About the evolutionary process Template Evolutionary biology Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby ... adaptation as Any change in the structure or functioning of an organism that makes it better suited ... cite book last1 Williams first1 George C year 1966 title Adaptation and natural selection a critique of some current evolutionary thought quote Evolutionary adaptation is a phenomenon of pervasive ... books?id p UrcAAACAAJ ref The term adaptation may also refer to a feature which is especially important for an organism s survival. ref Both uses of the term adaptation are recognized by King ..., the adaptation of horses teeth to the grinding of grass, or their ability to run fast and escape ... of an adaptation can only be understood in relation to the total biology of the species. Julian Huxley ref Huxley, Julian 1942. Evolution the modern synthesis . Allen & Unwin, London. p449 ref Adaptation ... Belknap Press location Cambridge, Mass year 1982 edition 1st isbn 0 674 36445 7 page 483 quote Adaptation ... the organism is highly adapted to its specific environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just ... biology of parasites . Princeton. ref However, as a practical term, adaptation is often used for the product .... By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process , and adaptive trait for the bodily part or function the product , the two senses of the word may be distinguished. Adaptation is one ... today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African ... year 2000 doi 10.1146 annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163 ref Adaptation is not always a simple matter, where ... and other aspects of homeostasis . Adaptation, then, affects all aspects of the life of an organism. Definitions The following definitions are mainly due to Theodosius Dobzhansky . 1. Adaptation ... MYk1XbelDssC&lpg PA27&pg PA33 v onepage&q&f false pages 33&ndash 51 chapter Fitness and adaptation ... of extinction. ref name Dobzhansky T 1968 Elliott Sober commented that adaptation was a retrospective ... more details
Wiktionarypar adaptationAdaptation is the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. Adaptation may also refer to Arts Adaptation film Adaptation film , a 2002 film by Spike Jonze Film adaptation , a story from another work, adapted into a film Literary adaptation , a story from a literary source, adapted into another work Theatrical adaptation , a story from another work, adapted into a play Biology and Medicine Adaptation eye , the eye s adjustment to light Adaptation Evolutionary adaptation , the process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. Neural adaptation , the responsiveness of a sensory system to a constant stimulus Control and Information theory Adaptation computer science by which interactive systems adapt to individual users and environments. Adaptive system , a set of interacting entities that enable the whole to improve its response Economics , Psychology and Sociology Adaptive behavior Behavioral adaptation , an adjustment to another type of behavior or situation Hedonic adaptation , the tendency to remain at a stable level of happiness despite changes in fortune Psychological adaptation , a mental aspect that results from evolutionary pressures disambig cs Adaptace rozcestn k de Anpassung et Adaptatsioon es Adaptaci n fr Adaptation gl Adaptaci n it Adattamento disambigua nn Adapsjon fleirtyding pl Adaptacja pt Adapta o ru sq Adaptimi sk Adapt cia sv Adaption olika betydelser ... more details
Merge from Color vision Chromatic adaptation date July 2010 In color science, chromatic adaptation is the estimation of the representation of an object under a different light source than the one in which it was recorded. A common application is to find a chromatic adaptation transform CAT that will make the recording of a neutral object appear neutral color balance , while keeping other colors also looking realistic. ref S sstrunk, Sabine. http ivrgwww.epfl.ch research past topics chromatic adaptation.html Chromatic Adaptation ref For example, chromatic adaptation transforms are used when converting images between ICC profile s with different white point s. Adobe Photoshop , for example, uses the Bradford CAT. ref Lindbloom, Bruce. http www.brucelindbloom.com Eqn ChromAdapt.html Chromatic Adaptation ref In color vision , chromatic adaptation refers to color constancy the ability of the visual system to preserve the appearance of an object under a wide range of light sources. ref name CAM cite book title Color Appearance Models first Mark D. last Fairchild chapter 8. Chromatic Adaptation page 146 publisher Wiley isbn 0470012161 year 2005 url http books.google.com books?id 8 TxzK2B 5MC&pg PA146&dq 22chromatic adaptation 22&ei E23tR6yoPImWzASz 9jbCA&sig VNZNcwCKO1pslegq Tl2GCvmOpA ref References references External links http www.stareclips.com Working examples of Chromatic Adaptation. Further reading cite book url http www.cie.co.at publ abst 160 04.html title A Review of Chromatic Adaptation Transforms author CIE TC 1 52 publisher CIE year 2004 series 160 2004 isbn 978 3 901906 30 5 Appearance phenomena Category Color appearance phenomena color stub ... more details
