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Shivamogga district
Shivamogga District () is a district in the Karnataka state of India. Shivamogga is alternatively spelt as Shimoga. A major part of this district lies in the Malnad region of the Western Ghats; a region known for its green forests, plentiful rainfall, beautiful waterfalls and also of being the source of many rivers that flow in Karnataka. Shivamogga City is the headquarters of this district. The most popular attraction of this district is the Jog Falls. It is also the district that is the native of most number of Chief Ministers of the state of Karnataka. Origin of nameThere are various legends of how the name Shivamogga has evolved. According to one legend, the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva-Mukha (Face of Shiva), Shivana-Moogu (Nose of Shiva) or Shivana-Mogge (Flowers to be offered to Shiva) can be the origins of the name "Shivamogga". Another legend indicates that the name Shivamogga is derived from the word Sihi-Moge which means sweet pot. According to this legend, Shivamogga once had the ashram of the sage Durvasa. He used to boil sweet herbs in an earthen pot. Some cowherds, found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place Sihi-Moge[1]. History
Outer wall carving, Aghoreshwara temple, Ikkeri, Shivamogga District. The history of the Shivamogga region is very much the history of Karnataka itself, considering that all the great kingdoms that came to power here have vied for control of and ruled this land of rich resources. Prior to the beginning of the first millennium, the Shivamogga region formed a part of the Maurya empire. The Satavahana then came to control in central India and Shivamogga must have formed one of the southern most provinces of the kingdom. After the fall of the Shatavahana empire around 200 C.E., after a brief interlude of confusion that existed, the area came under the control of the Kadambas of Banavasi around 345 C.E. The Kadambas were the earliest kingdom to give administrative status to Kannada language. Banavasi is just across the border from Shivamogga inside Uttara Kannada district. Later the Kadambas became feudatories of the Badami Chalukyas around 540 C.E.. Shivamogga passed into the hands of the Rashtrakutas in the 8th century. It was only under the Kalyani Chalukyas who overthrew the Rashtrakutas did Shivamogga come into prominence in Southern India. Balligavi in Shivamogga district had its greatest and grandest time during there rule. Later in the 12th. century with the weakening of the Kalyani Chalukyas the Hoysalas annexed this area. Shivamogga continued to play an important role in the development of Kannada culture and arts during this time. After the fall of the Hoysalas to the invasion of the Khilji dynasty around 1343 C.E. the entire region came under the Vijayanagar Empire without any bloodshed. The Saluva kings of the Vijayanagar empire find their roots in this region. After the defeat of Vijayanagar empire in 1565 C.E. in the battle of Tallikota, Shivamogga had one more last surprise in that the local Keladi Nayakas who were originally feudatory of the Vijayanagar empire took control, declared sovereignty and ruled mostly as an independent kingdom for about two centuries, often waging wars with the Mysore Kingdom, the Sultans of Bijapur and finally the Maratha. In 1763 they were finally absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore and remained a part of it till independence from the British[1]. Geography
Map of Karnataka with Shivamogga district highlighted. Shivamogga district is a part of the Malnad region of Karnataka and is also known as the "Gateway to Malnad" or Malenaada Hebbagilu in Kannada. Located in the central part of Karnataka state, Shivamogga district is landlocked, i.e. neither does it have a coastline, nor does it border any other state of India. It is bounded by Haveri District to the northeast, Davanagere District to the east, Chikmagalur District to the southeast, Udupi District to the southwest, and Uttara Kannada to the northwest. Ranking 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka, Shivamogga district is spread over an area of 8465 kmē.[2]. Shivamogga lies between the latitudes 13o27' and 14o39' N and between the longitudes 74o38' and 76o04' E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level[2]. The peak of the hill Kodachadri at an altitude of 1343 metres above sea level is the highest point in this district. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range and the numerous rivers that originate there provide Shivamogga with abundant natural beauty. The numerous lakes, ponds and water bodies make the land very suitable for agriculture. Shivamogga is called the rice bowl of Karnataka. Shivamogga district is the origin of the rivers Kali, Gangavathi, Sharavathi and Tadadi. But the two major rivers that flow through this district are Tunga and Bhadra which meet at a place called Koodli near Shivamogga city and flow together as Tungabhadra. ClimateShivamogga district being a part of the Malnad region receives good monsoon rainfall; the months from June to October being the rainy season. In the years 1901-1970, it received an average annual rainfall of 1813.9 mm with an average of 86 days in the year being rainy days[3]. The average annual temperature of Shivamogga District is around 26oC. The average temperature has increased substantially over the years and the trend can be viewed here In some regions of Shivamogga district, the day temperature can really soar to about 40oC during summers, leading to water crisis and other problems[4] GeologyThe major soil forms found in the Shivamogga district are Red gravelly clay soil, Red clay soil, Lateritic gravelly clay soil, Lateritic clay soil, Medium deep black soil, Non-saline and saline Alluvo-Colluvial soil and Brown forest soil[5] Major minerals found in this district are Limestone, White Quartz, Kaolin, Kyanite and Manganese[6]. Economy
Cornerstone of the Shivamogga district's agrarian economy: the arecanut. 
