Theodor Holm Nelson (born 1937) is an American sociologist, philosopher, and pioneer of information technology. He coined the term "hypertext" in 1963 and published it in 1965. He also is credited with first use of the words hypermedia, transclusion, virtuality, intertwingularity and teledildonics. The main thrust of his work has been to make computers easily accessible to ordinary people. His motto is:

A user interface should be so simple that a beginner in an emergency can understand it within ten seconds.

Ted Nelson promotes four maxims: "most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong". (See chapter II, 3rd paragraph, 3rd and 4th sentence in: "The Curse of Xanadu"^[1].)

Career

Nelson founded Project Xanadu in 1960 with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. The effort is documented in his 1974 book Computer Lib/Dream Machines and the 1981 Literary Machines. Much of his adult life has been devoted to working on Xanadu and advocating it.

The Xanadu project itself failed to flourish, for a variety of reasons which are disputed. Journalist Gary Wolf published an unflattering history, "The Curse of Xanadu", on Nelson and his project in the June 1995 issue of Wired. Nelson expressed his disgust on his website^[2], referring to Wolf as a "Gory Jackal", and threatened to sue him. He also outlined his objections in a letter to Wired^[3], and released a detailed rebuttal^[4] of the article.

Nelson claims some aspects of his vision are in the process of being fulfilled by Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web, but he dislikes the World Wide Web, XML and all embedded markup - regarding Berners-Lee's work as a gross over-simplification of his original vision:

HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT— ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management. – Ted Nelson (Ted Nelson one-liners)

Nelson co-founded Itty bitty machine company, or "ibm", which was a small computer retail store operating from 1977 to 1980 in Evanston, Illinois. The Itty bitty machine company was one of the few retail stores to sell the original Apple I computer. In 1978 he had a significant impact upon IBM's thinking when he outlined his vision of the potential of personal computing to the team that three years later launched the IBM PC^[5].

Ted Nelson is currently working on a new information structure, ZigZag^[6], which is described on the Xanadu project website, which also hosts two versions of the Xanadu code. He is also currently developing XanaduSpace^[7] - a system for the exploration of connected parallel documents (an early version of this software may be freely downloaded from http://xanarama.net. He is a visiting fellow at Oxford University - based at the Oxford Internet Institute - where he works in the fields of information, computers, and human-machine interfaces.

Education and awards

Nelson earned a Bachelor's degree in philosophy from Swarthmore College in 1959, a Master's degree in sociology from Harvard University in 1963 and a Doctorate in Media and Governance from Keio University in 2002.

In 1998, at the Seventh WWW Conference in Brisbane, Australia, Ted Nelson was awarded the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. He told the audience that it was the first award that he had ever received for his work.

In 2001 he was knighted by France as "Officier des Arts et Lettres". In 2004 he was appointed as a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and associated with the Oxford Internet Institute, where he is currently conducting his research.

In 2007 he celebrated his 70th birthday by giving an invited birthday lecture at the University of Southampton^[8].

Personal life

He is the son of the late Emmy Award-winning director Ralph Nelson and the Academy Award-winning actress Celeste Holm.

His parents' marriage was brief and he was mostly raised by his grandparents in Greenwich Village with relatively little contact with his parents. ^[9]. He is partly of Norwegian descent.

Popular culture

The anime Serial Experiments Lain cites Project Xanadu as a precursor to The Wired, a fictional internet-like communications network and augmented reality system.

References

1. ↑
2. ↑ What they say
3. ↑ Letters about "The Curse of Xanadu"
4. ↑ Errors in "The Curse of Xanadu"
5. ↑ When Big Blue Got a Glimpse of the Future
6. ↑ ZigZag and Its Structure
7. ↑ XanaduSpace
8. ↑ 70th Birthday Lecture: Intertwingularity: where ideas collide
9. ↑ Internet Pioneers from Ibiblio

Bibliography

• Life, Love, College, etc. (1959)
• Computer Lib: You can and must understand computers now / Dream Machines: New freedoms through computer screens—a minority report (1974), Microsoft Press, rev. edition 1987: ISBN 0-914845-49-7 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDA1439F935A25751C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print
• The Home Computer Revolution (1977)
• Literary Machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow's intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom (1981), Mindful Press, Sausalito, California.
  • Publication dates as listed in the 93.1 (1993) edition: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
• The Future of Information (1997)

• A Cosmology for a Different Computer Universe: Data Model, Mechanisms, Virtual Machine and Visualization Infrastructure. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 5 Issue 1. Article No. 298, July 16 2004

External links

• Ted Nelson's homepage
• Detailed Ted Nelson bibliography
• Xanadu project webpage
• Transliterature - A Humanist Design
• ''The Magical Place of Literary Memory: Xanadu'' in Screening the Past, July 2005 by Belinda Barnet
• ''Ted Nelson and Xanadu'', in The Electronic Labyrinth, 1993
• The Curse of Xanadu, June 1995 Wired article by Gary Wolf
• reactions to The Curse of Xanadu, September 1995 Wired magazine, from Vint Cerf and Ted Nelson,
• Orality and Hypertext: An Interview with Ted Nelson
• ''Way Out Of The Box '', by Theodor Nelson, October 8 1999
• Software and Media for a New Democracya talk given by Ted Nelson at the File festival Symposium/November/2005
• Wired article, recalling interview with Nelson, August 2005
• The Politics Of Internet Software 'Geeks Bearing Gifts', a talk given by Ted at the Oxford Internet Institute, November 30 2005
• Transclusion: Fixing Electronic Literature, a talk given by Ted at Google, January 29 2007
• Biography
• DeepaMehta Mind Mapping Deepamehta is based on Nelsons Research Results

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