The Adaptation Fund is an international fund that finances projects and programs aimed at helping developing countries to adapt to the harmful effects of climate change. It is set up under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC . History The Adaptation Fund was officially launched in 2007 ref http www.adaptation fund.org system files Decision 1 CMP.3.pdf Decision 1 CMP.3 Adaptation Fund ref , although it was established in 2001 at the 7th Conference of the Parties COP7 to the UNFCCC in Marrakech, Morocco ref http unfccc.int resource docs cop7 13a01.pdf page 52 Decision 10 CP.7 Funding under the Kyoto Protocol ref , to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes that reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing communities, countries, and sectors. It is intended to finance the full costs of adaptation in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ref http www.adaptation fund.org system files AFB.Operational Policies ... the Adaptation Fund ref . Funding Mechanism The Adaptation Fund is mainly financed with a share of proceeds ... activity. At the end of July 2010, the AFB had around USD 160 million available to support adaptation ... 20 20Final.pdf Financial status of the Adaptation Fund Trust Fund as of 31 July 2010 ref . Other funding ... 31, 2010. The Adaptation Fund is managed by the Adaptation Fund Board AFB with the Global Environment ... of the Adaptation Fund. The AFB is composed of 16 members and 16 alternates representing Annex ... decisions on procedural issues and project approvals ref http www.adaptation fund.org Adaptation Fund ... on the Adaptation Fund Board MoU Signed with the Government of Germany ref it is expected to be signed by the President of Germany and subsequently to enter into force in early 2011. The Adaptation ... references Reflist External links http adaptation fund.org Adaptation Fund official website http unfccc.int ... List of Adaptation Fund Board members Categories Uncategorized date January 2011 Category Articles ... more details
TOC right In biology , co adaptation , or coadaptation refers to the mutual adaptation of Species see Mutualism biology mutualism , symbiosis Organ anatomy organs see the evolution of the eye . Gene s or gene complex es see Linkage disequilibrium , epistasis Co adaptation may be indicative of co evolution . Examples The ficus fig and the fig wasp . Myrmica sabuleti and the Large Blue butterfly See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology References Reflist External links http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley a z Coadaptation.asp Coadaptation entry in a dictionary on evolution . Evolution stub Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Niche adaptation refers to the ability of some organisms to adapt to changing environments, or niche s. Genetic and mechanisms of this adaptation include horizontal gene transfer , gene duplication , and gene shuffling . ref name pmid17083272 cite journal title The evolution of two component systems in bacteria reveals different strategies for niche adaptation journal PLoS Computational Biology volume 2 issue 11 pages e143 year 2006 month November pmid 17083272 pmc 1630713 doi 10.1371 journal.pcbi.0020143 url http www.ploscompbiol.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pcbi.0020143 author1 Alm E author2 Huang K author3 Arkin A author separator , ref References reflist Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Confusing date September 2008 lowercase Functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation fMRIa is an increasingly used method of functional magnetic resonance imaging which takes advantage of the brain changes which occur in response to long exposure to some evocative stimulus. If Stimulus 1 S sub 1 sub excites a certain neuronal population, repeated exposure to S sub 1 sub will result in subsequently attenuated responses. This Neural adaptationadaptation may be due to neural fatigue or may be due to coupled hemodynamic processes. However, when S sub 1 sub is followed by a unique stimulus, S sub 2 sub , the response amplitudes should not be attenuated as a fresh sub population of neurons is excited. Using this technique can allow researchers to determine if the same or unique neuronal groups are involved in processing two stimuli. ref name Krekelberg Krekelberg, B, Boynton, G.M., & van Wezel, R.J.A. 2006 . Adaptation from single cells to BOLD signals. Trends in Neuroscience . ref Usage This technique has been used successfully in examination of the visual system, particularly orientation, motion, and face detection. ref name Krekelberg See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging Neural adaptation References references Category Magnetic resonance imaging ... more details
