The Thai solar calendar, Suriyakati (Thai: ????????), has been the official and prevalent calendar in Thailand since it was adopted by King Chulalongkorn in 1888, although the Western calendar year is sometimes used in business, and quite often in banking.

August 2004/2547BE

Label

Thai calendars show both the Buddhist Era (BE, Phuttasakarat), abbreviated Pho So (); and the Christian Era (, kritsakarat) , abbreviated Kho So (). They also show Chinese numerals for the Common Era and Chinese Lunar dates. As lunar dates determine Buddhist Sabbaths ( Wan Phra), as well as many Chinese traditional festivals, both lunar calendar and Chinese lunar dates are shown.

Thai (left) and Chinese (right) holy days.

• A Buddha image marks Thai Sabbaths, Wan Pra; a red tablet bearing white Chinese characters marks New and Full Moons as calculated in China.
• Scrawled blue figures (in this example 078 on the 15th and, above left, 538 on the 19th and 2576 on the 31st) mark dates national lottery numbers were drawn.
• Lunar dates and the year's Animal are recorded on Thai birth certificates after the official date. The Thai reckon their ages by the Twelve-Animal sequence, though the official calendar determines age at law; as, for instance, the Queen's Birthday, August 12, a public holiday also celebrated as Thai Mothers' Day.

The months and days of the week are the same as those used in the western Gregorian calendar. Names of the months derive from Hindu names of the signs of the zodiac. Days of the week are named after the Sun and Moon, and translations of the names of the five classical planets. The year is counted from the Buddhist Era (B.E.), which is 543 years earlier than the Christian Era (A.D.). For example, A.D. 2007 is equivalent to 2550 B.E. The era is based on the passing away (Parinibbana) of Gautama Buddha, which is dated to 543 BC by the Thai (although some sources state that Buddha died in 483 BC). It is important to remember that only from January 1, 1941 onwards does this 543 addition/subtraction rule work perfectly ? see below.

The calendar, decreed by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), was called Ratana Kosindra Sok (), and was nearly identical with the western Gregorian calendar. Year counting, however, was in reference of the date of the founding of Bangkok (Ratana Kosindra), April 6 1782 (the first day of Year 1 Ratana Kosindra Era (), abbr. () ro so). King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) changed the year counting to Buddhist Era in 1912 and fixed the start of a year to April 1.

In 1941 (2484 B.E.) as World War II loomed on the horizon, Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram per decree made January 1 the official start of a new year (so year 2483 B.E. had only nine months). When converting a date prior to that year, check whether it falls between January 1 and March 31: if so the number to add or subtract is 542, not 543.

This chart shows changed Thai new year day in 2484 BE comparing with AD.

Today, both the Common Era New Year's Day (January 1) and the traditional Songkran () celebrations (April 13-April 15) are public holidays on the official calendar. Public holidays on the official calendar for Buddhist and Chinese feasts, including Chinese New Year, are still calculated according to the lunar calendar, so their dates change with respect to the solar calendar every year.

Thirty-day-month names end with -ayon, which is from the Sanskrit root -?yana, meaning the arrival of; 31-day-month names with -akhom, which is from Sanskrit -?gama which also means the arrival of. February's name ends with -phan, from Sanskrit bandha fettered or bound. The day added to February in a solar leap year is called Athikasuratin ; respelled to aid pronunciation .^[1]

Equivalents

Months

Weekdays

Note: The colours are the traditional Thai birthday colours associated with the days of the week: red, yellow, pink, green, orange, blue and purple.

Weeks

A week is or , pronounced . From a Sanskrit word for "seven", it is now defined by the On-line Royal Institute Dictionary (ORID) as a 7 day period beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday. When referring to Thai lunar calendar lunations, however, it is the 7-, 8- or (rarely) 9-day interval between quartile lunar phases; that is, from one to the next.

Notes

See also

• Buddhist calendar
• Public holidays in Thailand

References

• ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???. Mr. Bleung na Nakorn, Compiler, Student's Handbook, Thai Wattana Panit, Bangkok 2514
• Thai calendar for August 2004
• Sethaputra, So. New Model English - Thai Dictionary, ISBN 974-08-3253-9
• Web dictionary Thai-English English-Thai
• J.C. Eade. The calendrical systems of mainland south-east Asia. ISBN 90-04-10437-2

External links

• Thai calendar every year
• Thai Time by Anthony Diller

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