Visweswaraya Iron and Steel Limited, Bhadravathi. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the major contributors to the economy of Shivamogga district. Rice, Arecanut, Cotton, Maize and Ragi are the major crops cultivated in this district[7]. Karnataka is the largest producer of arecanut in India, majority of which is cultivated in the Shimoga district. The farmers from Shimoga are said to be very innovative and have managed to cultivate crops like Vanilla and Jatropha previously unheard of in India; yielding high monetary benefits[8]. IndustriesAgro-based, Automobile-based and Engineering are the major industries present in Shivamogga district[7]. Maximum investment has been made in the Food and Beverages sector followed by Engineering/Mechanical goods sector. To encourage rural industry, rural youth are being imparted training in tailoring, embroidery, motor winding, hand pump repair and other areas. Other rural industries in this district are related to carpentry, blacksmithy, leather, pottery, beekeeping, stone cutting, handlooms, agarbathi(incense sticks) and sandalwood carving. Karnataka Government has created the following Industrial regions to encourage industrialisation of the district:
Major industries located in Shivamogga district are:
Administrative divisionsShivamogga district is divided into 2 Sub-divisions and 7 Taluks. The Sagar Sub-division comprises the taluks of Sagar, Shikaripura, Sorab and Hosanagara while the Shivamogga Sub-division comprises the taluks of Shivamogga, Bhadravathi and Thirthahalli. The Shivamogga district administration is headed by the Deputy Commissioner who also has the additional role of a District Magistrate. Assistant Commissioners, Tahsildars, Shirastedars (revenue official at Tahsil level), Revenue inspectors and Village Accountants help the Deputy Commissioner in the administration of the district. Shivamogga city is the headquarters of the district. It lies in the south-eastern part of the district. The city is spread over an area of 50 kmē and has a population of 274352, in which 140224 (51.11%) are males and 134128(48.89%) are females. It has a high literacy rate of 83.79%[9]. The city rose into prominence recently when the 73rd All-India Kannada Sahitya Sammelan was held here in the month of December-2006. Shivamogga elects 1 person to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Indian Parliament. The Shivamogga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the entire Shivamogga district and also covers parts of Nalluru and Ubrani hoblis of Channagiri taluk of Davangere district. As of 2005 it had 1,286,181 voters, of whom Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 2.2 lakhs, Lingayats for two lakhs, Deevaru(Idiga) for 1.8 lakh, Muslims for 1.6 lakh, and Brahmins and Vokkaligas for 1.25 lakh each.[10] Shivamogga also elects 8 people to the Legislative Assembly of the state of Karnataka. The Assembly constituencies in Shivamogga district are: Shivamogga, Bhadravathi, Sorab, Shikaripura, Thirthahalli, Sagar, Hosanagara and Holehonnur. Transport
Bridge on the National Highway NH-13 across the river Tunga in Thirthahalli, Shimoga district. RoadShivamogga has a total road length of 6632 km. of which 222 km. belong to the National Highways and 402 km. belong to State Highways[11].
RailThe rail network in Shivamogga district can be divided among two distinct railway lines that are present in it:
AirAn Airport is under construction in sogane 6km from shivamogga city. Airports at Bangalore, Mangalore and Hubli can be used for reaching places in the Shivamogga district. However, district[13] DemographicsAccording to 2001 census, the total population of the district is 1642545, of which 830559(50.56%) are males and 811986 (49.44%) are females. The urban population is 571010 (34.76%) and rural population is 1069132 (65.24%)[14]. Shivamogga Taluk has the highest population with Hosanagara Taluk having the least population. The literacy rate in the district is 74.86% (82.32% of males and 67.24% of females are literate). Thirthahalli Taluk has the highest literacy rate (78.27%) while Shikaripura Taluk has the lowest literacy rate (69.59%). The district has a sex-ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Hosanagara and Thirthahalli Taluks have more females than males and hence have a sex-ratio greater than 1000. Shivamogga Taluk having 961 females to 1000 males has the least sex-ratio[3]. Hindus constitute 85.45% of the population with Muslims making up 12.25% of the population; the remaining part of the population is made up by Christians, Buddhists and other religious groups[15]. Kannada is the dominant language in this district with Urdu taking the second place. Some of the unique ethnic groups found in Shivamogga district are:
Culture
Dollu Kunitha performance at the Fireflies Festival of Sacred Music. 