Neural adaptation or sensory adaptation is a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system ... they may not respond at all this is neural adaptation. Weight Training Studies have shown that there is neural adaptation after as little as one weight training session. Strength gains are experienced ... adaptation include agonist antagonist muscle decreased co activation, motor unit synchronization ... increases of 20 . ref Aagaard, P., E. B. Simonsen, et al. 2002 . Neural adaptation to resistance training ... that neural adaptation accounts for changes to functional properties of the spinal cord circuitry ... . The sites of neural adaptation induced by resistance training in humans. The Journal of Physiology 544 2 641 652. ref Visual Adaptation is considered to be the cause of perceptual phenomena like ... may fade out or disappear due to neural adaptation. See Adaptation eye . . ref http neuralcorrelate.com ... motion is in the same direction as that experienced during adaptation, imagined speed is slowed when imagined motion is in the opposite direction, its speed is increased when adaptation and imagined ... Adaptation of Imaginary Visual Motion. Cognitive Psychology 28 1 1 16. ref Studies using magnetoencephalography .... Inui, et al. 2004 . Temporal Dynamics of Neural Adaptation Effect in the Human Visual Ventral Stream ... A display adaptation, smaller type IV group C nociceptive neurons do not. As a result, pain does not usually .... G. 2000 . Neural Adaptation in the Generation of Rhythmic Behavior. Annual Review of Physiology 62 ... required for uphill walking. The rate of neural adaptation is affected by the area of the brain ..., et al. 2008 . Stimulus Similarity Contingent Neural Adaptation Can Be Time and Cortical Area Dependent ..., it is important for them to function optimally. Neural adaptation has been observed in these movements ... Adaptation in the Generation of Rhythmic Behavior. Annual Review of Physiology 62 1 723 753. ref Animals ... of a single color, neural adaptations occurred that made the subjects used to the color. Once this adaptation ... more details
Citations missing date April 2008 Content adaptation is the action of transforming Content media and publishing content to adapt to device capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices that require special handling because of their limited computational power, small screen size and constrained keyboard functionality. Content adaptation could roughly be divided to two fields Media content adaptation that adapts media files and browsing content adaptation that adapts Web site to mobile devices. Browsing content adaptation Advances in the capabilities of small, mobile devices such as mobile phone s cell phone s and Personal Digital Assistant s has led to an explosion in the number of types of device that can now access the World Wide Web Web . Some commentators refer to the Web that can be accessed from mobile devices as the Mobile Web . The sheer number and variety of Web enabled devices poses significant challenges for authors of Web sites who want to support access ... Independence . Content adaptation is one approach to a solution. Rather than requiring authors to create pages explicitly for each type of device that might request them, content adaptation transforms ... form the response returned to the device from which the request was made. Content adaptation ... Source tools for content adaptation. WURFL is an XML based Device Description Repository with APIs .... Novarra s content adaptation solution had been used in enterprise intranet deployments as early ... was named Engines for Wireless Data . http www.InfoGin.com InfoGin , the 9 year old content adaptation ... adaptation , Mobile Matrix Transcoder, Multimedia and Documents transcoders, Video adaptation supporte ... solution to provide wireless content adaptation to Mobile computing mobile subscribers on their existing ... 2009 See also Adaptation computer science References references Links http www.w3.org TR 2003 NOTE ... Adaptation Category Web development ... more details
The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for the function and integrity of the cell biology cell , essential for the mobility and function of embedded proteins and lipids , diffusion of proteins and other molecules laterally across the membrane for signaling reactions, and proper separation of membranes during cell division . A fundamental biophysical determinant of membrane fluidity is the balance between saturated fat saturated and saturated fat unsaturated fatty acids . Regulating membrane fluidity is especially important in poikilothermic organisms such as bacteria , fungi , protists , plants , fish and other Poikilotherm cold blooded animals that cannot regulate their own body temperatures. The general trend is an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures. This compositional adaptation of membrane lipids, called homeoviscous adaptation , serves to maintain the correct membrane fluidity at the new conditions. References cite journal author Sinensky M title Homeoviscous adaptation a homeostatic process that regulates the viscosity of membrane lipids in Escherichia coli journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 71 issue 2 pages 522 5 year 1974 month February pmid 4360948 pmc 388039 doi 10.1073 pnas.71.2.522 url DEFAULTSORT Homeoviscous Adaptation Category Membrane biology ... more details
In a theatrical adaptation , material from another artistic medium, such as a novel or a film is re written according to the needs and requirements of the theatre and turned into a play theatre play or musical theatre musical . Appropriation in the Arts Theatre stub Category Theatre sl dramatizacija ... more details
