13th century
As a means of recording the passage of time , the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian /Common Era . In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages , and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe.
Events
1204 ? Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire .
1204 ? Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus , end of Norman domination of France.
1205 ? Battle of Adrianople (1205) : Tsar Kaloyan with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) Fourth Crusade 's knights and the soldiers of Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople who was attacking Bulgarian lands with the goal to conquer them.
1206 ? Mongols united under Temüjin , who is proclaimed "Genghis Khan ".
1212 ? The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia sees the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula , with the defeat of Moorish forces.
1215 ? King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede .
1215 ? Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan , initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China .
1220 ? The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan.
1221 ? The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza .
1222 ? Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
1227 ? Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the Western Xia Dynasty capital (located in northwestern China), while the Tangut Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.
1234 ? the Jin Dynasty of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler Ögedei Khan .
1238 ? The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand , Laos , Burma , and Malaysia .
1249 ? End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors , when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve .
1250 -1275 ? the Arab or Persian born Muslim Pu Shougeng was appointed by the Song Dynasty Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou .
1258 ? Baghdad (Iraq), seat of the Muslim Abbasid dynasty, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander Hulagu Khan . The last Abbasid ruler Al-Musta'sim is executed by means of trampling horses.
1259 ? the Mongol ruler Möngke Khan is killed in battle by a Chinese cannon blast at Fishing Town , Chongqing , located in southwestern China.
1260 ? the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamluks in the Battle of Ain Jalut .
1270 ? Restoration of Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia , deposing the Zagwe dynasty .
1271 ? Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre , starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars .
1276 ? A severe 23-year drought begins to affect the Grand Canyon area , eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent Anasazi culture to migrate out of the region.
1277 ? Sultan Baibars invades Anatolia and captures the emirates which once composed the Sultanate of Rüm .
1279 , the Battle of Yamen marks the fall of the Chinese Song Dynasty and the rise of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty led by Khublai Khan .
1279 ? The Chola Dynasty of South India falls under attacks by the Hoysala Empire and Pandyan kingdom .
1281 ? Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the Second Battle of Homs .
1281 ? The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon — famously called a kamikaze — destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces.
1282 ? Aragon acquires Sicily , after the Sicilian Vespers .
1283 ? Kublai Khan 's Mongol Empire invades the Khmer empire of present-day Cambodia ; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion .
1284 ? Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely .
1285 ? Second Mongol raid against Hungary , led by Nogai Khan .
1291 ? The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden .
1291 ? Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil captures Acre , thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades ).
Battle of Bouvines
Bantu -speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola , partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.
Persian historian Rashid al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia .
Marco Polo and his family reach China .
Norway cedes the Isle of Man to Scotland , following the signing of the Treaty of Perth .
Ögedei Khan establishes a Mongolian dynasty in China . Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam .
Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.
Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia .
A period of civil unrest, . Sturlungaöld , leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom of Norway .
Significant people
Genghis Khan , founder of Mongol Empire
Batu Khan , Mongol ruler and the founder of the Golden Horde
Haakon Haakonsson , king of Norway from 1217 to 1263. After the long civil war Norway would again prosper under his rule and come to dominate Scandinavian politics.
Kaloyan , Emperor of Bulgaria
Ivan Asen II , Emperor of Bulgaria
Edward I of England , English King
Ottokar II of Bohemia , King of Bohemia
Baibars , Mameluk sultan of Egypt
Ibn Taymiyyah , famous Hanbali , Salafi Scholar of Islam
Dante Alighieri , Italian writer
William Marshal , knight and statesman.
Saint Thomas Aquinas , theologian
Giotto di Bondone , Italian painter
Cimabue , Florentine painter
Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
Alexander of Hales , philosopher and theologian
Albertus Magnus , German philosopher and theologian
Francis of Assisi , founder of the Franciscan order
Robert Grosseteste , English statesman, theologian, and scientist
Roger Bacon , Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
Birger jarl , Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
Bonaventure , Franciscan theologian
Petrus Peregrinus , scientist
Louis IX of France , St. Louis, French king and crusader
Frederick II , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Ramon Llull , Majorcan philosopher
Kublai Khan , Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
Alexander Nevsky , Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
Saadi Persian poet
Snorri Sturluson , historian and saga-writer
William Wallace , Scottish national leader
Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
Lembitu , Estonian ruler
Queen Tamara , ruler of Georgia
Lasha Giorgi , King Giorgi IV of Georgia
Queen Rusudan , Queen Regnant of Georgia
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Decades and years
External links
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