A Yakshagana artist. 
House in Agumbe in which the tele-serial Malgudi Days was shot. Shivamogga district is considered as the heartland of Kannada language and culture. The cultural importance of Shivamogga was further highlighted when the All India Kannada Sahitya Sammelana was held here in Dec-2006. This event held by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat was chaired by the famous Kannada poet and writer K S Nisar Ahmed. Poetry and literatureShivamogga has contributed the following highly regarded scholars to the Kannada culture:
DramaAny description of the culture in Shivamogga district would be incomplete without the mention of the cultural organisation called Nilakanteshwara Natya Seva Sangha, better known as NINASAM. Located in a tiny village called Heggodu in Sagar Taluk, NINASAM has made tremendous contribution to the Kannada drama and culture. NINASAM was the result of an experiment by the renowned dramatist, K V Subbanna where he started to screen classical films and hold dramas at Heggodu. Slowly, this became popular and attracted lot of people from all over Karnataka. This popularity prompted the Ford foundation to provide a grant for a rural film and drama project called as Janaspandana, in which similar drama/film festivals and courses were held in other regions of Karnataka. An estimated 200,000 people were exposed to the best of cinema and around 5000 people attended the courses. The Ninasam Theatre Institute started in 1980, offers a 10-month long diploma course in theatre. Another cultural troupe related to NINASAM is Tiruguta (started in 1985 and means moving around in Kannada) where three major productions are taken around Karnataka and shown to the public. For his efforts in promoting Kannada culture, K V Subbanna won the Magsaysay Award[16] SculptureShivamogga district is the home of Gudigars. Gudigars are a clan of craftsmen who specialise in carving intricate designs on objects like sandalwood. They are concentrated in the Sagar and Sorab taluks. They make exquisite items by making use of simple tools like knives, screw drivers, drills and saws. The articles made by them are sold at Government emporiums[17]. The most well known sculptor from this clan is Ashok Gudigar who was born in Sagar. Ashok has experimented with various media such as clay, fiberglass, plaster of paris, ivory, red sandstone, granite and soapstone. At the age of 21, he won the Vishwakarma award for his sculpture titled Chalukyan style Ganesha in Shivahonne wood. He also won the National award in the year 1992 at the age of 27 for his work - Hoysala styled Venugopala in Shivahonne wood[18] DanceDollu Kunitha and Yakshagana are some of the dance forms which are prevalent in this district CinemaMajority of the theatres in this district run Kannada movies. Hindi and Tamil movies are also popular in certain areas in this district. Shivamogga district rose into limelight, when Agumbe in Thirthahalli Taluk was chosen as the location to shoot the tele-serial Malgudi Days based on a famous novel written by R K Narayan. This serial was directed by the famous Kannada actor and director, Shankar Nag. Some of the noted cinema personalities born in Shivamogga district are:
CuisineRice is the staple food for majority of the people in Shivamogga district. The cuisine in this district is very similar to the Udupi Cuisine. The cuisine in the Malnad region of Shivamogga district includes items like midigayi-uppinakai (tender-mango pickle), sandige (similar to pappadum), avalakki (beaten-rice) and akki rotti. Havyaka people have their own cuisine consisting of such varied items like genesale (sweet made of jaggery, rice and coconut), thotadevvu (sweet made of rice and sugarcane juice) and thambli (a curd preparation containing other ingredients like ginger, turmeric root, jasmine and rose sprouts.) Flora and fauna
Lion-tailed Macaque, endemic to the Western Ghats and found in the Malnad region of Shivamogga district. 
Malabar Giant Squirrel, found in the Malnad region of Shivamogga district. 