Main Adaptation Climate adaptation refers to specific adaptations in a living organism that develop in response to changes in climate and habitat. Such adaptations could include physical changes, such as skin or fur color and composition changes, or the adaptations could be behavioral, such as burrowing into the ground or spending more time in water. See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolution Evolutionary biology Climate change http www.safecoast.org Safecoast Knowledge exchange on coastal flooding and climate change in the North Sea region Melanism , in relation to industrial melanism References Reflist Category Evolution by phenotype evolution stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Cleanup date August 2009 Literary adaptation is the adapting of a literary source e.g., a novel , short story , poem to another genre or mass media medium , such as a film , a stage play , or even a video game . It can also involve adapting the same literary work in the same genre or medium, just for different purposes, e.g., to work with a smaller Casting performing arts cast , in a smaller Theater structure venue or on the road , or for a different demographic group such as adapting a narrative story for children . Literature Prevalence of adaptation A adapted work appeals to a writer , publisher , or Film producer producer initially because it gains his interest, both because it has become sweaty and for the underlying reasons it has become popular. Citation needed date July 2007 The encounter with the work, with its presumed success, simply sparks the imagination as to its possibly application in other genres or media. Sometimes the editing of these works without the approval of the author can lead to a court case i.e suing etc. It also appeals because it obviously works as a story it has interesting characters, who say and do interesting things. This is particularly important when adapting to a dramatic work , e.g., film, stage play , teleplay ... be a Media franchise franchise in and of themselves already. Process of adaptation From a legal standpoint, when a literary source has not passed into the public domain , rights must be arranged for the adaptation ... date July 2007 , meaning their preferences need to be considered when selecting a work for adaptation ... be made to appear so on stage.t See also Film adaptation Remake Main menu External links http www.writingstudio.co.za page62.html The Writing Studio The Art of Adaptation http web.cocc.edu humanities hir film filmadaptation.htm Central Oregon Community College Film Adaptation of Literature sources Appropriation in the Arts DEFAULTSORT Literary Adaptation Category Literature Adaptation Category ... more details
Use mdy dates date September 2010 Film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a feature film . It is a type of derivative work . A common form of film adaptation is the use of a novel as the basis of a film, but film adaptation includes the use of non fiction including journalism , autobiography ..., adaptation has been nearly Citation needed date April 2008 as common as the development of original ..., these adaptations attempt either to appeal to an existing commercial audience the adaptation of best sellers and the prestige adaptation of works or to tap into the innovation and novelty of a less well ... attempted a literal adaptation of Frank Norris s novel McTeague in 1924 with his film, Greed film ... s own voice, a film adaptation may create a commenting, Greek chorus chorus like character to provide what could not be filmed otherwise. Thus, in the adaptation of John Fowles s The French Lieutenant ... used less and less with time. Interpretation as adaptation There have been several nominees for non plus ultra of inventive adaptation, including the Roland Joffe adaptation of The Scarlet Letter with explicit ... character and the film s villain. The Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman penned Adaptation. Adaptation ... this link by removing the period. , credited as an adaptation of the novel The Orchid Thief , was an intentional satire and commentary on the process of film adaptation itself. All of these cases of Nathaniel ... of Book IV. In these cases, adaptation is a form of criticism and recreation, as well as translation. Change in adaptation is essential and practically unavoidable, mandated both by the constraints ... adaptation does is change to fit literally, adapt , and the film must be accurate to either the effect ... one of these axes. Theatrical adaptation Movies sometimes use plays as their sources. William Shakespeare ... adaptation does not involve as many interpolations or elisions as novel adaptation, but, on the other ... musical and then adapted again into a film. Television adaptation Feature films are occasionally ... more details
Autoplastic adaptation from the Ancient Greek Greek word auto is a form of adaptation where the subject attempts to change itself when faced with a difficult situation. The concept of autoplastic adaptation was developed by Sigmund Freud , S ndor Ferenczi , and Franz Alexander . They proposed that when an individual was presented with a stressful situation, he could react in one of two ways Autoplastic adaptation The subject tries to change himself, i.e. the internal environment. Alloplastic adaptation The subject tries to change the situation, i.e. the external environment. Autoplasticity, hysteria and evolution Hysteria Hysterical individuals appear to be turned inward. Their symptoms, instead of presenting actions directed outward alloplastic activities , are mere internal innervations autoplastic activities ref Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis