The Ulam spiral, or prime spiral (in other languages also called the Ulam cloth) is a simple method of graphing the prime numbers that reveals a pattern. It was discovered by the mathematician Stanis?aw Ulam in 1963, while doodling on scratch paper at a scientific meeting. Ulam, bored that day, wrote down a regular grid of numbers, starting with 1 at the center, and spiraling out:

Numbers from 1 to 50 placed in spiral order

He then circled all of the prime numbers and he got the following picture:

Small Ulam spiral

To his surprise, the circled numbers tended to line up along diagonal lines. The image below is a 200×200 Ulam spiral, where primes are black. Diagonal lines are clearly visible, confirming the pattern.

Ulam spiral of size 200×200

Tests so far confirm that there are diagonal lines even when very many numbers are plotted. The pattern also seems to appear even if the number at the center is not 1 (and can, in fact, be much larger than 1). This implies that there are many integer constants b and c such that the function:

f(n) = 4 n^2 + b n + c

generates a number of primes as n counts up {1, 2, 3, ...} that is large by comparison with the proportion of primes among numbers of similar magnitude. This finding was so significant that the Ulam spiral appeared on the cover of Scientific American in March 1964.

At sufficient distance from the centre, horizontal and vertical lines are also clearly visible.

Variants

Variants of Ulam's spiral such as the Sacks spiral also produce intriguing and unexplained patterns.

See also

• The Sieve of Eratosthenes has a helical pattern that is intuitively related.

References

• Stein, M. and Ulam, S. M. (1967), "An Observation on the Distribution of Primes." American Mathematical Monthly 74, 43-44.
• Stein, M. L.; Ulam, S. M.; and Wells, M. B. (1964), "A Visual Display of Some Properties of the Distribution of Primes." American Mathematical Monthly 71, 516-520.
• Gardner, M. (1964), "Mathematical Recreations: The Remarkable Lore of the Prime Number." Scientific American 210, 120-128, March 1964.

External links

• An applet with source code
• Software for exploring the Ulam spiral and prime patterns in other concentric polygon systems (both spiral and non-spiral)
• Prime plots using a triangle instead of a square
• A prime spiral implementation in PHP
• The prime number cross, a similar pattern
• A Tcl/Tk version with primes and number of divisors
• Using the Ulam Spiral as a base algorithm to create patterns.

de:Ulam-Spirale es:Espiral de Ulam fr:Spirale d'Ulam it:Spirale di Ulam hu:Ulam-spirál pl:Spirala Ulama pt:Espiral de Ulam sl:Ulamov prt sv:Ulams spiral