Common Baron butterflies in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Being part of the richly forested Malnad region, Shivamogga district is the home of various species of flora and fauna. Some of these regions have been protected and classified as wildlife sanctuaries to ensure the progress of these species:
EducationShivamogga district is a major centre for education in the state of Karnataka. A relatively high literacy rate of 74.86% is testimony to the fact. There are various institutions offering education in this district which are briefly detailed in the sections below Kuvempu UniversityKuvempu University, near the Bhadra river project is the premier institution catering to the needs of higher education in this district. It is named after the renowned Kannada poet and writer, Kuvempu. Apart from Shivamogga district, Kuvempu University has jurisdiction over the districts of Chitradurga, Chikkamagaluru and Davangere[20]. . There are 124 degree colleges affiliated to Kuvempu University; in addition to four Constituent Colleges, administered by the University. graduate and Postgraduate teaching programmes exist under the faculties of Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Science and Technology, and Law. Technical education
Medical educationShimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, a modern medical college, was established in 2007 and located in Shivamogga City. There are two Ayurvedic colleges, one being Bapuji Ayurvedic Medical College located in Shivamogga city and the other being T.A.M.E Society's Ayurvedic College located in Kavalgundi, Bhadravathi. Both offer degree courses in B.A.M.S (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicene and Surgery). The dental college, Sharavathi Dental College, is located in Shivamogga district. Graduate educationThere are 31 colleges in Shivamogga district offering graduation courses[20]. Undergraduate educationThere are 68 colleges in Shivamogga district offering under-graduate (pre-university) education[20]. Notable among these are the DVS PU (Independent) College and DVS PU Composite college whose alumni have bagged many ranks in the Pre-University and Engineering Entrance Examination[22][23] Primary and secondary educationThere are 1147 schools offering Primary Education and 313 High-Schools offering Secondary Education in the Shivamogga district[20].Many primary and secondary schools hav provided excellent results and the district ranks in the top 10 of Karnataka. Recently a few notable CBSE affiliated private schools of high calibre have opened too. Jawahar Navodaya and Morarji Desai Schools are located near Shivamogga at Gajanur. One of the notable private school is Jnanadeepa School located at Javalli near Shimoga started by the eminent educationalist and former DVS principal V Devendra. SportsSome of the common sports being played by the people in Shivamogga district include cricket, football, badminton and volleyball. The major national sports event held in this district was the 18th Junior National Athletic Championship which was held in Shivamogga in the year 2003. Arguably, cricket is the most favourite sport in this district as it is with the rest of India. Shivamogga district has offered one of the best batsmen ever to play Indian cricket, Gundappa Viswanath who was born in Bhadravathi. Even roads turn into cricket pitches where the boys play their own version of the cricket with own set of rules, commonly called as galli cricket. No international cricket matches have ever been staged in Shivamogga district; though the district has played host to Ranji Trophy matches, which is the premier national level cricket tournament in India. The following stadiums here have hosted Ranji Trophy matches:
Some unique outdoor games like kho kho, kabaddi, Chinni Daandu, 'goli'(marbles), 'kunte bille' and 'lagori' find more favour in the rural areas of the district. Board games like carrom, chess and channe mane are also played here. AntiquitiesLegends compare 12th century Balligavi in Shikaripura taluk to Lord Indra's Amaravathi or Lord Kubera's Alakavathi. Balligave was the centre of learning, secular arts, commerce and sculpture. The town had thirteen education centers, fifty four temples of which only a few survive today, twelve Jain basadis, three Buddhist viharas and many majestic palaces, lakes, wide roads and a population of about sixty thousand. Archaeological evidence points to existence of Balligavi as early as the Shatavahanas. Balligavi was the center of many religions like Shaiva and Vaishnava Hinduism, Brahmi, Shaktha, Jainism, Buddhism. The Kedareshwar temple (1060 C.E.) in Chalukya-Hoysala style, Tripurantkeswar temple (1070 C.E.), Gandabherundeswar temple (1070 C.E.) in later Chalukya style in Balligavi and the Aghoreshwara temple at Ikkeri and the Rameshwara temple at Keladi both built in the 17th. century by the Keladi Nayakas are silent reminders of a glorious past. The Nayakas have used a variety of styles from predecessor kingdoms like the late Kadambas, Hoysala and even dravida styles. Balligavi was also the native place of Shantaladevi, queen of Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. Many sculptors who worked for the Hoysalas to build the famous temples at Belur and Halebid came from here including Dasoja, Malloja, Nadoja, Siddoja. During the Virashaiva movement, Balligavi contributed great Vachanakaras like Allama Prabhu who was born here and other like Akka Mahadevi, Animishayya and Mukthayakka who were also associated with this place. Tourist attractionsWater falls
Dams
Bhadra River Project Dam in Bhadravathi Taluk.
River sources and confluences
A small temple and water tank at Koodli, where the Tunga and Bhadra rivers meet to form Tungabhadra.
Hill stations and beyond
History and religion
Wildlife
See also
NotesGallery<gallery> Image:Keladi Rameshwara gandaberunda.JPG| Gandaberunda roof sculpture, Rameshwara temple, Keladi, Shivamogga District Image:Tripurantakesvara Temple Open Mantapa at Balligavi.jpg| Tripurantakesvara temple, Balligavi, Shivamogga District Image:Granite pillars in hall (mantapa) of Aghoreshwara Temple in Ikkeri.jpg| Aghoreshwara temple mantapa, Ikkeri, Shivamogga District </gallery> External links
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