London 19460 p. 217 ref . Freud , with his single minded Lamarckism Lamarckianism , speculated that behind Lamarck s idea of need was the power of unconscious ideas over one s own body, of which we see remnants in hysteria, in short, the omnipotence of thought ref Peter Gay, Freud A Life for Our Time London 1989 p. 368 and p. 647 ref . As a result, among his immediate followers, Insight into this regressive nature of the phenomenon of Conversion disorder conversion may be taken as a starting point for speculation about the archaic origin of the capacity for autoplastic conversion...according to which evolution took place through the autoplastic adaptation of the body to the demands of the environment ref Fenichel, p. 229 ref . Cross cultural autoplasticity Cross cultural helpers have debated what has been called ... 3S4yJ0C&pg PA64&lpg PA64&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots U7qOuO Na&sig BaYWHiv0O9YHAHoqQrL0DyGomns ...&lpg PA14&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots h9Z tQ1GPh&sig E7t6rGLRiKUH3EMfLTa06WIG9kQ ... books?id pAgK PyRlugC&pg PA158&lpg PA158&dq 22Autoplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots KLdfHIukNp&sig ... more details
Alloplastic adaptation from the Ancient Greek Greek word allos is a form of adaptation where the subject attempts to change the environment when faced with a difficult situation. Criminality , mental illness and activism can all be classified as categories of alloplastic adaptation. The concept of alloplastic adaptation was developed by Sigmund Freud , S ndor Ferenczi , and Franz Alexander . They proposed that when an individual was presented with a stressful situation, he could react in one of two ways Autoplastic adaptation The subject tries to change himself, i.e. the internal environment. Alloplastic adaptation The subject tries to change the situation, i.e. the external environment. Origins and development These terms are possibly due to Ferenczi, who used them in a paper on The Phenomenon of Hysterical Materialization 1919,24 . But he there appears to attribute them to Freud ref Angela Richards, Note, Sigmund Freud, On Psychopathology PFL 10 p. 224 ref who may have used them previously in private correspondence or conversation . Ferenczi linked the purely autoplastic tricks of the hysteric... to the bodily performances of artists and actors ref http www.enotes.com psychoanalysis encyclopedia autoplastic Steven Wainrib, Autoplastic ref . Freud s only public use of the terms was in his paper The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis 1924 , where he points out that expedient, normal behaviour leads to work being carried out on the external world it does not stop, as in psychosis, at effecting internal changes. It is no longer autoplastic but alloplastic ref Frued, On Psychopathology p. 224 ref . A few years later, in his paper on The Neurotic Character 1930 , Alexander described a type of neurosis in which...the patient s entire life consists of actions not adapted ...?id ycaSZ8z3kWwC&pg PA221&lpg PA221&dq 22Alloplastic adaptation 22&source bl&ots jV8IFXGHnN&sig TQIcgv4s6U6cQ3eSj ... glossary a.html http books.google.com books?id xuits3fQYbQC&pg PA55&lpg PA55&dq 22Alloplastic adaptation ... more details
In visual perception ocular physiology , adaptation is the ability of the human eye eye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light. Efficacy The human eye can function from very dark to very bright levels of light its sensing capabilities reach across nine order of magnitude orders of magnitude . This means that the brightest and the darkest light signal that the eye can sense are a factor of roughly one 1000000000 number billion apart. However, in any given moment of time, the eye can only sense a contrast vision contrast ratio of one thousand. Citation needed date January 2009 What enables the wider reach is that the eye adapts its definition of what is black. The light level that is interpreted as black can be shifted across six orders of magnitude a factor of one million. The eye takes approximately 20 30 minutes to fully adapt from bright sunlight to complete darkness and become ten thousand to one million times more sensitive than at full daylight. In this process, the eye ..., vol. 27, 1987 ref Mechanisms A minor mechanism of adaptation is the pupillary light reflex ... in the eye are the major contributors to dark adaptation. Rods are more sensitive to light and so ... . ref name Hurley cite journal last Hurley first JB title Shedding Light on Adaptation ... on ganglion cells are inhibited, reducing convergence. Alpha adaptation, i.e. rapid sensitivity ... dark adaptation, convergence of rod signals boost. This is not due to structural changes, but by a possible ... gives the same results. ref name eye, human Insufficiency Insufficiency of adaptation most commonly presents as insufficient adaptation to dark environment, called night blindness or nyctalopia . The opposite ... rarer. See also Neural adaptation Photopic vision Purkinje effect Scotopic vision Accommodation eye References reflist External links MeshName Adaptation, Ocular http webvision.med.utah.edu light dark.html Category Animal physiology Category Eye de Adaptation Auge et Silma adaptatsioon hr Adaptacija ... more details
