris atque operum non eadem patientia, minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, frigora atque inediam ... more details
Infobox Language name Prussian nativename lang bat Pr siskai Bil , lang bat Pr siskan states Prussia region Europe extinct Late 17th Early 18th century iso1 iso2 iso3 prg familycolor Indo European fam1 Indo European languages Indo European fam2 Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic fam3 Baltic languages Baltic fam4 Western Baltic languages Western Prussian is an extinct Baltic languages Baltic language, once spoken by Old Prussians the inhabitants of the original territory of Prussia the Duchy of Prussia and Royal Prussia , not to be confused with the Prussia later and much larger German state of the same name see map and article by Marija Gimbutas below in an area of what later became East Prussia now north eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia and eastern parts of Pomerelia some parts of the region east of the Vistula River . It was also spoken much further east and south in what became Polesia and part of Podlasia with the conquests by Rus and Poles starting in the 10th century and by the Ostsiedlung German colonisation of the area which began in the 12th century. In Old Prussian itself, the language was called Pr siskan Prussian or Pr siskai Bil the Prussian language . According to Gimbutas, the entire area has thousands of river names that can be traced back to an original Baltic language, even though they have undergone Slavicization . The Aesti , mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania book Germania , may have been a people who spoke Old Prussian. Tacitus describes them as being just like the Suebi a group of Germanic tribes Germanic peoples but with a more Britannic like Celtic languages Celtic language. Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct Western Baltic language s, Curonian language Curonian , Galindian language Galindian and Sudovian language Sudovian . It is more distantly related to the surviving Eastern Baltic language s, Lithuanian language Lithuanian and Latvian language Latvian . Compare the Prussian word seme zem , ref ... more details
History of Poland Image Europe countries map en.png thumb right 200px Location of Poland in Europe Peoples belonging to numerous archaeological culture archeological cultures identified with Celts Celtic , Germanic people Germanic and Balts Baltic tribes, lived and migrated through various parts the territory that now constitutes Poland in Antiquity , an era that dates from about 400 Anno Domini BC to 450 500 Anno Domini AD . Other groups, difficult to identify, were most likely also present, as ethnic group ethnic composition of archeological cultures is often poorly recognized. Short of using a written language to any appreciable degree, many of them developed relatively advanced material culture and social organization , as evidenced by the archeological record, for example judged by the presence of richly furnished, dynastic princely graves. Characteristic of the period was high human migration geographical migration rate of large groups of people, even equivalents of today s nations. ref Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam urek , U r de Polski do roku 1038 Foundations of Poland until year 1038 , Wydawnictwo Dolno l skie , Wroc aw 2002, ISBN 83 7023 954 4, p. 86 121 ref This article covers the continuation of the Iron Age see Bronze and Iron Age Poland , the La T ne culture La T ne and Roman Empire Roman influence and Migration Period Migration periods. La T ne culture La T ne period is subdivided into La T ne A, 450 to 400 BC La T ne B, 400 to 250 BC La T ne C, 250 to 150 BC La T ne D, 150 to 0 BC. 200 to 0 BC is also considered the younger pre Ancient Rome Roman period A . It was followed by the period of Roman influence, of which the early stage had lasted from 0 to 150 AD 0 80 B sub 1 sub , 80 150 B sub 2 sub , and the late stage from 150 to 375 AD 150 250 C sub 1 sub , 250 300 C sub 2 sub , 300 375 C sub 3 sub . 375 to 500 AD constituted the pre Slavic peoples Slavic Migration Period D and E . ref name Chronology 8 Kalendarium dziej w Polski Chro ... more details
History Timeline of Estonia Prehistory class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 98 Roman historian Tacitus wrote in the book Germania about aesti tribes, but it is not clear if he was talking about the linguistic ancestors of modern Estonians. 6th century The Guta Saga tells how Vikings from Gotland sailed to Dagaithi island Hiiumaa , Dag and built a fortification there. 600 King Ingvar of Sweden invaded Estonia and was killed at the place called Stein and was buried in the region of Adalsysla . Although his son Anund would have a reputation for being peaceful, the news of his father s death at the hands of the Estonians briefly changed his character. Snorri Sturluson wrote King Onund went with his army to Estland to avenge his father, and landed and ravaged the country round far and wide... http www.sacred texts.com neu heim 02ynglga.htm 862 Warring tribes of Chud s Finnic peoples Finnic tribes related to, or including, Estonians and Slavs invited Viking leaders Rurik , Truvor and Sineus to rule them, which was the foundation of the county of Kievan Rus . Truvor chose Izborsk as his residence, near what is now the Estonian border with Russia. 967 According a legend, Olav Tryggvason , the future king of Norway, was captured by Estonian pirates , sold as a slave and later freed with the help of tax gatherers from Novgorod . 972 A battle between Estonian and Icelandic Vikings in Saaremaa described in Nj l s saga . 1008 Olaf II of Norway Olav Haraldsson , the future king of Norway , landed on Saaremaa island, won a battle there and forced the inhabitants to pay tribute. 1030 Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Kievan Rus Kiev conquered the Tarbatu stronghold in Ugandi and named it Yuryev now Tartu , dedicated to his patron saint, St. George Yuri . 1032 Led by the Swedish Viking Uljeb Rongvold s son Ulf , a fleet from Novogorod made a military expedition to Kolivan , but only reached the iron gate the straits between Aegna, Kr sul, and Rohuneeme ... more details
History of Poland The main event that took place within the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages , as well as other parts of Central Europe central eastern Europe , was the arrival, and subsequent permanent settlement, of the Slavic peoples . The Slavic human migrations migrations in the area of contemporary Poland started in the second half of the 5th century Common Era CE , some half century after these territories were vacated by Germanic peoples Germanic tribes, their previous inhabitants. ref name KK 337 Piotr Kaczanowski , Janusz Krzysztof Koz owski Najdawniejsze dzieje ziem polskich do VII w. Oldest history of Polish lands till 7th century , Fogra , Krak w 1998, ISBN 83 85719 34 2, p. 337 ref ref name KK 327 330, 346 Kaczanowski, Koz owski, p. 327 330 and specifically 346 ref The first waves of the incoming Slavs settled the vicinity of the upper Vistula River and elsewhere in the lands of present southeastern Poland and southern Masovia . Coming from the east, from the upper and middle regions of the Dnieper River , ref For genetic evidence see Krzysztof R ba a et al. Y STR variation among Slavs evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin , in Journal of Human Genetics Springer Science Business Media Springer Japan , May 2007 ref the immigrants would have had come primarily from the western branch of the early Slavs known as Sclaveni , ref Byzantine Empire Byzantine historian Jordanes , Getica Jordanes Getica ref and since their arrival are classified as West Slavs . Ref label a a none Their early archeological culture archeological traces belong to the Early Slavs Prague Korchak culture , which is similar to the earlier Kiev culture . From there the new population dispersed north and west over the course of the 6th century. The Slavs lived from cultivation of crops and were generally farmers, but also engaged in hunting and gathering. The migrations took place when the destabilizing invasions of eastern and central Europe by waves of pe ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