Multiple issues orphan December 2010 essay November 2009 wikify November 2009 Perceptual adaptation is the means by which the brain accounts for the differences that the subject may witness, particularly alternations in the visual field . For example, if an individual s visual field is altered forty five degrees left, the brain accounts for the difference allowing the individual to function normally. ref name Myers2008 cite book last Myers first David G. title Exploring Psychology in Modules edition 7th location New York publisher Worth Publishers year 2007 isbn 978 1 4292 0589 4 Page needed date March 2011 ref Definition Perceptual adaptation is where our brain adapts to the perception that it receives. The world that we perceive is processed via our brain. Our brain plays a crucial role in how our vision works. Vision is sensed through the eyes, and relayed to the visual cortex of the brain. If our vision is altered slightly, our brain accounts for the difference and will allow us to perceive the world as normal. For example, if you are fitted for glasses that distort the image the subject sees by forty five degrees, then over time, the brain perceives the acute difference as normal. Thus, one is able to drink drinks and perform daily tasks. ref name Myers2008 Experimental support George M. Stratton , a psychologist, was intrigued by the idea of perceptual adaptation. Because our retina receives images upside down, he was intrigued to see what happens when the brain receives ... of perceptual adaptation. ref name Stratton1896 cite journal last1 Stratton first1 George M ... year 2004 issue 1 3 title Adaptation to left right reversed vision rapidly activates ipsilateral visual ... adaptation allows us to adapt to the world and live life as normal. Therefore, with an altered ... to safely navigate the aircraft with ease. ref name Myers2008 Conclusion Perceptual adaptation is an element ... of perceptual adaptation to be true. Perceptual adaptation is a theory that proves the notion ... more details
Link adaptation , or adaptive coding and modulation ACM , is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation , coding and other Signalling telecommunication signal and Communications protocol protocol parameters to the conditions on the radio link e.g. the pathloss , the Interference communication interference due to signals coming from other transmitters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the available transmitter power margin, etc. . For example, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme MCS according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. The process of link adaptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters change as the radio link conditions change for example in HSDPA in UMTS this can take place every 2 ms. Adaptive modulation systems invariably require some channel state information at the transmitter. This could be acquired in time division duplex systems by assuming the channel from the transmitter to the receiver Information Theory receiver is approximately the same as the channel from the receiver to the transmitter. Alternatively, the channel knowledge can also be directly measured at the receiver, and fed back to the transmitter. Adaptive modulation systems improve transmission rate rate of transmission , and or bit error rate s, by exploiting the channel state information that is present at the transmitter. Especially over fading channel s which model wireless propagation environments, adaptive modulation systems exhibit great performance enhancements compared to systems that do not exploit channel knowledge at the transmitter. An Example of Link Adaptation In HSDPA link adaptation is performed by choice of modulation type the link can employ QPSK for noisy channels and Quadrature ... using QPSK and 1 3 coding rate but the information bit rate drops to about 2.4 megabit s. This adaptation ... more details
good article Infobox film name Adaptation. image Adaptation. film.jpg caption Theatrical release poster ... US language English budget 19 million gross 32,801,173 Adaptation rendered as Adaptation. is a 2002 ... and filming finished in June 2001. Adaptation. received positive reviews and critical acclaim, as well ... writing, wants to ensure that his script is a faithful adaptation of The Orchid Thief . However ... http www.variety.com article VR1117785470 title Cage has Adaptation. inclination publisher Variety ... www.variety.com article VR1117786034 title Streep eyes Adaptation. publisher Variety magazine Variety ... Laroche. ref name Schmitz cite web author Greg Dean Schmitz title Greg s Preview Adaptation. publisher ... Jonze and Charlie Kaufman Discuss Adaptation publisher IGN date 5 December 2002 accessdate 5 April 2008 ref The idea to do a film adaptation of Susan Orlean Susan Orlean s The Orchid Thief dates back ... Kaufman url http www.beingcharliekaufman.com adaptation.pdf title Adaptation. Second Draft publisher ... Kaufman url http www.beingcharliekaufman.com adaptationnov2000.pdf title Adaptation. Revised Draft ... Talks Shop publisher IGN date 13 March 2002 accessdate 5 April 2008 ref Adaptation went on fast ... s Adaptation publisher IGN date 8 June 2000 accessdate 8 April 2008 ref as did Drew McWeeny Drew ... Adaptation , The Royal Tenenbaums , and Catch Me If You Can publisher Ain t It Cool News date 10 ... Domain , while Skywalker Sound was responsible for the audio mixing of Adaptation . Reception ... Adaptation. opened on December 6, 2002 in the United States for a limited release . The film then was released .... Adaptation. went on to gross 22.5 million in North America and 10.3 million in foreign countries ... ?id adaptation.htm title Adaptation. 2002 publisher Box Office Mojo accessdate 8 April 2008 ref Based on 193 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , Adaptation. received an average 91 overall approval rating ref name rotten tomatoes cite web url http www.rottentomatoes.com m adaptation title Adaptation ... more details
refimprove date May 2009 In cell biology and pathophysiology , Cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a Cell biology cell in response to adverse environmental changes. ref Huether, S. E. & McCance, K. L. 2008 . Understanding Pathophysiology , Ed 4, p. 62 65. ref The adaptation may be physiologic al normal or pathologic al abnormal . Five major types of adaptation include atrophy , hypertrophy , hyperplasia , dysplasia , and metaplasia . Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. If enough cells in an organ atrophy the entire organ will decrease in size. Thymus atrophy during early Human development biology human development childhood is an example of physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse commonly called disuse atrophy . Tissue and organs especially susceptible to atrophy include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, Secondary sex characteristic secondary sex organ s, and the brain . Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. If enough cells of an organ hypertrophy so will the whole organ. The heart and kidneys have increased susceptibility to hypertrophy. Hypertrophy involves an increase in intracellular protein rather than cytosol intracellular fluid . Hypertrophy may be caused by Biomechanics mechanical signals e.g., stretch or Tropic hormone trophic signals e.g., growth factors . An example of physiologic hypertrophy is in skeletal muscle with sustained weight bearing exercise. An example of pathologic hypertrophy is in cardiac muscle as a result of hypertension . Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. It is the result of increased cell mitosis , or division. The two types of physiologic hyperplasia are Compensatory growth compensatory and hormonal . Compensatory hyperplasia permits tissue and organ regeneration. It is common in epithelial cells of the Epidermis skin epidermis and intestine , liver ... changes in cellular shape, size, and or organization. Dysplasia is not considered a true adaptation ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Several animal groups have undergone aquatic adaptation , going from being purely terrestrial animals to living at least part of the time in water. The adaptation biology adaptation s in early speciation tend to develop as the animal ventures into water in order to find available food. As successive generations spend more time in the water, natural selection causes the acquisition of more adaptations. Animals of later generations may spend the majority of their life in the water, coming ashore for mating. Finally, fully adapted animals may take to mating and birthing in water. Anapsid main Anapsid Archelon is a type of giant sea turtle dating from the Cretaceous Period, now long extinct. Its smaller cousins survive as the sea turtles of today. Mesosaurus and other mesosaurids were another group of anapsid reptiles to secondarily return to the sea, eschewing shells, and are also long extinct. Diapsid main Diapsid Living at the same time as, but not closely related to, dinosaurs, the Mosasaur and Pliosaur resembled crocodiles but were more strongly adapted to marine life. They became extinct within a few million years of the dinosaurs. Modern diapsids which have made their own adaptions to allow them to spend significant time in the water include marine iguana s and marine crocodile s. Sea snakes are extensively adapted to the marine environment, giving birth to live offspring in the same way as the Euryapsida see below and are largely incapable of terrestrial activity. The arc of their adaptation is evident by observing the primitive Laticauda genus, which must return to land to lay eggs. Euryapsida main Euryapsida These marine reptiles had ancestors ... to marine life and cannot survive on land at all. Their adaptation can be seen in many unique physiognomic ... Although still primarily a terrestrial animal, the polar bear shows the beginnings of aquatic adaptation ... includes some aquatic adaptation, which has been said to explain human hairlessness, bipedalism , increased ... more details
date March 2009 Gaussian adaptation GA is an evolutionary algorithm designed for the maximization ... is valid also for those concepts. Altogether, this means that Gaussian adaptation may carry out ... adaptation It has also been compared to the natural evolution of populations of living organisms. In this case ... for the natural evolution to be able to fulfill the theorem of Gaussian adaptation, with respect ... Weinberg law . This is possible because the theorem of Gaussian adaptation is valid for any region ... for the phenotypes. So, in this sense Gaussian adaptation may be seen as a genetic algorithm. How ... a punctuated equilibrium as suggested by Gould see Ridley . Computer simulation of Gaussian adaptation ... theoretically. The implementation of normal adaptation on a computer is a fairly simple task. The adaptation of m may be done by one sample individual at a time, for example m i 1 1 a m i ax .... The effect of this adaptation is not very salient in a 2 dimensional case, but in a high dimensional ... of Gaussian adaptation according to the last formula in the preceding section. Image Schematic of a neural network executing the Gaussian adaptation algorithm.GIF m and W are updated according to m ... Kjellstr m, 1996, 1999 and 2002 . Gaussian adaptation and free will Gaussian adaptation as an evolutionary ... 1999. A theorem of efficiency for random search The efficiency of Gaussian adaptation relies ... such as Gaussian adaptation. To the left the process is most chaotic when P 0, while there is perfect ... a measure of information. The Stauffer and Grimson algorithm Gaussian adaptation has also been ... to Gaussian adaptation as used in the section Computer simulation of Gaussian adaptation above. In both cases the maximum likelihood method is used for estimation of mean values by adaptation ..., average information or manufacturing yield. The adaptation of the moment matrix also differs very much ... Information content Simulated annealing Stochastic optimization CMA ES Covariance matrix adaptation ... more details
nofootnotes date June 2010 A psychological adaptation , also called an Evolved psychological mechanism or EPM , is an aspect of a human or other animal s psychology that is the result of evolution ary pressures. It could serve a specific purpose, have served a purpose in the past see vestigiality , or be a side effect of another EPM see spandrel biology . Evolutionary psychology proposes that the human psychology mostly comprises psychological adaptations, in opposition to tabula rasa blank slate models of human psychology such as the standard social science model , http salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk Year1 psy150 sociobiology.htm debate Dead link date June 2008 popular throughout most of the twentieth century. Evolutionary psychologist, David Buss , lays out six properties of evolved psychological mechanisms EPM s An EPM exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history. An EPM is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information The input of an EPM tells an organism the particular adaptation adaptive problem it is facing The input of an EPM is transformed through decision theory decision rules into output The output of an EPM can be physiological activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behaviors The output of an EPM is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem Further important properties include the following EPM s provide nonarbitrary criteria, i.e. adaptive function for carving the mind at its joints, i.e. evolved structure . EPM s tend to aid in solving specific adaptive problems, e.g. food selection, mate selection, intrasexual competition, etc. EPM s are believed to be numerous, which contributes to human behavioral flexibility. An analogy would be like a carpenter who, instead of having one tool that does everything, has many tools, each with a specific function for a specific task, e.g. a hammer for pounding nails, a saw for cutting ... more details
Image Canis lupus pack surrounding Bison.jpg thumb A lone bison is standing its ground against a pack of wolf wolves , thereby increasing its chance of survival Antipredator adaptations are evolution ary adaptation s developed over time, which assist prey organisms in their constant evolutionary arms race struggle against their predator s. The act of a predator acquiring a food source can be divided into four stages detection, attack, capture and consumption. ref name Alcock cite book author John Alcock title Animal Behavior An Evolutionary Approach edition 8th year 1998 publisher Sinauer isbn 0 87893 009 4 ref ref Endler 1991 In Behavioural Ecology , 3rd ed. Krebs & Davies , pp. 169 196. ref At every stage in this predatory sequence, adaptations that maximize the prey s chance of survival have evolved. This, in turn, has driven adaptation in their predators. This kind of interaction over long periods is known as co evolution . Many predatory animals are themselves preyed upon. To defend themselves, predatory animals often use their methods of attacking prey to inflict or threaten grievous injury to their own predators. For example, the electric eel uses the same electrical currents to kill prey, and to defend itself against predators such as anaconda s, caiman s, jaguar s, egret s, cougar s which prey on fish of similar size to the eels. Animal adaptations File Orange oak leaf bottom.JPG thumb 250px right The butterfly Kallima inachus masquerades as a dead leaf to avoid detection Avoiding detection For a predator to locate a potential meal, it must first Prey detection identify an organism as prey . Prey, however, have many adaptive characteristics which make such a task difficult. Crypsis is the ability of prey to evade detection by predators or vice versa . Camouflage is one heavily utilised method, and involves the mimicking of the colour and patterns of the environment. This is achieved by external biological pigment pigmentation patterns, and resting immobile ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
